Valledupar
View of the Downtown's 9th Avenue
Flag Seal
Nickname: City of the Holy Kings of Valledupar
Location in the Department of Cesar. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Municipality (dark gray), City (red).
Country	Colombia
Region	Caribbean
Department	Cesar
Foundation	January 6, 1550
Government
- Mayor	Ruben Carvajal, (AV)[1]
Area
- City	4,977. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Because of its natural structure Colombia can be divided into six very distinct Natural regions. The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight Departments located contiguous to Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments ( Spanish: departamentos, sing Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King The following is a list of mayors of the city of Valledupar, Colombia Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 66 km² (1,921. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi)
Elevation	180 m (591 ft)
Population (2005)
- City	348,990
- Density	68. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 4/km² (177. 2/sq mi)
- Urban	294,731
	[2]
*Valledupar metropolitan area is yet to be determined.
Website: www.valledupar.gov.co

Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cesar founded in 1550 by Spanish Conqueror Hernando de Santana. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Hernando de Santana was a Spanish conqueror the founder of the City of Valledupar and conqueror in what is now northern Colombia. Its name Valle de Upar (Valley of Upar) was established in honor of an amerindian cacique that ruled the valley; Cacique Upar. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Cacique or Cazique (female form Cacica) from the Taíno word for the Pre-Columbian tribal chiefs or leaders, of the Taino Lies between the mountains of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serrania del Perija to the margin of the Guatapurí River and Cesar River. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. The Serranía del Perijá, Cordilla de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá is a mountain range an extension of the eastern Andean branch ( Cordillera The Guatapurí River, or Rio Guatapurí in Spanish is a river that flows from the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta into the Cesar River The Cesar River is a river in northern Colombia which is a part of the Magdalena Basin. ^[3]

Valledupar is an important agricultural, cattle raising and agroindustrial center for the region between the Departments of Cesar and southern municipalities of La Guajira, formerly known as the Province of Padilla. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. Valledupar is notoriously known for being the cradle of vallenato music, representative of the Colombian culture. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia. The city hosts the Vallenato Legend Festival. The Vallenato Legend Festival (Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata is one of the most important musical festivals in Colombia.

During the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s the city was affected intensively by the Colombian Armed Conflict, with massive kidnappings,^[4] forcedly displaced people. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 The Colombian armed conflict or Colombian Civil War are terms that are employed to refer to the current asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict in ^[5] and an endemic problem of impunity reflected specially towards crimes against journalists. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends ^[6] Valledupar has one of Colombia's most modern maximum security prisons. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of ^[7]

Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 History 3 Politics 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.1.1 Corregimientos 4 Demographics 4.1 Education 4.2 Ethnicities 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Sports 6.2 Symbols 6.2.1 City Anthem 6.2.2 Flag 6.2.3 Coat of Arms 7 Media and Services 8 Transportation 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links

Geography

The municipality of Valledupar is located southwest of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10 degrees, 29 minutes, of north latitude and 73 degrees 15 minutes long to the west of the Greenwich Meridian. This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. A minute of arc, arcminute, or MOA is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (1/60 of one degree. The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of Longitude) at which longitude is defined to be 0° Valledupar’s average temperature is about 28 °C. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Because of its high altitude but proximity to the equator, this municipality possesses a variety of environments, from hot warm to perpetual snow. Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the The Life Zone concept was developed by C Hart Merriam in 1889 as a means of describing areas with similar Plant and Animal communities "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. The most important heights are the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta’s peaks; the Codazzi peak, the El Guardian peak, the Ojeda peak and the La Reina peak. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Many rivers descend from its snowy peaks and lagoons; the Ariguani River, Ariguanicito River, Badillo River, Calderas River, Cesar River, Curiba River, Donachui River, Garupal River, Guatapuri River, which borders the city of Valledupar, and the Mariangola River. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there

The Municipality of Valledupar limits to the north with the municipalities of Riohacha and San Juan del Cesar in the department of La Guajira. Riohacha, Rio Hacha or Rio de la Hacha (River of the Axe - Wayuu: Süchiimma) is a city and municipality in the northern Caribbean San Juan del Cesar is a municipality and town located in the La Guajira Department, Colombia. The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. To the south with the municipalities of El Paso and Los Robles La Paz in the department of Cesar; to the east with the municipalities of Villanueva and Urumita, also in the Department of La Guajira; and to the west with the municipalities from the department of Magdalena; Fundacion and Aracataca. El Paso is a municipality in the Cesar Department of Colombia. Los Robles La Paz or simply La Paz is a municipality and a town in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. Cesar ( Spanish, French and Portuguese - as C é sar - for Caesar) may refer to People César Augusto The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as " Cataca " is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia 's

The municipality has an area of about 4,977. 96 km², from which 72,660 km² pertain to the Arhuacos Indian Reserve, 399. 52 km² to the Kogui and wiwa Indian Reserve, and 425. 60 km² to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park. This Colombian National Park is located in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, between the cities of Santa Marta and Riohacha.

Climate

Weather averages for Valledupar
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F (°C)	94. 5 (34. 7)	96. 1 (35. 6)	96. 6 (35. 9)	96. 1 (35. 6)	93. 2 (34. 0)	93. 6 (34. 2)	95. 7 (35. 4)	95. 2 (35. 1)	92. 8 (33. 8)	90. 7 (32. 6)	91. 8 (33. 2)	92. 5 (33. 6)	93. 6 (35. 1)
Average low °F (°C)	72. 3 (22. 4)	73. 6 (23. 1)	74. 5 (23. 6)	75. 4 (24. 1)	75. 4 (24. 1)	75. 2 (24. 0)	75. 6 (24. 2)	75. 2 (24. 0)	74. 3 (23. 5)	74. 5 (23. 6)	73. 6 (23. 1)	73. 0 (22. 8)	74. 3 (23. 6)
Precipitation inches (mm)	(12)	(10)	(26)	(71)	(154)	(82)	(63)	(116)	(122)	(199)	(89)	(28)	(972)
Source: Weatherbase[8][9] April 2008

History

Main article: History of Valledupar

From the place name Valle de Upar (Valley of Upar) named after a legendary local Amerindian cacique named Upar leader of the native American Chimila Nation. The region was first explored by Pedro de Badillo and later forcedly conquered in 1532 by a German named Ambrosius Ehinger, governor of Venezuela who invaded the area belonging to the government of Santa Marta. Ambrosius Ehinger, also ( Ambrosio Alfínger in Spanish) Dalfinger Thalfinger, (* c The city was founded later in 1550 by Spanish conqueror, Captain Hernando de Santana with the name Valle de Upar. Hernando de Santana was a Spanish conqueror the founder of the City of Valledupar and conqueror in what is now northern Colombia. The Catholic Church usually named the city Ciudad de los Santos Reyes de Valledupar (city of the holy kings of Valledupar) because it was on the same day the three kings visited Jesus, the 6th day of January, the name later got modified due to grammar abbreviation to Valle Dupar and then to Valledupar. "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

Since the colonization period the region has been one of the paths for products arriving from the Caribbean sea into the inland. Spaniards transited through the area and established extensive farming, mainly imported European cattle (among many animals) and agriculture. The Chimila Nation was decimated and later exterminated due to the use of them for forced labor and continuous battles.

On May 22, 1810 some 400 inhabitants of the Cabildo of the Valle de Upar insurrected against the Spanish Monarchy and protesting against the then Mayor Colonel Marques de Valde-Hoyos. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The mayor seeing angry protests fled to neighboring San Juan del Cesar leaving in charge V. San Juan del Cesar is a municipality and town located in the La Guajira Department, Colombia. Ruiz de Gomez. In 1813 the independence from Spain was proclaimed by Maria Concepcion Loperena de Fernandez de Castro, a wealthy land owner who helped supply three hundred horses to "El Libertador" Simón Bolívar' independentist army. Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash In 1850 became capital of the Valledupar Province and in 1864 was elevated to capital of the Valledupar Department of the Federal State of Magdalena. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year In 1915, After the political and administrative division restructuring of the Unitarian Colombian State, Valledupar was proclaimed municipality of the Province of Valledupar, part of the Federal State of Magdalena during the United States of Colombia era. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos de Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 through the Rionegro Constitution for the nation which had been known as the The region maintained a relatively isolation from the rest of the country mainly because of its low importance at the time, and for the violent political struggles of the different governments of Colombia, that were most of the time centered in large cities, like Bogotá. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá

During World War II the city received immigrants from Europe, especially French, Germans and Italias, later on, immigrants from the Middle East came to the city in different waves. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In 1956 was proclaimed a parish by the Catholic church and after the republic of Colombia was created the Department of Cesar was established in 1967, Valledupar became its capital. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The region started developing abruptly thanks in part to the political support it received from former president Alfonso Lopez Michelsen, who was the Department of Cesar's first governor and the Colombian Liberal Party. Alfonso López Michelsen ( June 30, 1913 in Bogotá – July 11, 2007 in Bogotá, DC) was a Colombian The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia. Valledupar came to be known as "sorpresa caribe" (The caribbean surprise) because of its rapid economic growth, during the 1970's, especially in cotton production, which people from Valledupar called "white gold". Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp During one of these years Valledupar even ranked second overall in economic profits for Colombia and began its urban growth and social change. Valledupar also found its cultural heritage and identity through out these years, with the rediscovery of the Vallenato music, which strongly symbolizes the culture of Colombia itself. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia.

Unfortunately, a period of violence erupted during the mid-1980's due to a struggling leftist political party, The Patriotic Union (U.P.), led by their young leader and society's prominent banker; Juvenal Ovidio Ricardo Palmera Pineda. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The Patriotic Union or UP (In Spanish Unión Patriótica) was a leftist Colombian political party founded by the FARC in 1985 as part of the ^[4] Because of his incendiary remarks during a peasant strike and later uprising in the city main plaza he was jailed and later given an amnesty by then governor of the Department, Jorge Dangond Daza. He then went into hide, because the national government (indirectly) and conservative groups started a persecution on UP's leaders and followers, with other of his comarades that were also from Valledupar, most of them wento into exile in Europe. He decided to escape into the mountains, getting refugee with the armed brach of the UP; The FARC. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of ^[4]

He became a guerrilla leader, and because he was a banker he knew whom in Valledupar and the region were wealthy. He began kidnapping (and sometimes killing) prominent political leaders, journalists and rich land owners (including members of his own family) using the ransoms to finance his organization. He started calling himself with the alias of Simón Trinidad. Simón Trinidad (born July 30, 1950) is the Nom de guerre of Juvenal Ovidio Ricardo Palmera Pineda, a Colombian high-ranking ^[4]

During this situation delinquency also arose and in October 15, 1994, the national bank El Banco de la Republica (Bank of the Republic) was assaulted. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The amount stolen: COP$ 24,075 millions of pesos of non emitted bills (some US$ 11 million) and came to be known as the "El Robo del Siglo" (The Bank heist of the century). ^[10]

To counter FARC and ELN's abuses, and after aproximetly fifteen years of asfixiating Valledupar's society and supporting negligence by the Colombian military, some prominent leaders of Valledupar, landowners and those victims of these organizations decided to become part or promote, self-defense forces that later on affiliated with the AUC and assigned another "Vallenatean" as leader Rodrigo Tovar Pupo a. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ( Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) were formed in April 1997 as an umbrella Rodrigo Tovar Pupo, (aka Jorge 40 his Nom de guerre) was born in Valledupar, Colombia. k. a. Jorge 40. Rodrigo Tovar Pupo, (aka Jorge 40 his Nom de guerre) was born in Valledupar, Colombia. ^[4]

Unfortunately, the self-defense forces developed techniques like the guerrilla including using the illegal drug trafficking business to finance their operations, and terrorism tactics that also affected innocent people such as selective and random kidnappings and other combinations of racketeering and selective assassinations techniques. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs Apparently, the AUC helped recover the region from guerrillas, but only to keep Valledupar inhabitants with the same uncertainty of having an illegal and terrorist organization living within. The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ( Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) were formed in April 1997 as an umbrella

The AUC northeren block demobilized March 10, 2006. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[11] With this demobilization remains uncertain if the Colombian military by itself may be able to held these two terrorist organizations accounted for or dismantle them. Because of this violence many displaced people in rural areas have forcedly fled into Valledupar's urban areas and prominent leaders have been either killed, threatened to be killed, forced into bankruptcy or forced to leave the region.

Despite all these violence, Valledupar has quickly developed into an important agricultural and cattle raising center for the region between the departments of Cesar and southern parts of La Guajira since it became capital of the Department of Cesar; however, it owes its high profile for being the cradle of vallenato music, played with accordion, a small drum (caja) and a scraping instrument guacharaca and for having every year since 1968, at the end of April, a four-day festival; the Vallenato Legend Festival. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia. The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox Guacharaca is a musical percussion instrument usually made out of the cane-like trunk of a small palm tree Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Vallenato Legend Festival (Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata is one of the most important musical festivals in Colombia.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Valledupar

The Department of Cesar's government and Chamber of Deputies offices are based in Valledupar as well as other Department level entities. Politics of Valledupar (Politica de Valledupar refers to the political processes in the Colombian city of Valledupar in Cesar Department. At City level, the Major of the City and the City counselors have a three year term in office, and are in charge of local government issues. The major has powers but it is highly dependent on the budgets assigned by the Departmental government in order to execute plans.

Most of the past local government leaders have been involved in corruption cases, been investigated and sometimes incarcerated. Government bureaucracy is highly politized, the execution of some plans is done depending on political interests to have advantages over other political adversaries.

Local judiciary is also vulnerable to corruption and is usually and easily hit by violent actors.

See more: Political System of Colombia

Administrative divisions

In Valledupar 84% of the total population lives in the urban areas of the municipality with a density of aprox. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. 68,4 inhabitants per km² (1).

Urban

The city of Valledupar is made up 6 comunas subdivided into 138 barrios and Urbanizaciones. A commune (comuna is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile and may contain Cities, Towns Villages, Hamlets as well as Rural Barrio is a Spanish word meaning District or Neighborhood. The Word has come into use in English mostly through the large

Corregimientos

The Municipality of Valledupar is divided into six different geographic zones integrated by subdivisions called Corregimientos (25), and subdivisions to this called Veredas (125) and considered rural areas of the city of Valledupar:

• Northern Zone: 5 corregimientos divided into 42 veredas. Corregimiento is Spanish language term used for Country subdivisions It is used in Corregimientos of Colombia, below departments Vereda is a subdivisional administrative part of a municipality in Colombia

Corregimientos:

• • Atanquez
  • Guatapurí
  • Chemesquemena
  • La Mina
  • Los Haticos

• Northwestern Zone: 10 corregimientos divided into 4 veredas. Atanquez or San Sebastian is a Colombian town and Corregimiento of Valledupar in the Department of Cesar. Los Haticos is a village and Corregimiento in the municipality of Valledupar within the Colombian Department of Cesar.

Corregimientos:

• • Guacoche
  • Guacochito
  • La Vega Arriba
  • Los Corazones
  • El Jabo
  • Las Raices
  • El Alto la Vuelta
  • Badillo
  • Patillal
  • Rio Seco

• Southeastern Zone: 2 corregimientos divided into 13 veredas. Patillal is a village and Corregimiento in the municipality of Valledupar within the Colombian Department of Cesar.

Corregimientos:

• • Aguas Blancas
  • Valencia de Jesús

• Southern Zone: 4 corregimientos divided into 15 veredas. Valencia de Jesús is a Colombian town and corregimiento of Valledupar in the Department of Cesar.

Corregimientos:

• • Guaimaral
  • Caracoli
  • Los Venados
  • El Perro

• Southwestern Zone: 2 corregimientos divided into 30 veredas.

Corregimientos:

• • Mariangola
  • Villa Germania

• Northwestern Zone: 2 corregimientos divided into 21 veredas.

Corregimientos:

• • Sabana Crespo
  • Azúcar Buena

Demographics

Education

• Largest Middle/High school: Colegio Nacional Loperena (Loperena National School)
• Largest university: Universidad Popular del Cesar (Popular University of Cesar) state owned.
• The Educational institution with the highest academic level in the city is the Fundación Colegio Bilingüe de Valledupar (Bilingual School Foundation of Valledupar 1 ), which has ranked first and within the best hundred schools in Colombia though out the years, since its creation.

Overall Educational Statistics

• • Kinder = 6,300
  • Middle School = 24,561
  • Never completed Middle School = 47,996
  • High School = 17,026
  • Never completed High School = 51,807
  • University = 11,910
  • Post Grade = 938

• NOTE: this statistic is from the year 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

Ethnicities

Three groups of amerindians, part of the Tairona culture, are based along this region inside Indian reserves; The sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Arhuaco Reserve (pop. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Tairona is a group of Chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Arhuaco redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Arhuaco (butterfly. 18,500); The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Kankuamo Reserve (pop. 12,000) and The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Kogi-Wiwa Reserve (pop. 4,500). The amerindians culture has contributed with their traditional skills with arts and crafts, the Africans brought by the Spanish colonists as slaves to do hardwork contributed to the music and the Europeans contributed to almost every other aspect, especially the Spaniards. The Vallenato music is a perfect resemble of the fusion of these three cultures; the European accordion brought by Germans, the drum from the Africans and the "guacharaca" from the amerindians. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia. The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Guacharaca is a musical percussion instrument usually made out of the cane-like trunk of a small palm tree

Other waves of European immigrants during the 1940's to 1950's established in Valledupar while trying to escape World War II or financial hardships. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. From approximately the 1960s waves of immigrants from the Middle East started arriving into the city, which are usually and sympathically nicknamed "Turcos" (Turks) by locals. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Immigrants have always been embraced and even become part of society, mixing with traditional Valledupar families.

Economy

The economy of the region is based almost entirely on the primary sector. Agriculture and cattle raising are mainly and commonly exploited. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle During the 1970's the region experienced an economic boom because of a massive production of cotton. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This helped to modernize Valledupar, skyrocketing it to the second most productive region in Colombia for some time. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The cotton boom ended during the 1980's because of a decrease on the cotton produce during these years, causing an economic recession that left many in debt and unable to repay loans to the banks. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) During these years Marimberos or Marihuana sellers also produced and contribute the economic boom, because of the high demand in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Today, Valledupar mainly produces cotton, rice, oil palm, tobacco, coffee, cocoa and others. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many The oil palms ( Elaeis) comprise two species of the Arecaceae, or palm family Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made In the last years the city has beneficiated from the department of Cesar's exploitation of coal mining in the region of La Jagua de Ibirico. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. La Jagua de Ibirico (literally "The Jagua of Ibirico " is a town and municipality in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. The secondary sector as well has been flourishing but mainly from the a few agricultural products and derivates from cattle. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The economy has been recovering in the past five years thanks to the increased presence of military forces who are trying to protect among other things, infrastructure and the economic flow into and out of the area from terrorist groups present in the area; FARC, ELN and AUC. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional ELN is a Revolutionary Marxist, Insurgent guerrilla group that has been operating The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ( Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) were formed in April 1997 as an umbrella These groups also contribute to the illicit drugs industry in the region and plant great quantities of amapola and marihuana around the area. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a This region has a high demand on technology in order to develop into a more modern city. In a smaller scale other sources of the economy are: fishing, transportation, construction, industrial manufacturation, electricity and gas, commerce, hotel industry, government, real estate, education, healthcare and domestic services. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household

The Vallenato Legend Festival, has gained economic importance because of its impact in Valledupar's economy. The Vallenato Legend Festival (Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata is one of the most important musical festivals in Colombia. The Festival represents a boon in the tourist industry, almost nonexistent before the Festival and now introduced an attractive cultural gathering that is promoting other local products (besides the traditional); arts and crafts, ecotourism and gasatronomy, giving birth to a Hospitality industry. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's own hands and skill Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of Tourism that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals The hospitality industry is a 35 trillion dollar service sector within the global economy

In April 26, 2006 during the Vallenato Legend Festival, the Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia agreed to commercialize local coffee into their products with the name Cafe Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata (Vallenato Legend Festival Coffee), in an effort to promote local small and median coffee growing farms from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serrania del Perija. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Vallenato Legend Festival (Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata is one of the most important musical festivals in Colombia. The Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia ( English: Colombian Coffee-growers Federation) often abbreviated Fedcafé, is a non-profit business CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom

Valledupar also hosts one of the most important Cattle Fairs (Spanish: Ferias Ganaderas) in Colombia at the end of August every year, used also to promote other products from the region.

Culture

Valledupar's cultural background comes from three different major cultures; the European settlers, the Amerindians and Africans brought by the Europeans as slaves during the colonial time. Their mixture developed a unique identity that is mostly accentuated in the music; such as in the vallenato and cumbia. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia. Cumbia is originally a Colombian Folk dance and Dance music and is Colombia 's representative national dance and music along with Vallenato From the beginning Valledupar was a feudal town, where the Spanish Culture left a mark on almost everything: the customs, modes, food, popular religion, music, dances and Castilian language. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

This culture is highly influenced by the Spanish; inheriting from them the devotion to Catholicism. The holy week, in April, is celebrated here in the same way the Spanish did during the colonial time; with fasting, church attendance and processions to venerate Jesus and the Santo Eccehomo. Ecce Homo (ˈɛtːʃe ˈhomo or ˈɛkːe ˈhomo are the Latin words used by Pontius Pilate in the Vulgate translation of the Gospel Corpus Christi is also celebrated here in July. Corpus Christi ( Latin for Body of Christ) is a Christian feast. In religious practices, Christians by far represent the majority of the population, the rest being a very small minority of Muslims.

Traditional oral storytelling helped preserve from generation to generation, stories from past times, myths and legends, such as the very popular "leyend of the guatapuri mermaid", or the "silborcito", the nazarenian without head", "the Lerta", "The duel between the devil and Francisco 'the man'", "the monitos", "The llorona (the crying woman)", "la madre monte (mother nature)" "la mano pelua (the hairy hand)", "el cuco", among other stories that are still alive. Storytelling is the ancient art of conveying events in Words Images and Sounds often by Improvisation or embellishment Generation (from the Greek γενεά) also known as procreation, is the act of producing Offspring. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to Storytellers are very common in the region, as well as traditional comedians. These storytellers, usually travelling farmers selling their cattle around the region, revived the already traditional Spanish juglares (minstrels), arriving at villages and singing the news and stories from other towns and usually playing an instrument. minstrel was a medieval European Bard who performed songs whose lyrics told stories about distant places or about real or imaginary historical events This is how the Vallenato music was believed to be born. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia.

Dances play a very important role in the cultural identity of this society, coming from the three different cultures that founded it, among this dances are: "Tambora La Cumana" "El Pilon Vallenato" "chicote kankuamo" and "Los Diablos danzantes de Corpus Christi" (The Corpus Christi Dancing Devils), this last one was brought by the colonizers in a theater play and tried to recreate the devil and good, these to help Christianize. Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia. Valledupar also celebrates a carnival in Febreuary, smaller but similar to Barranquilla's Carnival. Barranquilla's Carnaval ( Spanish: Carnaval de Barranquilla) is a carnival with traditions that date back to the 19th century Carnival's celebration of pagan traditions, quickly helped the amerindian and Africans traditions to be adopted by society. As it happened for Vallenato music, considered low class and carnestolendic.

"Vallenatos" or "Valduparenses" (Vallenateans), are considered very warm, generous and embrassing people, representing the innocence and goodwill of the Colombian peasant. Most of them would take care of foreigners as if they were part of the family and serve your needs, but be careful not to offend their traditions, especially their music, a genre that they basically live for.

• Casa de la Cultura (House of Culture) and Escuela de Bellas Artes (Fine Arts School):

These two entities are part of the Colombian Ministry of Culture and their main purpose is to promote and preserve local cultural traditions, exploit cultural abilities from the region and promote an alternative to get to know different cultures.

• Libraries:

• Public Library Rafael Carrillo Luquez and its Consuelo Araujo Noguera Library section, was inaugurated in May 8, 2002; created with the main purpose of contributing to social, educational and cultural development of the community with an initial collection of about 12,000 volumes in all areas of human knowledge. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It has achieved up to date, a space for kids, youth and adults, it has given access to all users in this society to literature workshops, plastic arts, music, conferences, expositions and local writer's book presentations.

General collection and reference: It has one lecture room with a capacity for a hundred people, with open shelves and open access to collections for users. Children's room and workshop: independently, it also has a lecture and workshop room for children, with a collection specialized in children and youth's literature, as well as audiovisual materials and other elements to work in plastic arts. In this room, starting at 10 A. M. on Saturdays, a project of story telling goes on called "La Hora del Cuento" (the story time) and on Fridays at 4 P. M. the presentation of movies for children.

• • On-line catalog: this system helps localize information that users need and contains local bibliographical material information that it's connected to the Banco de la Republica's national libraries network.
  • Audiovisual Services: the library also has three individual cubicles for the use of audiovisual material, mostly containing cultural and scientific.

Sports

Valledupar has a football (soccer) team called Valledupar FC which plays in the Colombian second division. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered To a lower extend martial arts (Tae kwon do, Judo and Karate) cycling, Roller skating, basketball, Softball, volleyball, chess and Athletics (track and field) are also practiced. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. Taekwondo (Korean태권도thɛʔkwʌndo Englishˈteɪˈkwɒnˈdoʊ is a Korean Martial art and the National sport of South Korea meaning "gentle way" is a modern Japanese martial art ( Gendai budō) and Combat sport, that originated in Japan in the late ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles Roller skating is the Traveling on smooth terrain with roller skates Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Softball is a team Sport popular especially in the United States. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players.

Symbols

City Anthem

See: Hymn of Valledupar

Valledupar's anthem, named Himno de Valledupar, was established in 1984 by then Major of Valledupar, Miguel Meza Valera by public contest. Spanish; Himno de Valledupar Hymn of Valledupar, is the representative anthem of Valledupar, a city located in northern Colombia. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The winner was a composer from nearbySanta Marta, Rita Fernandez Padilla and the music was arranged by Carlos Julio Parra. Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of

Flag

The flag has three horizontal equal stripes of different colors;

• The top blue; symbolizes the sky and the rivers that flow through the region.
• The center white, symbolizes the white snowed peaks of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain and the wished peace. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia.
• The bottom red symbolizes the ultimate bloody sacrifices that many went through in history to help develop Valledupar.

Coat of Arms

The coat of arms was recently redesigned to meet new identities of Valledupar that now included the vallenato musical instruments;

• The crown on top with three peaks symbolizes the three kings that visited Jesus and also resembles the Spanish heritage and history of Valledupar, once part of the Spanish monarchy.
• The letters read the full name of Valledupar in Spanish; City of the holy kings of Valledupar.
• The top left picture shows the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain snowy peaks.
• The top right pictures the three main instruments of the Vallenato music; an accordion, a caja and a guacharaca.
• the bottom left picture shows a bull symbolizing the cattle raising and ranching.
• The bottom right symbolizes the agriculture; with the three main produces pictured; cotton, coffee and sorghum.

Media and Services

• Newspapers: El Tiempo, El Espectador, El Heraldo, El Pilon, Vanguardia Liberal. History Since its foundation El Espectador acted as a speaker for Colombian Liberal Party, at the time opposed to the administrations of the conservative El Heraldo is a Newspaper based in the city of Barranquilla in northern Colombia. Vanguardia Liberal is a Colombian regional Newspaper, founded in 1919 by Alejandro Galvis, whose descendants are its current owners

• Radio broadcasters: (F.M. (3)) Olimpica Stereo, Maravilla Stereo, Rumba Stereo. (A.M. (4)) Caracol Radio, RCN Radio, Todelar Cadena Nacional, Radionet

• TV Broadcasters: (3) Caracol TV, RCN TV and Telecaribe

• Cable TV and Satellite TV: (3) TV Cable Valledupar (liquidation in process), SKY Latin America and DirecTV

• Internet provider (s): (2) Telecom Colombia, Edatel

Transportation

Valledupar has four different land entrances, and it's crossed by national highway route 80 from south to north. Caracol Radio ( Cadena Radial Colombiana, "Colombian Radio Network" is one of the main Radio networks in Colombia. Caracol Televisión ( Acronym: Ca dena Ra dial Col ombiana - Televisión) is a Colombian private national Television RCN Televisión is a Colombian private Television network It started as a production company ( programadora) in 1967. Telecaribe is a regional Television network for the Caribbean region of Colombia. SKY Latin America refers to two closely related pay-TV providers one based in Mexico, the other in Brazil. DirecTV (trademarked as "DIREC' TV' " is a Direct broadcast satellite (DBS service based in El Segundo California, USA, that was founded Telefónica Telecom is the largest Telecommunications company in Colombia. Route 80 is still under-construction, a segment between the village of Badillo via the village of Patillal and the town of San Juan del Cesar in the department of La Guajira. San Juan del Cesar is a municipality and town located in the La Guajira Department, Colombia. The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. as an alternative route 80 also crosses the town of La Paz in order to drive north to the northern department of La Guajira. Los Robles La Paz or simply La Paz is a municipality and a town in the Department of Cesar, Colombia. The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. To the south, the route 80 highway communicates with the rest of Colombia including northern regions of Colombia, like Santa Marta, Barranquilla and Cartagena; Colombia's caribbean coast; to the west two road access to some other villages to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia.

Valledupar's Land transportation terminal provides national and international services through sixteen different transportation companies. Four of whom make trips to rural areas of the municipality. In the urban area transportation services are provided by taxis, and by private and government bus companies covering the entire city by shared routes. A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of Public transport for a single passenger or small group of passengers typically for a non-shared ride Lately, a new form of transportation was born, informal Auto rickshaws (mototaxismo), taking illegally over the bus and taxi services, to a point that are making them go bakrupt. An auto rickshaw or tuk tuk ( auto autorick or rickshaw in popular parlance is a Motor vehicle that is one of the chief The local government is attempting to penalize the use of Auto rickshaw for safety reasons and are also operating illegally, but because there are so many and tend to violently protest, the issue became difficult.

In Aereal transportation, Valledupar has only a medium sized airport for medium and small aircraft; the Alfonso Lopez Airport that receives national and somee charter flights. Alfonso López Pumarejo Airport (Aeropuerto Alfonso López Pumarejo serves as air terminal for the city of Valledupar, Colombia and as a small Colombian Only four airlines cover this route,Avianca, SAM Colombia, SATENA and Aires Colombia. Avianca SA ( Spanish Acronym: Aerovías del Continente Americano, formerly Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia) has been the national SAM ( Spanish Acronym: Sociedad Aeronáutica de Medellín) is an Airline based at El Dorado International Airport in SATENA ( Acronym of Servicio Aéreo a Territorios Nacionales) is an Airline based at El AIRES ( Acronym: Aerovías de Integración Regional) is an Airline based in Bogotá, Colombia.

Notes

References

• Dangon Ovalle, Jaime (1987), El Cesar, Hijo del Amor, Valledupar: Departamento del Cesar .

• Gutierrez Hinojosa, Tomas Dario (2000), Valledupar Musica de una Historia, Bogota: Editorial Grijalbo LTDA, ISBN 958-639175-2 

• Araujonoguera, Consuelo (2002), Trilogia Vallenata, Colombia: Proyecto Editorial Babilonia, ISBN 958-33-3360-3 

• Castro Trespalacios, Pedro (1979), Culturas Aborigenes Cesarences e Independencia de Valle de Upar, Bogota: Casa de la Cultura de Valledupar 

External links

• (Spanish) City of Valledupar - official website
• (Spanish) Valledupar.com - Portal dedicated to valledupar
• (Spanish) Valledupar.TV - TV Channel of the city
• (Spanish) Intervallenato.com - freelance local journalism online
• (Spanish)MiValledupar.com - Portal of Valledupar and the Vallenato music
• (Spanish) Vallenato Legend Festival Portal
• (Spanish)LaGuacharaca.tv- Portal dedicated to Vallenato music and Valledupar
• (Spanish) EL PILON: Valledupar

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