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"Vandal" and "Vandali" redirect here. For other uses, see Vandal (disambiguation).
The Vandals' 'traditional' reputation: a colored steel engraving of the Sack of Rome (455) by Heinrich Leutemann (1824–1904), c 1860–80
The Vandals' 'traditional' reputation: a colored steel engraving of the Sack of Rome (455) by Heinrich Leutemann (1824–1904), c 1860–80

The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. Gottlob Heinrich (Henrik Leutemann ( October 8, 1824 — December 14, 1904) was a German artist and book Illustrator The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of Migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The Goth Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Theodoric the Great (454 – August 30, 526) known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526 ruler of The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Clovis I (c 466 &ndash 27 November 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler

The Vandals are perhaps best known for their sack of Rome in 455. The second of three Barbarian sacks of Rome, the sack of 455 was at the hands of the Vandals, then at war with the usurping Western Roman Events By Place Western Roman Empire March 16 — Valentinian III is murdered by former soldiers of Aëtius, in revenge Although they were not notably more destructive than others, the high regard in which later European cultures came to hold ancient Rome led to the association of the name of the tribe with persons who cause senseless destruction, particularly in diminution of aesthetic appeal or destruction of objects that were completed with great effort.

Contents

Origins and early history

The Germanic tribes in the mid-1st century AD. The Vandals/Lugii are depicted in green, in the area of modern Poland.
The Germanic tribes in the mid-1st century AD. The Vandals/Lugii are depicted in green, in the area of modern Poland. For Polish place-names see Ługi. The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
"Hands of God", symbol of the early ethnic religions of the Slavs and Germanic Vandals.
"Hands of God", symbol of the early ethnic religions of the Slavs and Germanic Vandals.

Some archaeologists and historians identify the Vandals with the Przeworsk culture, and controversy surrounds potential connections between the Vandals and another, possibly an admixture of Slavic and Germanic tribes[1], the Lugii (Lygier, Lugier or Lygians), which is referred to as inhabiting the area by Roman writers. The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic For Polish place-names see Ługi. The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians Some academics believe that either Lugii was an earlier name of the Vandals, or the Vandals were part of the Lugian federation, which was composed of Germanic and Slavic tribes. Jordanes refers to Vandals as Gothic (East Germanic) speakers, and name etymologies support the notion of Vandalic being near related to Gothic. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. Vandalic was a Germanic language probably closely related to the Gothic language. However, the bearers of the Przeworsk culture (possibly the Lugii) had the custom of cremation[2], which is characteristic to Slavic tribes and no Germanic tribes practised, and the remains of the Przeworsk culture is mainly traced in the areas which were marshes, where Slavic people know well how to live, when Romans mentioned the Lugii tribe. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire

Similarities of names have led to appointing homelands for the Vandals in Norway (Hallingdal), Sweden (Vendel), or Denmark (Vendsyssel). Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Hallingdal is a Valley and traditional district in Buskerud county in Norway. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water Vendelsjön near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Vendsyssel is the northernmost traditional district of Denmark and of Jutland. The Vandals are assumed to have crossed the Baltic into what is today Poland somewhere in the 2nd century BC, and to have settled in Silesia from around 120 BC. The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people This tradition supports the identification of the Vandals with the Przeworsk culture, since the Gothic Wielbark culture seems to have replaced a branch of that culture. The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. Wielbark culture also known as Willenberg culture (Wielbark/Willenberg-Kultur Kultura wielbarska Вельбарська культура ( Vel’bars’ka kul’tura

Naturally, all the above leads to an assumption that what we now call Vandals emerged out of the cultural confederation of Slavic tribes and East Germanic tribes.

Some Medieval authors used the ethnonym "Vandals" applying it to Slavic peoples: Wends, Lusatians or Poles. Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. [3][4][5]

Introduction into the Roman Empire

Simplified map of the various incursions into the Roman Empire, showing the Vandals' migrations (in blue) from Germany through Dacia, Gaul, Iberia, and into North Africa, and their raids throughout the Mediterranean, including the eventual sack of Rome in 455.
Simplified map of the various incursions into the Roman Empire, showing the Vandals' migrations (in blue) from Germany through Dacia, Gaul, Iberia, and into North Africa, and their raids throughout the Mediterranean, including the eventual sack of Rome in 455.

The Vandals were divided in two tribal groups, the Silingi and the Hasdingi. The Silings or Silingi (Latin Silingae, Greek Σιλίγγαι - Silingai) were an East Germanic tribe probably part of the larger The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. At the time of the Marcomannic Wars (166–180) the Silingi lived in an area recorded by Tacitus as Magna Germania. The Marcomannic Wars (called by the Romans bellum Germanicum or expeditio Germanica) were a series of wars lasting over a dozen years from about AD 166 Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. In the 2nd century, the Hasdingi, led by the kings Raus and Rapt (or Rhaus and Raptus) moved south, and first attacked the Romans in the lower Danube area. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. Raus may refer to Erhard Raus - German Colonel General John Raus - US Footballer The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In about 271 the Roman Emperor Aurelian was obliged to protect the middle course of the Danube against them. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus ( September 9, 214 or 215 &ndashSeptember or October 275 known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270&ndash275 They made peace and settled in western Dacia and Pannonia. Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy,

According to Jordanes' Getica, the Hasdingi came into conflict with the Goths around the time of Constantine the Great. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life De origine actibusque Getarum (lit The Origin and Deeds of the Getae but referring to the Goths whom Jordanes considered Getae or the Getica The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine At the time, the Vandals were living in lands later inhabited by the Gepids, where they were surrounded "on the east [by] the Goths, on the west [by] the Marcomanni, on the north [by] the Hermanduri and on the south [by] the Hister (Danube). The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri, Suebi or Suevi The Hermunduri, Hermanduri, Hermunduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, or Hermonduli were an ancient tribe of Germanic people The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj " The Vandals were attacked by the Gothic king Geberic, and their king Visimar was killed. Geberic was a king of the Goths of the fourth century AD He succeeded Ariaric and conquered Dacia, which had become the territory of the Visimar was a king of the Vandals during the 4th century The Vandals then migrated to Pannonia, where after Constantine the Great (about 330) granted them lands on the right bank of the Danube, they lived for the next sixty years. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine

In 400 or 401, possibly because of attacks by the Huns, the Vandals, under king Godigisel, along with their allies (the Sarmatian Alans and Germanic Suebians) moved westwards into Roman territory. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Italy is first invaded by Alaric (probable date Events By Place World The human population reaches 206 million The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Godigisel (359-406 was King of the Hasdingi Vandals until his death in 406 The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Some of the Silingi joined them later. Around this time, the Hasdingi had already been christianized. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity During the Emperor Valens's reign (364–78) the Vandals accepted, much like the Goths earlier, Arianism, a belief that was in opposition to that of Nicene orthodoxy of the Roman Empire. This article is about the Roman Emperor For other people called Valens see Valens Flavius Julius Valens ( Latin: DOMINVS The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. Yet there were also some scattered orthodox Vandals, among whom was the famous magister militum Stilicho, the chief minister of the Emperor Honorius. Magister militum ( Latin for "Master of the Soldiers" was a top-level military command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Flavius Stilicho (occasionally written as Stilico) (ca 359 &ndash August 22, 408) was a high-ranking general ( Magister militum Flavius Honorius ( September 9, 384 &ndash August 15, 423) was Roman Emperor (393- 395 and then Western Roman Emperor

In Gaul

In 406 the Vandals advanced from Pannonia travelling west along the Danube without much difficulty, but when they reached the Rhine, they met resistance from the Franks, who populated and controlled Romanized regions in northern Gaul. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Twenty thousand Vandals, including Godigisel himself, died in the resulting battle, but then with the help of the Alans they managed to defeat the Franks, and on December 31, 406 the Vandals crossed the frozen Rhine to invade Gaul, which they devastated terribly. The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Roman legions in Britain mutiny against Honorius and select The date 31 December 406, is the often-repeated date of the crossing of the Rhine by a mixed group of Barbarians that included Vandals, Alans Under Godigisel's son Gunderic, the Vandals plundered their way westward and southward through Aquitaine. Gunderic (379-428 King of the Vandals and Alans (407-428 led the Vandals, a Germanic tribe originally residing near the Oder Aquitaine (Aquitània Akitania archaic Guyenne / Guienne (Occitan Guiana) is one of the 26 Regions of France, in the south-western part of

In Iberia

On October 13, 409 they crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian peninsula. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Events By Place Western Roman Empire Constantine III 's general Gerontius revolts in Hispania, and elevates The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra There, the Hasdingi received land from the Romans, as foederati, in Gallaecia (Northwest) and the Silingi in Hispania Baetica (South), while the Alans got lands in Lusitania (West) and the region around Carthago Nova. The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. Foederatus (pl foederati) is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Silings or Silingi (Latin Silingae, Greek Σιλίγγαι - Silingai) were an East Germanic tribe probably part of the larger Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. Cartagena ( is a Spanish Mediterranean city and naval station in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the autonomous community of Region of Murcia The Suebi also controlled part of Gallaecia. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths, who invaded Iberia before receiving lands in Septimania (Southern France), crushed the Alans in 426, killing the western Alan king Attaces. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462 when Septimania was ceded to Addac or Attaces (died 418 was king of the western Alans in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, modern Spain and Portugal The remainder of his people subsequently appealed to the Vandal king Gunderic to accept the Alan crown. Gunderic (379-428 King of the Vandals and Alans (407-428 led the Vandals, a Germanic tribe originally residing near the Oder Later Vandal kings in North Africa styled themselves Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum ("King of the Vandals and Alans").

The Vandals may have given their name to the region of Andalusia, which according to one of several theories of its etymology which would be the source of Al-Andalus — the Arabic name of Iberian Peninsula), in the south of present day Spain, where they settled before pushing on to North Africa - though this theory is increasingly disputed (see Al-Andalus: Older proposals). Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or

The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa

Establishment

The Vandal kingdom, along with the other Germanic kingdoms in the West, ca. 526
The Vandal kingdom, along with the other Germanic kingdoms in the West, ca. 526

The Vandal conquest of North Africa is considered as a strategic move. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Vandals took North Africa as a base for raiding the Mediterranean Sea, much like the Vikings. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas [6] They settled mainly in the lands corresponding to modern Tunisia and northeastern Algeria. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's [7] It was under the reign of king Geiseric (Genseric, Gaiseric), Gunderic's half brother, when Vandals started building a Vandal fleet, to plunder the Mediterranean. Geiseric the Lame (c 389 &ndash January 25, 477) also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals Gunderic (379-428 King of the Vandals and Alans (407-428 led the Vandals, a Germanic tribe originally residing near the Oder

In 429, political maneuvering in Rome was to change the landscape forever. Rome was ruled by the boy emperor Valentinian III (who rose to power at the age of 8), and his mother Galla Placidia. Flavius Placidius Valentinianus ( July 2, 419 &ndash March 16, 455) known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Aelia Galla Placidia (392 – November 27, 450) was the Empress consort of Constantius III, Western Roman Emperor. However, the Roman General Flavius Aëtius, in vying for power, convinced Galla Placidia that her General Boniface was plotting to kill her and her son to claim the throne for himself. Aëtius is also the name of several other persons Flavius Aëtius or simply Aëtius, (c See also Saint Boniface (Bonifacius in Latin Comes Bonifacius (anglicized in Count Boniface) (d As proof, he implored her to write him a letter asking him to come to Rome and she would see that Boniface would refuse. At the same time Aëtius sent Boniface a letter stating that he should disregard letters from Rome asking him to return for they were plotting to kill him. When Boniface saw the letter from Rome, and believed there was a plot to kill him, he enlisted the help of the Vandal King Geiseric. He promised the Vandals land in North Africa in exchange for their help. However, once it was known that the whole thing was a plot, and Boniface was once again in Rome's favour, it was too late to turn back the Vandal invasion. An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory

Geiseric crossed the Strait of Gibraltar with the entire tribe of 80,000 and moved east, pillaging and looting as they drove more and more refugees toward the walled city of Hippo Regius. The Strait of Gibraltar ( Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the Strait that connects the Atlantic Hippo Regius is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba (formerly Bône Algeria. Geiseric realized that they wouldn't be able to take the city in a direct assault, so began a months long siege on the walls of Hippo Regius. Inside Saint Augustine and his priests prayed for relief from the Arian invaders, knowing full well that the fall of the city would spell conversion or death for many Christians. On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, St. Augustine died, perhaps from hunger or stress, as the wheat fields outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of After 14 months, hunger and the inevitable diseases were ravaging both the city inhabitants and the Vandals outside the city walls. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic

Peace was made between the Romans, who in 435 granted them some territory in Northern Africa, but it was broken by Geiseric, who in 439 took Carthage and made it his capital. For the article on the Movie camera, see Arriflex 435. Events By Place Western Roman Empire August 3 - Events By Place Western Roman Empire Licinia Eudoxia, wife of the Emperor Valentinian III, is granted the title of ''Augusta'' Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Vandals took and plundered the city without a fight, entering the city while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at the hippodrome. Geiseric then built the Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans into a powerful state with the capital at Saldae; he conquered Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. Béjaïa or Bougie ( Kabyle Bgayet or Tifinagh:, pronounced /β'gajəθ in Algerian Arabic) is a Mediterranean port Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean

Sack of Rome

Main article: Sack of Rome (455)

During the next thirty-five years, with a large fleet, Geiseric looted the coasts of the Eastern and Western Empires. The second of three Barbarian sacks of Rome, the sack of 455 was at the hands of the Vandals, then at war with the usurping Western Roman After Attila the Hun's death, however, the Romans could afford to turn their attention back to the Vandals, who were in control of some of the richest lands of their former empire.

In an effort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the Empire, Valentinian III offered his daughter's hand in marriage to Geiseric's son. Flavius Placidius Valentinianus ( July 2, 419 &ndash March 16, 455) known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Before this "treaty" could be carried out, however, politics again played a crucial part in the blunders of Rome. Petronius Maximus, the usurper, killed Valentinian III in an effort to control the Empire. Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (c 396 - May 31 455) was a Roman aristocrat and briefly Western Roman Emperor with the designation Flavius Placidius Valentinianus ( July 2, 419 &ndash March 16, 455) known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Diplomacy between the two factions broke down, and in 455 with a letter from the Empress Licinia Eudoxia, begging Geiseric's son to rescue her, the Vandals took Rome, along with the Empress Licinia Eudoxia and her daughters Eudocia and Placidia. Events By Place Western Roman Empire March 16 — Valentinian III is murdered by former soldiers of Aëtius, in revenge Licinia Eudoxia (422-462 was a Roman Empress, daughter of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and wife of the Western Emperors Valentinian III and Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Licinia Eudoxia (422-462 was a Roman Empress, daughter of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and wife of the Western Emperors Valentinian III and Eudocia, or Eudoxia (439 &ndash 466/474? was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor Valentinian III and his wife Licinia Eudoxia. Aelia Galla Placidia (392 – November 27, 450) was the Empress consort of Constantius III, Western Roman Emperor.

The chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine[8] offers the only fifth-century report that on 2 June 455, Pope Leo the Great received Geiseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage. Saint Prosper of Aquitaine (c 390 – c 455 a Christian writer and disciple of Saint Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome 's Universal Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Events By Place Western Roman Empire March 16 — Valentinian III is murdered by former soldiers of Aëtius, in revenge Pope Saint Leo I or Pope Saint Leo the Great was Pope from September 29, 440 to November 10, 461. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Whether the pope's influence saved Rome is, however, questioned. The Vandals departed with countless valuables, including the spoils of the Temple in Jerusalem booty brought to Rome by Titus. Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who

Consolidation

In 468 the Vandals destroyed an enormous East Roman fleet sent against them. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire The Vandal fleet overpowers the navy of Leo I. Following up the attack, the Vandals tried to invade the Peloponnese but were driven back by the Maniots at Kenipolis with heavy losses. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The Maniots (or Maniates; Greek Μανιάτες) are the Greek inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula (the middle leg of the Peloponnese located [9] In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at Zakynthos, hacked them to pieces and threw the pieces overboard on the way to Carthage. [9] Nevertheless, after Geiseric was able to conclude a "perpetual peace" with Constantinople in 476, relations between the two states assumed a veneer of normality. [10]

Domestic religious tensions

Differences between the Arian Vandals and their Trinitarian subjects (including both Catholics and Donatists) was a constant source of tension in their African state. Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных The Donatists (named for the Berber Christian Donatus Magnus) were followers of a belief considered a Schism by the broader churches of the Catholic bishops were exiled or killed by Geiseric and laymen were excluded from office and frequently suffered confiscation of their property. He protected his Catholic subjects when his relations with Rome and Constantinople were friendly, as during the years 454–57, when the Catholic community at Carthage, being without a head, elected Deogratias bishop. The same was also the case during the years 476–477 when Bishop Victor of Cartenna sent him, during a period of peace, a sharp refutation of Arianism and suffered no punishment. Mostaganem is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria. Generally most Vandal kings, except Hilderic, persecuted Trinatarian Christians to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals, exiling bishops and generally making life difficult for Trinitarians. Hilderic, King of the Vandals and Alans (c 460s - 533 reigned 523-530 was the pentultimate ruler of the North African Kingdom of the

Decline

Mediterranean in 475 AD, showing the Vandal Kingdom and its neighbors.
Mediterranean in 475 AD, showing the Vandal Kingdom and its neighbors.

Geiseric, one of the most powerful personalities of the "era of the Migrations" died at a great age on 25 January 477. According to the law of succession which he had promulgated, the oldest male member of the royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his son Huneric (477–484), who at first tolerated Catholics, owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began to persecute Manichaeans and Catholics in the most terrible manner. Huneric or Honeric (died December 23, 484) was King of the Vandals (477 – 484 and the oldest son of Geiseric. Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating

Gunthamund (484 – 496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Catholics and ceased persecution once more. Gunthamund (c 450-496 King of the Vandals and Alans (484-496 was the third king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals Events By Place Europe December 28 — Alaric II succeeds Euric as king of the Visigoths. Events By Place Europe Battle of Tolbiac: Clovis I defeats the Alamanni, and is baptized into the Catholic Externally, the Vandal power had been declining since Geiseric's death, and Gunthamund lost large parts of Sicily to the Ostrogoths and had to withstand increasing pressure from the autochthonous Moors. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent

While Thrasamund (496–523), owing to his religious fanaticism, was hostile to Catholics, he contented himself with bloodless persecutions. Thrasamund (450-523 King of the Vandals and Alans (496-523 was the fourth king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals and reigned longer than any other

The turbulent end

Main article: Vandalic War

Hilderic (523 – 530) was the Vandal king most tolerant towards the Catholic church. The Vandalic War was a war fought in North Africa in the areas of modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria, in 533 - 534, between the forces of Hilderic, King of the Vandals and Alans (c 460s - 533 reigned 523-530 was the pentultimate ruler of the North African Kingdom of the Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries Theodora. For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: He granted it religious freedom; consequently Catholic synods were once more held in North Africa. However, he had little interest in war, and left it to a family member, Hoamer. When Hoamer suffered a defeat against the Moors, the Arian faction within the royal family led a revolt, raising the banner of national Arianism, and his cousin Gelimer (530 – 533) became king. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. Gelimer (original form possibly Geilamir, 480-553 King of the Vandals and Alans from 530 to 534 was the last ruler of the North African Kingdom For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Events By Place Byzantine Empire June 21 - Belisarius sails from Constantinople. Hilderic, Hoamer and their relatives were thrown into prison. Hilderic was deposed and murdered in 533. [11]

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I reacted to this by declaring war on the Vandals. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or The armies of the Eastern Empire were commanded by Belisarius, who, having heard that the greatest part of the Vandal fleet was fighting an uprising in Sardinia, decided to act quickly, and landed on Tunisian soil, then marched on to Carthage. Flavius Belisarius (Βελισάριος (505(? – 565 was one of the greatest Generals of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most acclaimed generals in history In the late summer of 533, King Gelimer met Belisarius ten miles (16 km) south of Carthage at the Battle of Ad Decimum; the Vandals were winning the battle until Gelimer's brother Ammatas and nephew Gibamund fell in battle. Events By Place Byzantine Empire June 21 - Belisarius sails from Constantinople. The Battle of Ad Decimum took place on September 13, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and the Eastern Gelimer then lost heart and fled. Belisarius quickly took Carthage while the surviving Vandals fought on. [12]

On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at Tricamarum, some 20 miles (32 km) from Carthage. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Events By Place Byzantine Empire June 21 - Belisarius sails from Constantinople. The Battle of Tricamarum took place on December 15, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and his brother Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Gelimer's brother Tzazo fell in battle. Tzazo (also known as Tzazon or Zano) was the brother to King Gelimer (530 to 534 the last Vandal ruler of the North Africa. Belisarius quickly advanced to Hippo, second city of the Vandal Kingdom, and in 534 Gelimer surrendered to the Roman conqueror, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals. Hippo Regius is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba (formerly Bône Algeria. Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 1 — Decimus Theodorius Paulinus is appointed Consul (the last to hold this

North Africa became a Roman province, from which the Vandals were expelled. Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. The surviving Vandal men were enslaved or joined into the imperial service, while the captured Vandal women married Byzantine soldiers. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Choicest Vandal warriors were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as Vandali Iustiniani, and stationed on the Persian frontier. According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings Some entered the private service of Belisarius. [13] Gelimer was honourably treated and received large estates in Galatia. Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. He was also offered the rank of a patrician but had to refuse it because he was not willing to change his Arian faith. [14]

List of kings

  1. Wisimar (? - † 335)
  2. Godigisel (359–406)
  3. Gunderic (407–428)
  4. Geiseric (428–477)
  5. Huneric (477–484)
  6. Gunthamund (484–496)
  7. Thrasamund (496–523)
  8. Hilderic (523–530)
  9. Gelimer (530–534)

Vandalic language

Main article: Vandalic language

Very little is known about the Vandalic language which was of the East Germanic linguistic branch, closely related to Gothic (known from Ulfilas's Bible translation), both completely extinct. Visimar was a king of the Vandals during the 4th century Events By Place Roman Empire 19 September — Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar. Godigisel (359-406 was King of the Hasdingi Vandals until his death in 406 Events By Place Roman Empire Battle of Amida: Shapur II of Persia conquers Amida from the Romans. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Roman legions in Britain mutiny against Honorius and select Gunderic (379-428 King of the Vandals and Alans (407-428 led the Vandals, a Germanic tribe originally residing near the Oder For the cars see Peugeot 407 and Bristol 407. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Gratianus Events By Place Europe Geiseric becomes King of the Vandals and Alans. Geiseric the Lame (c 389 &ndash January 25, 477) also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals Events By Place Europe Geiseric becomes King of the Vandals and Alans. Events By Place Europe Huneric becomes king of Vandals. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Huneric or Honeric (died December 23, 484) was King of the Vandals (477 – 484 and the oldest son of Geiseric. Events By Place Europe Huneric becomes king of Vandals. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Events By Place Europe December 28 — Alaric II succeeds Euric as king of the Visigoths. Gunthamund (c 450-496 King of the Vandals and Alans (484-496 was the third king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals Events By Place Europe December 28 — Alaric II succeeds Euric as king of the Visigoths. Events By Place Europe Battle of Tolbiac: Clovis I defeats the Alamanni, and is baptized into the Catholic Thrasamund (450-523 King of the Vandals and Alans (496-523 was the fourth king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals and reigned longer than any other Events By Place Europe Battle of Tolbiac: Clovis I defeats the Alamanni, and is baptized into the Catholic Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries Theodora. Hilderic, King of the Vandals and Alans (c 460s - 533 reigned 523-530 was the pentultimate ruler of the North African Kingdom of the Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries Theodora. For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Gelimer (original form possibly Geilamir, 480-553 King of the Vandals and Alans from 530 to 534 was the last ruler of the North African Kingdom For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 1 — Decimus Theodorius Paulinus is appointed Consul (the last to hold this Vandalic was a Germanic language probably closely related to the Gothic language. Vandalic was a Germanic language probably closely related to the Gothic language. The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of Migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. Wulfila is also a spider genus ( Anyphaenidae) Wulfila (meaning "little wolf" (ca

Vandals in present day etymology

From c. 1540, the Swedish king had been styled, Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex: King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vandals. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually The present king, Carl XVI Gustaf dropped the title in 1973 and now styles himself simply as King of Sweden. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a

References to the Vandals

The verb vandalize is first recorded in 1800. The term "vandalism" has come to mean senseless destruction as a result of the Vandals' sack of Rome under King Geiseric in 455. Vandalism is the behaviour attributed to the Vandals in respect of Culture: ruthless Destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or Venerable Geiseric the Lame (c 389 &ndash January 25, 477) also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals Historians agree that the Vandals were no more destructive than other invaders of ancient times. [15] [16] John Dryden writes: Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface (1694). John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England The word "goth" has gained architectural and other associations since Dryden's time, but "vandal" has not. During the Enlightenment, Rome was idealized, and the Goths and Vandals were disparaged. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Mallory & Adams "Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
  2. ^ Mallory & Adams "Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
  3. ^ Annales Alamannici, 795 ad
  4. ^ Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum by Adam Bremensis 1075 ad
  5. ^ Roland Steinacher under Reiner Protsch"Studien zur vandalischen Geschichte. Die Gleichsetzung der Ethnonyme Wenden, Slawen und Vandalen vom Mittelalter bis ins 18. Jahrhundert", 2002
  6. ^ Merrills, A. The core text of the Annales Alamannici covers the years 709 through to 799. Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum is a historical Treatise written between 1075 and 1080 by Adam of Bremen. Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the Reiner Protsch von Zieten (born January 14, 1939 in Berlin) is a German Anthropologist who published false Carbon dating H. (2004). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa. Ashgate Publishing, 11. ISBN 0-7546-4145-7.  
  7. ^ Vandals (htm). lexicorient. com. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  8. ^ Prosper's account of the event was followed by his continuator in the sixth century, Victor of Tunnuna, a great admirer of Leo quite willing to adjust a date or bend a point (Steven Muhlberger, "Prosper's Epitoma Chronicon: was there an edition of 443?" Classical Philology 81. Saint Prosper of Aquitaine (c 390 – c 455 a Christian writer and disciple of Saint Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome 's Universal Victor of Tunnuna (d ca 570) was Bishop of the North African town of Tunnuna and a Chronicler from Late Antiquity. 3 (July 1986), pp 240-244).
  9. ^ a b Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos, Deep into Mani: Journey into the Southern Tip of Greece", 21
  10. ^ J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (1923), Vol. II, p. 125
  11. ^ J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (1923), Vol. II, p. 131
  12. ^ J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (1923), Vol. II, pp. 133-135
  13. ^ J. B. Bury: History of the Later Roman Empire • Vol. II Chap. XVII
  14. ^ J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (1923), Vol. II, pp. 138
  15. ^ [1]
  16. ^ [2]
  17. ^ [3]
  18. ^ [4]
  19. ^ [5]
  20. ^ [6]
  21. ^ SNL Transcripts: Steve Martin: 10/13/79: The Vandals

External links

Dictionary

vandals

-noun

  1. Plural form of vandal.

Vandals

-proper noun

  1. An east Germanic tribe that once lived in north Africa and sacked Rome.

-noun

  1. Plural form of Vandal.; members of the Vandals tribe.
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