| Vaginal bleeding Classification and external resources |
|
| ICD-10 | N92-N93 |
|---|---|
Vaginal bleeding refers to bleeding in females that is either a physiologic response during the non-conceptional menstrual cycle or caused by hormonal or organic problems of the reproductive system. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the The reproductive system is a system of organs within an Organism which work together for the purpose of Reproduction. Vaginal bleeding may occur at any age, but always needs investigation when encountered in female children or postmenopausal women. Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy may indicate a possible pregnancy complication that needs to be medically addressed. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female
Contents |
Anatomy
Blood loss per vaginam (Latin: from the vagina) typically arises from the lining of the uterus (endometrium), but may arise from uterine or cervical lesions, the vagina, and rarely from the Fallopian tube. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus The endometrium is the inner membrane of the Mammalian Uterus. The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges ( singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated During pregnancy it is usually but not always related to the pregnancy itself. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Rarely, the blood may actually arise from the urinary tract (hematuria), although the vast majority of women can identify the difference. The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. In Medicine, hematuria (or "haematuria" is the presence of Red blood cells (erythrocytes in the Urine. It can also be a sign of vaginal cancer.
Causes
Bleeding in Children
Bleeding before the expected time of menarche could be a sign of precocious puberty. Menarche (American English məˈnɑrki British English mɛˈnɑːki is the first menstrual period, or first menstrual bleeding in the females of Human beings Precocious puberty (La pubertas praecox) is an unusually early onset of Puberty, the process of sexual maturation triggered by the brain or exogenous chemicals which Other possible causes include the presence of a foreign body in the vagina, molestation, vaginal infection (vaginitis), and rarely, a tumor. In Physiology, a foreign body (Latin corpus alienum) is any object originating outside the body Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person upon another Vaginitis is an Inflammation of the Vaginal Mucosa and often associated with an irritation or infection of the Vulva leading to vulvovaginitis
Premenopausal women
- Menstruation. See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry. Exceptionally heavy bleeding during periods is termed menorrhagia or hypermenorrhea, while light bleeding is called hypomenorrhea. Menorrhagia is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals
- If bleeding occurs between periods, this is not necessarily pathological, but it is termed intermenstrual bleeding. If no period can be identified due to the unpredictable bleeding, metrorrhagia is used. Metrorrhagia refers to Vaginal bleeding among premenopausal women that is not synchronized with their Menstrual period.
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a common cause of menorrhagia and irregular bleeding. Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB is the most common cause of functional abnormal uterine bleeding which is abnormal genital tract bleeding based in the Uterus It is due to a hormonal imbalance, and symptoms can be managed by use of hormonal contraception (although hormonal contraception does not treat the underlying cause of the imbalance). Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system If it is due to polycystic ovary syndrome, weight loss may help, and infertility may respond to clomifene citrate. Polycystic ovary syndrome abbreviated PCOS or PCO (also known clinically as Stein-Leventhal syndrome, Sclerocystic ovary syndrome, Hyperthecosis Clomifene ( INN) or clomiphene ( USAN and former BAN) or Clomid or Clomifert is a Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM
- Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) are benign tumors of the uterus. Uterine fibroids (singular Uterine Fibroma) ( leiomyomata, singular leiomyoma) are Benign Tumors which grow from the muscle layers of See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the
- Cervical cancer may occur at premenopausal age, and often presents with "contact bleeding" (e. Cervical cancer is Malignant Cancer of the Cervix uteri or cervical area g. after sexual intercourse)
- Uterine cancer will lead to irregular and often prolonged bleeding. The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of Cancer which occur in the Uterus, namely Uterine sarcomas
Pregnant women
During pregnancy: mild to moderate blood loss may be due to rupture of a small vein on the outer rim of the placenta. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation It can also herald a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, which is why urgent ultrasound is required to separate the two causes. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined An ectopic pregnancy is a Complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized Ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall Bleeding in early pregnancy may be a sign of a threatened or incomplete miscarriage. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined
In the second or third trimester a placenta previa (a placenta partially or completely overlying the cervix) may bleed quite severely. Placenta praevia ( placenta previa AE) is an obstetric complication in which the placenta has attached to the uterine wall close to or covering the Placental abruption is often associated with uterine bleeding as well as uterine pain. Placental abruption (Also known as abruptio placentae) is a Complication of pregnancy, wherein the Placental lining has separated from the Uterus
Postmenopausal women
Any vaginal bleeding after the menopause needs to be medically assessed.
- Atrophy of the endometrium may cause bleeding
- Endometrial cancer often presents with blood loss in postmenopausal women
Investigation
The diagnosis can often be made on the basis of the bleeding history, physical examination, and other medical tests as appropriate. Atrophy is the partial or complete Wasting away of a part of the Body. Endometrial cancer refers to several types of malignancy which arise from the Endometrium, or lining of the Uterus. Typically a pregnancy test and additional hormonal tests, a Pap smear, a transvaginal ultrasound are needed. A pregnancy test attempts to determine whether or not a female is pregnant. The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in Gynecology Gynecologic ultrasonography or Gynecologic sonography refers to the application of Medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs specifically the Uterus If bleeding was excessive or prolonged, a CBC may be useful to check for anemia. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Abnormal endometrium may have to be investigated by a hysteroscopy with a biopsy or a dilation and curettage. Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity by Endoscopy. A biopsy (in Greek: βίος life and όψη look/appearance is a Medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues Dilation (dilatation and curettage literally refers to the dilation (opening of the Cervix and surgical removal of the contents of the Uterus.
The treatment will be directed at the cause. Hormonal bleeding problems during the reproductive years, if bothersome to the woman, are frequently managed by use of combined oral contraceptive pills.
Complications
A possible complication from protracted vaginal blood loss is iron deficiency anemia, which can develop insidiously. For a discussion of iron deficiency more broadly see the Wikipedia article iron deficiency. Eliminating the cause will resolve the anemia, although some women require iron supplements or blood transfusions to improve the anemia. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another
References
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic