Philosophic or ethic value is a property of objects, including physical objects as well as abstract objects (e. For other uses of Object see Object. In Philosophy, an object is a thing an Entity, or a Being. In Physics, a physical body (sometimes called simply a body or even an object) is a collection of Masses taken to be one For other uses see Abstract In Philosophy it is commonly considered that every object is either abstract or concrete g. actions), representing their degree of importance. In Philosophy, action has developed into a sub-field called Philosophy of action. The study of it is included in value theory. Value theory encompasses a range of approaches to understanding how why and to what degree humans should or do value things whether the thing is a person idea object or anything else
An object with ethic or philosophic value may be termed an ethic or philosophic good.
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Similar concepts
Philosophic or ethic value is sometimes used synonymously with goodness. In Religion, Ethics, and Philosophy, the phrase good and evil refers to the location of objects desires and Behaviors on a two-way However, goodness has many other meanings as well, and may be regarded as more ambiguous.
Absolute and relative
- Further information: Value (personal and cultural)
There is a distinction between relative (or personal or cultural value) and absolute (or noumenal) value (not to be mixed with mathematical absolute value). A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated "Noumena" redirects here For the band see Noumena (band. In Mathematics, the absolute value (or modulus) of a Real number is its numerical value without regard to its sign. Relative value is subjective, depending on individual and cultural views, and is therefore synonymous with personal and cultural value. A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated Absolute value, on the other hand, is philosophically absolute and independent of individual and cultural views, as well as independent on whether it discovered or not what object has it. The Absolute is the concept of an absolute unconditional reality which transcends limited conditional everyday existence
Relative value may be regarded as an experience by subjects of the absolute value. Not to be confused with the subiectum or Hypokeimenon in Aristotelianism Relative value varies with individual and culture while absolute value, on the other hand, is the same, regardless of the experience of individuals.
Relative value may be explained as an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated. Absolute value, on the other hand, cannot be assumed, but is what it is.
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Philosophic value may be split into instrumental value and intrinsic values. Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract Intrinsic value is an ethical and philosophic property. It is the ethical or Philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its An instrumental value is worth having as a means towards getting something else that is good (e. g. , a radio is instrumentally good in order to hear music). An intrinsically valuable thing is worth for itself, not as a means to something else. It is giving value intrinsic and extrinsic properties. An intrinsic property is a property that an objected or a thing has of itself independently of other things including its context
An ethic good with instrumental value may be termed an ethic mean, and an ethic good with intrinsic value may be termed an end-in-itself. Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract Intrinsic value is an ethical and philosophic property. It is the ethical or Philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its An object may be both a mean and end-in-itself.
Whole value
Intrinsic and instrumental goods are not mutually exclusive categories. [1] Some objects are both good in themselves, and also good for getting other objects that are good. "Understanding science" may be such a good, being both worthwhile in and of itself, and as a means of achieving other goods. In these cases, the sum of instrumental (specifically the all instrumental value) and instrinsic value of an object may be regarded as the whole value of the object. Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract
Intensity
The intensity of philosophic value is the degree it is generated or carried out, and may be regarded as the prevalence of the object having the value. [1]
It should not be confused with the amount of value of the object itself, although the latter may vary too, e. g. because of instrumental value conditionality. Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract For instance, for a Waffleist, accepting waffle eating as of end-in-itself, the intensity is the degree that waffles are eaten - it zero when no waffles are eaten. Life stance or lifestance refers to a person's relation with what he or she accepts as of Ultimate importance, the presuppositions and theory of this and the commitments However, a waffle itself may still have value no matter if it is being eaten or not, but because of instrumental value conditionality it may be less valued if, for instance, being far away rather than easily accessible.
In many life stances it is the product of value and intensity that is ultimately desirable, i. Life stance or lifestance refers to a person's relation with what he or she accepts as of Ultimate importance, the presuppositions and theory of this and the commitments e. not only to generate value, but to generate it in large degree. Maximizing lifestances have the highest possible intensity as an imperative. In ethics maximization or optimization is the concept of always doing the act that yields the most good rather than regarding any good action as fully sufficient or acceptable
Duration
Philosophic or ethic value duration is the time that an object exists, or more specifically, has any intensity. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of
It is contrasted with chain of events duration, which is the time it takes for a chain of events to reach its terminal event, in this case the object with intrinsic value. A chain of events is a number of actions and their effects that are Contiguous and linked together
The chain of events duration may be significantly longer than the value duration, especially for objects with long term instrumental value. Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract In the intervening time, the value of the object is converted into the value of the intervening objects in the chain of events.
Average and instantaneous value
With time in mind, there is a distinction between average ethic or philosophic value and instantaneous ethic or philosophic value.
- The average ethic or philosophic value is the average of the ethic or philosophic value of an object during a certain amount of time. In Mathematics, an average, or central tendency of a Data set refers to a measure of the "middle" or " expected " value of If not else specified it is assumed to be the value duration of the object in mind. Philosophic or ethic value is a property of objects, including Physical objects as well as Abstract objects (e It can, however, also be the chain of events duration or other specified amount of time. A chain of events is a number of actions and their effects that are Contiguous and linked together
- The instantaneous ethic or philosophic value is the ethic or philosophic value value of an object at a certain point of time. If may be a present, past or future point of time.
Total value
The total ethic or philosophic value of an object is the product of its average value, average intensity and value duration. In Mathematics, a product is the Result of multiplying, or an expression that identifies factors to be multiplied Philosophic or ethic value is a property of objects, including Physical objects as well as Abstract objects (e Philosophic or ethic value is a property of objects, including Physical objects as well as Abstract objects (e It may be either absolute or relative.
Any decrease in the whole value, intensity or duration of an object decreases its total value and vice versa. For instance, for a Waffleist, regarding waffles as of ends-in-themselves, it still doesn't generate any total value if there are no waffles, no intensity, no matter how much average value a waffle has. Life stance or lifestance refers to a person's relation with what he or she accepts as of Ultimate importance, the presuppositions and theory of this and the commitments
Total whole value
The total value of the whole value of an object is its total whole value.
Alternatively described, it is the sum of the total intrinsic value and total instrumental value. Intrinsic value is an ethical and philosophic property. It is the ethical or Philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract
It may be either relative or absolute.
Economic and philosophic value
- Further information: Value (economics)
Philosophical value is distinguished from economic value, since it is independent on some other desired condition or commodity. The economic value of a good or service has puzzled economists since the beginning of the discipline The economic value of a good or service has puzzled economists since the beginning of the discipline The economic value of an object may rise when the exchangeable desired condition or commodity, e. g. money, become high in supply, and vice versa when supply of money becomes low.
Nevertheless, economic value may be regarded as a result of philosophical value. In the subjective theory of value, the personal philosophic value a person puts in possessing something is reflected in what economic value this person puts on it. The subjective theory of value (or theory of subjective value) is an economic theory of value that holds that "to possess value an object must be both useful Philosophic or ethic value is a property of objects, including Physical objects as well as Abstract objects (e The limit where a person considers to purchase something may be regarded as the point where the personal philosophic value of possessing something exceeds the personal philosophic value of what is given up in exchange for it, e. g. money.
Equality
Philosophic or ethic value equality is the concept of two objects having the same philosophic value. It can be of different types, depending of the value:
- Philosophic or ethic intrinsic value equality, where the objects have the same intrinsic value
- Philosophic or ethic instrumental value equality, where the objects have the same instrumental value
- Philosophic or ethic whole value equality, where the objects have the same whole value
- Philosophic or ethic total value equality, where the objects have the same total value
Value system
A value system is a set of consistent ethic values and measures used for the purpose of ethical or ideological integrity. A value system is a set of Consistent Ethic values (more specifically the Personal and cultural values) and measures used for the purpose of Ethical Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Integrity is Consistency of actions values methods measures and principles A well defined value system is a moral code. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings
Positive and negative value
There may be a distinction between positive and negative philosophic or ethic value. While positive ethic value generally is something that is purposed to pursue as much as possible, the negative value, on the other hand, is something that is pursued to avoid or minimize.
Negative value may be both intrinsic negative value and/or instrumental negative value. Intrinsic value is an ethical and philosophic property. It is the ethical or Philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its Instrumental value (or Extrinsic value, contributory value) is the value of objects both Physical objects and Abstract
Human negative value
Some regard humans as having negative value. For instance, the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement holds that the world would be better without humankind and the values it brings. The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement, or VHEMT (pronounced " vehement " is a movement which calls for the voluntary self- extinction of On a smaller scale, it may be thought of as a reason of suicide.
See also
References
- ^ a b Inherent and Instrumental Values in Ethics by Stanley Riukas
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