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For information on movies about vampires, see Vampire movies. Vampire films have been a staple since the silent days, so much so that the depiction of Vampires in popular culture is strongly based

Vampire literature covers the spectrum of literary work concerned principally with the subject of vampires. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living The literary vampire first appeared in poetry, before becoming the stock figure of gothic fiction with the publication of Polidori's The Vampyre (1819), and later popularised with the penny dreadful Varney the Vampire (1847). Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. " The Vampyre " is a short story written by John William Polidori and is a progenitor of the romantic vampire genre of Fantasy Penny Dreadful (also called penny number) was a term applied to nineteenth century British Fiction publications usually lurid serial stories appearing in parts Varney the Vampire or The Feast of Blood was a mid- Victorian era Gothic horror story by James Malcolm Rymer (alternatively Sheridan Le Fanu's tale of a lesbian vampire, Carmilla (1872) has been very influential, though the masterpiece of the genre is Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897). Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (28 August 1814 &ndash 7 February 1873 was an Irish writer of Gothic tales and mystery novels Lesbian vampirism is a trope in 20th century Exploitation film that has its roots in Joseph Sheridan le Fanu 's novella Carmilla (1872 " Carmilla " is a Gothic novella by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Over the years, vampire stories have diversified into areas of crime, fantasy, science fiction or even chick-lit. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting For the We Are Scientists song see Chick Lit (We Are Scientists song. As well as the typical fanged revenants, newer representations include aliens and even plants with vampiric abilities. Others feed on energy rather than blood. An energy vampire or psychic vampire is a being said to have the ability to feed off the " Life force " (often also called Qi, Prana,

Contents

History

Eighteenth century

Vampire fiction is rooted in the 'vampire craze' of the 1720s and 1730s, which culminated in the somewhat bizarre official exhumations of suspected vampires Peter Plogojowitz and Arnold Paole in Serbia under the Habsburg Monarchy. Peter Plogojowitz ( Serbian form Petar Blagojević/Петар Благојевић (d Arnold Paole (d c 1726 ( Arnont Paule in the original documents an early German rendition of a Serbian name or nickname perhaps Арнаут Павле Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor One of the first works of art to touch upon the subject is the short German poem The Vampire (1748) by Heinrich August Ossenfelder, where the theme already has strong erotic overtones: a man whose love is rejected by a respectable and pious maiden threatens to pay her a nightly visit, drink her blood by giving her the seductive kiss of the vampire and thus prove her that his teaching is better than her mother's Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Furthermore, there have been a number of tales about a dead person returning from the grave to visit his/her beloved or spouse and bring them death in one way or another, the narrative poem Lenore (1773) by Gottfried August Bürger being a notable 18th century example. Narrative poetry is Poetry that tells a story The poems may be short or long and the story it relates to may be simple or complex Gottfried August Bürger ( January 1, 1748 &ndash June 8, 1794) was a German Poet from Molmerswende, One of its lines Denn die Toten reiten schnell ("For the dead travel fast") was to be quoted in Bram Stoker's classic Dracula. A later German poem exploring the same subject with a prominent vampiric element was The Bride of Corinth (1797) by Goethe, a story about a young woman who returns from the grave to seek her betrothed:

From my grave to wander I am forced
Still to seek the God's long server'd link,
Still to love the bridegroom I have lost,
And the lifeblood of his heart to drink. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer

The story is turned into an expression of the conflict between Heathendom and Christianity: the family of the dead girl are Christians, while the young man and his relatives are still pagans. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world It turns out that it was the girl's Christian mother who broke off her engagement and forced her to become a nun, eventually driving her to death. The motive behind the girl's return as a "spectre" is that "e'en Earth can never cool down love". Goethe had been inspired by the story of Philinnion by Phlegon of Tralles, a tale from classical Greece. Phlegon, of Tralles in Asia Minor, Greek writer and freedman of the emperor Hadrian, lived in the 2nd century. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries However, in that tale, the youth is not the girl's betrothed, no religious conflict is present, no actual sucking of blood occurs, and the girl's return from the dead is said to be sanctioned by the gods of the Underworld. The Greek Underworld is a general term used to describe the various realms of Greek mythology which were believed to lie beneath the earth or beyond the horizon She relapses into death upon being exposed, and the issue is settled by burning her body outside of the city walls and making an apotropaic sacrifice to the deities involved.

The first mention of vampires in English literature appears in Robert Southey's monumental oriental epic poem Thalaba the Destroyer (1797), where the main character Thalaba's deceased beloved Oneiza turns into a vampire, although that occurrence is actually marginal to the story. Robert Southey ( August 12, 1774 &ndash March 21, 1843) was an English Poet of the Romantic school one It has been argued that Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem Christabel (written between 1797 and 1801, but not published until 1816) has influenced the development of vampire fiction: the heroine Christabel is seduced by a female supernatural being called Geraldine who tricks her way into her residence and eventually tries to marry her after having assumed the appearance of an old beloved of hers. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Christabel is a lengthy poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in two parts [1] The story bears a remarkable resemblance to the overtly vampiric story of Carmilla by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1872). " Carmilla " is a Gothic novella by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (28 August 1814 &ndash 7 February 1873 was an Irish writer of Gothic tales and mystery novels

Nineteenth century

In a passage in his epic poem The Giaour (1813), Lord Byron alludes to the traditional folkloric conception of the vampire as a being damned to suck the blood and destroy the life of its nearest relations:

Lord Byron in Albanian Costume, painted by Thomas Phillips in 1813
Lord Byron in Albanian Costume, painted by Thomas Phillips in 1813
But first, on earth as vampire sent,
Thy corse shall from its tomb be rent:
Then ghastly haunt thy native place,
And suck the blood of all thy race;
There from thy daughter, sister, wife,
At midnight drain the stream of life;
Yet loathe the banquet which perforce
Must feed thy livid living corse:
Thy victims ere they yet expire
Shall know the demon for their sire,
As cursing thee, thou cursing them,
Thy flowers are withered on the stem. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation The Giaour is a Poem by Lord Byron first published in 1813 and the first in the series of his Oriental romances Thomas Phillips ( October 18, 1770 - April 20, 1845) was an English portrait and subject painter.

Byron also composed an enigmatic fragmentary story concerning the mysterious fate of an aristocrat named Augustus Darvell whilst journeying in the Orient — as his contribution to the famous ghost story competition at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in 1816, between him, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John William Polidori (who was Byron's personal physician). The Villa Diodati is a manor in Cologny close to Lake Geneva. Lake Geneva or Lake Léman (Lac Léman Léman Lac de Genève is the second largest freshwater Lake in Central Europe in terms of surface area (after Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among Mary Shelley ( Née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August This story provided the basis for "The Vampyre" (1819) by Polidori. " The Vampyre " is a short story written by John William Polidori and is a progenitor of the romantic vampire genre of Fantasy Byron's own wild life became the model for Polidori's undead protagonist Lord Ruthven. See also Lord Ruthven for historic individuals with the title Lord Ruthven. Polidori's Lord Ruthven seems to be the first appearance of the modern vampire: an undead, vampiric being possessing a developed intellect and preternatural charm, as well as physical attraction. The preternatural or praeternatural is that which appears outside or beyond (Latin præter) the natural. Accorging to A. Asbjorn Jon 'the choice of name [for Polidori's Lord Ruthven] is presumably linked to Lady Caroline Lamb's earlier novel Glenarvon, where it was used for a rather ill disguised Byronesque character'[2] By contrast, the vampire of folklore was almost invariably thought of as a hideous, unappealing creature.

An unauthorized sequel to Polidori's tale by Cyprien Bérard called Lord Ruthwen ou les Vampires (1820) was adapted by Charles Nodier into the first vampire stage melodrama, Le Vampire. Charles Nodier ( April 29, 1780 &ndash January 27, 1844) was a French Author who introduced a younger generation Unlike Polidori's original story Nodier's play was set in Scotland. This in turn was adapted by the English melodramatist James Planché as The Vampire; or, the Bride of the Isles (1820) at the Lyceum (then called the English Opera House), also set in Scotland. James Robinson Planché (27 February 1796–30 May 1880 was a British Dramatist Antiquary and Officer of arms. This article is about Lyceum as school or as public hall Lyceum can also be short for Lyceum Theatre. Planché introduced the "vampire trap" as a way for the title fiend to appear in a dream at the beginning and then to vanish into the earth at his destruction. Nodier's play was also the basis of an opera called Der Vampyr by the German composer Heinrich Marschner who set the story in a more plausible Wallachia. Der Vampyr ( The Vampire) is a Romantic Opera in two acts by Heinrich Marschner. Heinrich Marschner ( Zittau, 16 August, 1795 - Hanover, 16 December, 1861) was a German composer of 23 Operas This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Planché in turn translated the libretto of this opera into English in 1827 where it was performed at the Lyceum also. Alexandre Dumas, père later redramatized the story in a play also entitled Le Vampire (1851). Another theatrical vampire of this period was 'Sir Alan Raby' who is the lead character of The Vampire (1852), a play by Dion Boucicault. Dionysius Lardner Boursiquot (born December 26, circa 1820 &ndash died September 18, 1890) was an Irish Actor and Playwright Boucicault himself played the lead role to great effect, though the play itself had mixed reviews. Queen Victoria, who saw the play, described it in her diary as "very trashy". [3]

An important later example of 19th century Vampire fiction is the penny dreadful epic Varney the Vampire (1847) featuring Sir Francis Varney as the Vampire. Penny Dreadful (also called penny number) was a term applied to nineteenth century British Fiction publications usually lurid serial stories appearing in parts Varney the Vampire or The Feast of Blood was a mid- Victorian era Gothic horror story by James Malcolm Rymer (alternatively Varney the Vampire or The Feast of Blood was a mid- Victorian era Gothic horror story by James Malcolm Rymer (alternatively In this story we have the first example of the standard trope in which the vampire comes through the window at night and attacks a maiden as she lies sleeping.

Heathcliff in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), is suspected by his housekeeper of being a vampire, in the final chapter of that novel. Emily Jane Brontë (ˈbrɒnti ( July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848) was a British Novelist and Poet, now best Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontë 's only Novel. It was first published in 1847 under the Pseudonym Ellis Bell and a posthumous second

Fascinating erotic fixations are evident in Sheridan le Fanu's classic novella Carmilla (1872) which features a female vampire with lesbian inclinations who seduces the heroine Laura whilst draining her of her vital fluids. Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (28 August 1814 &ndash 7 February 1873 was an Irish writer of Gothic tales and mystery novels " Carmilla " is a Gothic novella by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. Le Fanu's story is set in the Duchy of Styria. The Duchy of Styria (Herzogtum Steiermark Vojvodina Štajerska Stájerország was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. Such central European locations became a standard feature of vampire fiction.

Another important example of the development of vampire fiction can be found in three seminal novels by Paul Féval: Le Chevalier Ténèbre (1860), La Vampire (1865) and La Ville Vampire (1874). Paul Henri Corentin Féval, père ( 29 September 1816 - 8 March 1887) was a French Novelist and Dramatist Marie Nizet's Le Capitaine Vampire (1879) features a Russian officer, Boris Liatoukine, who is a vampire.

The most famous Serbian vampire was Sava Savanović, famous from a folklore-inspired novel by Milovan Glišić. Sava Savanović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сава Савановић is a fictional person who was the most famous Vampire in Serbian literature Milovan Glišić (1847-1908 was a famous Serbian writer dramatist and literary theorist [4]

Dracula

Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) has been the definitive description of the vampire in popular fiction for the last century. Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Its portrayal of vampirism as a disease (contagious demonic possession), with its undertones of sex, blood, and death, struck a chord in a Victorian Britain where tuberculosis and syphilis were common. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. A decade before in 1888, the press had sensationalized Jack the Ripper's sexualized murders of prostitutes during his reign of terror in East London. Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified Serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London A lust murder is a Homicide in which the offender searches for erotic satisfaction by killing someone Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. East London is the name commonly given to the north eastern part of London, England on the north side of the River Thames.

The name Count Dracula was inspired by a real person, Vlad Ţepeş (Vlad the Impaler). Ţepeş was a notorious Wallachian (Romanian) prince of the 15th century, also known as Vlad III Dracula. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Unlike the historical personage, however, Stoker located his Count Dracula in a castle near the Borgo Pass in Transylvania, and ascribed to that area the supernatural aura it retains to this day in the popular imagination. Tihuţa Pass (Pasul Tihuţa Borgo or Burgo) (el 1201 m is a high Mountain pass in the Romanian Bârgău Mountains (Eastern Carpathian Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian

In Romania, vampires were believed to be especially active in the winter and more specifically on the eve of two religious holidays, the Feasts of St. George and St. Andrew. In Christian hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Bram Stoker makes reference to this in his novel Dracula (1897) when Jonathan Harker is warned that at midnight "all the evil things in the world will have full sway". Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. During these nights, people kept their houses lit and used apotropaics such as thorns, crosses or garlic to prevent the vampires from entering their homes.

Stoker likely drew inspiration from Irish myths of blood-sucking creatures. The Mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved shorn of its religious meanings He was also influenced by Le Fanu's Carmilla. Le Fanu was Stoker's editor when Stoker was a theatre critic in Dublin, Ireland. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Like Le Fanu, Stoker created compelling female vampire characters such as Lucy Westenra and the Brides of Dracula. Lucy Westenra is a Fictional character in the novel Dracula (1897 by Bram Stoker. For the 1960 Hammer film see The Brides of Dracula The Brides of Dracula are three seductive female Vampires who make their first appearance in

Stoker's vampire hunter and vampire expert Abraham Van Helsing was the archetype of all subsequent such characters in vampire literature.

Twentieth century

Though Stoker's Count Dracula remained an iconic figure, especially in the new medium of cinema, twentieth century vampire fiction went beyond traditional Gothic horror and explored new genres such as science fiction. Vampire films have been a staple since the silent days, so much so that the depiction of Vampires in popular culture is strongly based An early example of this is Gustave Le Rouge's Le prisonnier de la planète Mars (1908) and its sequel La guerre des vampires (1909), in which a native race of bat-winged, blood-drinking humanoids is found on Mars. Gustave Henri Joseph Le Rouge (22 July 1867 Valognes - 24 February 1938 Paris was a prolific French writer who embodied the evolution of modern Science fiction

Another influential example of vampire science fiction was I Am Legend by author Richard Matheson in (1954). I Am Legend is a 1954 Science fiction Novel by Richard Matheson about the last man alive in a future Los Angeles California Richard Matheson (born February 20, 1926) is an American Author and Screenwriter, typically of fantasy, horror The story of a future Los Angeles, overrun with undead cannibalistic/bloodsucking beings changed the genre forever. One man is the sole survivor of a pandemic of a bacterium that causes vampirism. A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living He must fight to survive attacks from the hordes of nocturnal creatures, discover the secrets of their biology, and develop effective countermeasures. This was the first piece of fiction with an analytical slant towards vampires.

The latter part of the twentieth century saw the rise of multi-volume vampire epics. The first of these was Gothic romance writer Marilyn Ross's Barnabas Collins series (1966–71) loosely based on the contemporary American TV series Dark Shadows. W E Daniel "Dan" Ross (born 1912 is a bestselling Canadian novelist from Saint John New Brunswick who wrote over 300 books in a variety of genres and Barnabas Collins is a Fictional character, one of the feature characters in the ABC Soap opera serial Dark Shadows, which aired from Dark Shadows is a Gothic soap opera that originally aired weekdays on the ABC television network from June 27, 1966 to It also set the trend for seeing vampires as poetic tragic heroes rather than as the traditional embodiment of evil. This formula was followed in the popular Vampire Chronicles (1976–2003) series of novels by Anne Rice and Chelsea Quinn Yarbro's massive Saint-Germain series (1978–). The Vampire Chronicles is a series of Novels by Anne Rice that revolves around the Fictional character Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien on October 4, 1941) is a best-selling American Author of gothic and religious-themed Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (born September 15, 1942) is a professional writer Ross, Rice and Yarbo set the trend for multi-volume vampire sagas which are now a stock feature of mass-market fiction (see below for list). Rice's work also saw the beginning of the convergence of traditional Gothic ideas with the modern Gothic subculture and a more explicit exploration of the transgressive sexualities which had always been implicit in vampire fiction. The goth subculture is a contemporary Subculture found in many countries

The 1981 novel The Hunger (adapted as a film in 1983) continued the theme of transgressive sexuality and examined the biology of vampires, suggesting that their special abilities were the result of physical properties of their blood. The Hunger is a 1983 English language Horror film. It is the story of a bizarre Love triangle between a doctor ( Susan Sarandon The novel suggested that not all vampires were undead humans, but some were a separate species that had evolved alongside humans. This interpretation of vampires has since then been used in several science-fiction stories dealing with vampires, most famously the Blade movie series. Blade is a 1998 vampire Action film starring Wesley Snipes and Stephen Dorff, loosely based on the published stories

Kim Newman's Anno Dracula series (1992–) returns to Stoker's Count Dracula and gives the genre a somewhat post-modern spin. Kim Newman (born July 31, 1959) is an English journalist, film critic, and Fiction Writer. The Anno Dracula series by Kim Newman —named for Anno Dracula (1992 the series' first novel—is a work of Fantasy depicting an Alternate Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism

Post-Colonial perspectives on the vampire legend are provided in Nalo Hopkinson's novel Brown Girl In The Ring (1998), which features the Soucouyant, a vampire of Caribbean folklore, and in Tananarive Due's My Soul To Keep (1995) and its sequel The Living Blood (2001). Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and Nalo Hopkinson (born December 20, 1960) is a Jamaican born writer and editor who lives in Canada. The Soucouyant or Soucriant in Caribbean and specifically Trinidadian folklore is a creature that lives by day as an old woman at the end of the village Tananarive Due (tuh-NAN-uh-reev DOO born 1966 is an American author The Living Blood is a Novel by writer Tananarive Due. It is the second book in Due's African Immortals Series and is followed by the third book in

Twenty-first century

Many books based on vampires are still published now, including several continuing series. Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles ended after many years, and many others have started up in the meantime. There are many supernatural romances with handsome vampires as the male leads, such as Lynsay Sands' Agregneu family series (2003–). Lynsay Sands (born Leamington, Ontario) is an award winning Canadian author of over 30 books Erotic novels also exist, such as Stephen R. Sobotka's "Sin-City Walker: Two of A Kind" (2007–)

The occult detective sub-genre is represented by Jim Butcher's Harry Dresden fantasy series (2000–), and Charlaine Harris's "Southern Vampire Mysteries" (2001–). Occult detective stories combine the genres of the Detective story with supernatural horror fiction Jim Butcher is a New York Times Best Selling author most known for his contemporary fantasy book series The Dresden Files. Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden is a fictional Detective and wizard. Charlaine Harris (born November 25, 1951 in Tunica Mississippi) is a New York Times bestselling Author Japanese novelist Hideyuki Kikuchi's postapocalyptic vampire series (1983–), Vampire Hunter D has begun to be translated into English (2005–). Hideyuki Kikuchi (菊地 秀行 Kikuchi Hideyuki) (born on September 25, 1949) is a Japanese author famous for his horror novels specifically Vampire is the title character of a series of novels by Japanese horror and pulp author Hideyuki Kikuchi.

In the field of juvenile and young adult literature Darren Shan wrote a twelve book series about a boy, also called Darren Shan, who becomes a vampire's assistant, beginning with Cirque Du Freak (2000) and ending with Sons of Destiny (2004). Darren O'Shaughnessy (born July 2, 1972 in London, England) who commonly writes under the pen name Darren Shan, is an Irish Cirque Du Freak ( Cirque Du Freak A Living Nightmare in the United States) is the first novel in The Saga of Darren Shan by Sons of Destiny is the twelfth and final book in The Saga of Darren Shan by Darren Shan. Stephenie Meyer created an ongoing fantasy series about a teenager named Bella Swan and her vampire boyfriend, Edward Cullen (Twilight), beginning with Twilight (2005). Stephenie Morgan Meyer (born December 24 1973 is an American Author. Isabella "Bella" Marie Swan is a fictional character and the Protagonist of the ''Twilight'' Edward Cullen (né Edward Anthony Masen) is a Fictional character from Stephenie Meyer 's ''Twilight'' series. Twilight is a young adult vampire /romance novel written by author Stephenie Meyer. A film adaptation of this and the other novels in the sequence is forthcoming. Ellen Schreiber created a young adult series about Raven Madison and her vampire boyfriend Alexander Sterling, starting with Vampire Kisses (2005). Ellen Schreiber is a US Youth fiction author She was an Actor and a stand-up Comedian before becoming an Author. In Scott Westerfeld's young-adult novel Peeps (2005), the protagonist carries a contagious parasite that causes vampire-like behavior. Scott Westerfeld (born May 5 1963) is a New York Times bestselling American -born author of Science fiction Young adult literature Peeps is a 2005 novel by Scott Westerfeld revolving around a parasite which causes people to become cannibalistic and become

The king of vampires Count Dracula also continues to inspire novelists. Elizabeth Kostova wrote a detailed historical horror book connecting Vlad the Impaler to Dracula called The Historian (2005). Elizabeth Johnson Kostova (born December 26, 1964) is an American author The Historian is a 2005 Novel by Elizabeth Kostova about a Quest, reaching through the past five centuries for the historical Vlad The most recent incarnation of the Count features in John Marks's update of Bram Stoker's novel Fangland (2007). Fangland is a is a 2007 Novel written by John Marks a former producer for 60 Minutes. According to a review by Sinclair McKay in the Telegraph (18 August 2007) this novel is 'truly unsettling' and contains moments of 'jump-up-and-down-on-the-sofa-scariness'. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A film adaptation is now being produced. [5] Count Dracula is also peripherally involved in the "Chris Cséjthe" Half Life series by William Mark Simmons involving a man who is only partially a vampire, starting in 1996 and most recently continuing in Dead Easy (2007). Wm (William Mark Simmons (born 1953) in Independence Missouri,` is a Writer best known for his humorous Fantasy and horror

Swedish author John Ajvide Lindqvist's critically praised vampire story Låt Den Rätte Komma In (2004) about the relationship of a 12 year boy with a 200 year old vampire child has now been translated into English as Let the Right One In (2007). John Ajvide Lindqvist (born 1968 in Blackeberg, Sweden) is a Swedish horror writer Let the Right One In, also known as Let Me in, is work of Vampire fiction novel written in 2004 by Swedish writer John Ajvide The story takes place in Blackeberg, a suburb of Stockholm. Blackeberg is a Suburb of Stockholm from the 1950s and part of the Bromma borough.

Traits of vampires in fiction

The traits of the literary vampire have evolved from the often repulsive figures of folklore. Fictional vampires can be romantic figures, often described as elegant and sexy (compare demons such as succubus and incubus). A succubus (plural succubi) is a Demon who takes the form of a beautiful woman to seduce men especially monks in Dreams to have Sexual intercourse This is in stark contrast to the vampire of Eastern European folklore, which was a horrifying animated corpse. However as in folklore, the literary vampire is sustained by drinking blood. They do not need other food, water, or even oxygen. They are sometimes portrayed as being unable to eat human food at all, forcing them to either avoid public dining or mime chewing and eating to deceive their mortal victims. The fictional vampire, however, often has a pale appearance rather than the dark or ruddy skin of folkloric vampires and their skin is cool to the touch. As in folklore literary vampires can usually be warded off with garlic and symbols of Christian faith such as holy water, the crucifix, or a rosary. Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. Holy water can also refer to water that has been blessed, such as by a Priest, and is considered Holy. A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion.

According to literary scholar Nina Auerbach in Our Vampires Ourselves, the influence of the moon was seen as dominant in the earliest examples of vampire literature:

For at least fifty years after Planche's Vampire, the moon was the central ingredient of vampire iconography; vampire's solitary and repetitive lives consisted of incessant deaths and - when the moon shone down on them - quivering rebirths. Nina Auerbach (born 1943 is the John Welsh Centennial Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania. Ruthven, Varney and Raby need marriage and blood to replenish their vitality but they turn for renewed life to the moon. . . a corpse quivering to life under the moon's rays is the central image of midcentury vampire literature; fangs, penetration, sucking and staking are all peripheral to its lunar obsession.

Bram Stoker's Dracula was hugely influential in its depiction of vampire traits, some of which are described by the novel's vampire expert Abraham Van Helsing. Dracula has the ability to change his shape at will, his featured forms in the novel being that of a wolf, bat, dust and fog. He can also crawl up and down the vertical external walls of his castle, in the manner of a lizard. One very famous trait Stoker added is the inability to be seen in mirrors, which is not found in traditional Eastern European folklore. Dracula also had protruding teeth, though was preceded in this by Varney the Vampire. In contrast, Carmilla had no fangs. Also, in the "Twilight" vampire love saga by Stephanie Meyer, the vampire characters have no fangs. [6]

In the novel, the vampire hunter Van Helsing prescribes that a vampire be destroyed by a wooden stake (preferably made of white oak) through the heart, decapitation, drowning, or incineration. The tree species Quercus alba, also called "white oak" is one of the pre-eminent hardwoods of eastern North America Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal The vampire's head must be removed from its body, the mouth stuffed with garlic and holy water or relics, the body drawn and quartered, then burned and spread into the four winds, with the head buried on hallowed ground. Allium sativum L, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the Onion family Alliaceae. The destruction of the vampire Lucy follows the three-part process enjoined by Van Helsing (staking, decapitation, and garlic in the mouth), however, Count Dracula is killed by a kukri knife, not a wooden stake through the heart. Traditional vampire folklore, followed by Stoker in Dracula does not usually hold that sunlight is fatal to vampires, though they are nocturnal. It is also notable in the novel that Dracula can walk about in the daylight, in bright sunshine, though apparently in discomfort and without the ability to use most of his powers, like turning into mist or a bat. He is still strong and fast enough to struggle with and escape from most of his male pursuers, in a scene in the book. It is only with the 1922 film Nosferatu that daylight is depicted as deadly to vampires. Nosferatu A Symphony of Horror is a German Expressionist film by F [7] Such scenes in vampire films, most especially the closing scene of the 1958 Dracula film in which which Count Dracula is burnt by the sun was very influential on later vampire fiction. Vampire films have been a staple since the silent days, so much so that the depiction of Vampires in popular culture is strongly based Dracula is a 1958 British Horror film, and the first of a series of Hammer Horror films inspired by the Bram Stoker novel For instance Anne Rice's vampire Lestat and Chelsea Quinn Yarbro's Count Saint Germain both avoid the lethal effects of daylight by staying closeted indoors during the day. [8]

A well-known set of special "powers" and weaknesses is commonly associated with vampires in contemporary fiction. There is a tendency, however, for authors to pick and choose the ones they like, or find more realistic, and have their characters ridicule the rest as absurd. Some vampires can fly. This power may be supernatural levitation, or it may be connected to the vampire's shape-shifting ability. Some traditions hold that a vampire cannot enter a house unless he or she is invited in. Generally, a vampire needs be invited in only once and can then come and go at will. Some tales maintain that vampires must return to a coffin or to their "native soil" before sunrise to take their rest safely. Others place native soil in their coffins, especially if they have relocated. Still other vampire stories such as Le Fanu's Carmilla maintain that vampires must return to their coffins, but sleep in several inches of blood as opposed to soil. " Carmilla " is a Gothic novella by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu. Vampires are generally held to be unable to bear children, though the concept of a "half vampire" and similar creatures does exist in folklore and in some modern fiction. Some fictional vampires are fascinated with counting, an idea derived from folk stories about vampires being compelled to stop and count any spilled grain they find in their path. The most famous fictional counting vampire is likely Muppet character Count von Count on television's Sesame Street. The Muppets are a group of Puppet characters created by Jim Henson. "The Count" redirects here for the nobility title see Count. Sesame Street is an American educational Children's television series and a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard combining Other examples include a fifth season episode of the X-Files titled Bad Blood, and the Discworld novel, Carpe Jugulum by Terry Pratchett. This is a list of episodes from the FOX Science fiction television series The X-Files. The X-Files is a Peabody, Golden Globe and Emmy Award -winning American Science fiction television series created by Chris Carter Discworld is a comedic Fantasy Book series by the British author Terry Pratchett, set on the Discworld, a flat Carpe Jugulum is a Comic fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett, the twenty third in the Discworld series Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948 is an English fantasy, Science fiction, and children's author. Some modern fictional vampires are portrayed as having magical powers beyond those originally assigned by myth, typically also possessing the powers of a witch or seer. Such examples include Drusilla from Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Olivia Nightshade from The Nightshade Chronicles. Drusilla is an English female Given name derived ultimately from the Roman Drusus, in turn from the Greek drosos (dew. Fictional narratives (and works of art exist beyond their completion e

Vampire hybrids

The Dhampir/Dunpeal, the offspring of a vampire and a human, known from Serbian folklore, has been popularized in recent fiction. A Dhampir (also dhampire, dhamphir or dhampyr) in Balkan Folklore and in Vampire fiction is the child of a Vampire [9] The following is a list of such vampire hybrids in written fiction, by order of appearance by year:

Literature

Fiction series

There are several recent series in vampire fiction, of variable literary quality. They tend to either take the form of direct sequels (or prequels) to the first book published or detail the ongoing adventures of particular characters. A sequel is a work in Literature, Film, or other media that portrays events following those of a previous work A prequel is a work that portrays events and/or aspects of a previously completed narrative but is set prior to the existing narrative

White Wolf, a maker of role playing games, releases novels set in the fantasy world of its Vampire: The Masquerade' game. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Created by Mark Rein·Hagen, Vampire The Masquerade was the first of White Wolf Game Studio's World of Darkness live-action These series of novels were released in 13-book sets, each corresponding to one of the 13 clans of vampires in their game universe.

Juvenile and young adult fiction

Comic books

Comic books and graphic novels which feature vampires include Vampirella (1969), Tomb of Dracula (1972), I...Vampire (1981), Blade (1973), 30 Days of Night (2002), Chibi Vampire, Vampire Knight, Dracula vs. IVampire was a 24 issue series created by writer JM DeMatteis, that appeared in House of Mystery between 1981 and 1983 King Arthur (2005), Anita Blake Vampire Hunter 'Guilty Pleasures' (2007), and Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight (2007). Anita Blake is a Fictional character in the Anita Blake Vampire Hunter series of novels by Laurell K Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight is a Comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics. Proinsias Cassidy, the supporting lead male in Garth Ennis' comic series Preacher is a vampire of Irish origin (1995). Garth Ennis (born January 16, 1970 in Holywood, Northern Ireland) is an Irish Comics writer best known for the DC Preacher is a Comic book series created by writer Garth Ennis and artist Steve Dillon, published by the American comic book label Vertigo In addition, many major superheroes have faced vampire supervillains at some point. In the Belgo-French comic Le Bal du rat mort, [10] police inspector (!) Jean Lamorgue is a hybrid vampire and he is a king of rats. He is guiding an invasion of rats in Ostend and he sucks the blood of his human victims. Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea ||-||-||} Ostend  (  Oostende, French and German Ostende) is a Belgian City and municipality located in the Flemish
Vampire High by Douglas Rees. Vampire High is a Canadian TV series which originally aired from 2001 to 2002.

Magazines

Magazines which feature vampires include 'Bite me' magazine (launched 1999). Typical features include interviews with vampire actors, features on famous vampire film classics, vampire-related news, forthcoming vampire film and book releases.

Defunct vampire magazines include 'Crimson' (England); 'Journal of the Dark' (USA) and 'The Velvet Vampyre' (available to members of the disbanded The Vampyre Society, England).

References

  1. ^ Leatherdale, C. (1993) Dracula: The Novel and the Legend:46–9.
  2. ^ A. Asbjorn Jon (2003) 'Vampire Evolution', in Metaphor 3, 2003: 19–23.
  3. ^ David J. Skal (2001) Vampires: Encounters With The Undead: 47–8.
  4. ^ Glišić, Milovan, "Posle devedeset godina" (Ninety Years Later). Milovan Glišić (1847-1908 was a famous Serbian writer dramatist and literary theorist
  5. ^ Fangland.
  6. ^ Skal, p. 99.
  7. ^ Skal, David J. (1996). V is for Vampire. Plume/Penguin, p104. ISBN 0-452-27173-8.  
  8. ^ Nina Auerbach (1981) Our Vampires, Ourselves: 119–47.
  9. ^ M. J. Trow (2003) Vlad the Impaler: 56–57.
  10. ^ (French)Le Bal du rat mort

Bibliography

External links

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