In aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of aircraft, such as airplanes, gliders, autogiros, helicopters, blimps, and dirigibles. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them Airspeed is the speed of an Aircraft relative to the air There are several different measures of airspeed indicated airspeed calibrated airspeed equivalent airspeed and true Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes Configuration An autogyro is characterised by a free-spinning rotor that turns due to passage of air upwards through the rotor History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" [1] These speeds are derived from data obtained by aircraft designers and manufacturers during flight testing and verified in most countries by government flight inspectors during aircraft certification testing. Flight test is a branch of Aeronautical engineering that develops and gathers data during flight of an aircraft and then analyses the data to evaluate the flight characteristics Using them is considered a best practice to maximize aviation safety, aircraft performance or both. Best Practice is an idea that asserts that there is a technique, method process activity incentive or reward that is more effective at delivering a particular outcome than Air safety is a term encompassing the theory investigation and categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation as well as through [2]
The actual speeds represented by these designators are true airspeeds specific to a particular model of aircraft, and are expressed in terms of the aircraft's indicated airspeed, so that pilots may use them directly, without having to apply correction factors. True airspeed ( TAS) is the speed of an aircraft relative to the airmass in which it flies i Indicated airspeed (IAS is the Airspeed read directly from the Airspeed indicator on an aircraft driven by the Pitot-static system.
The most commonly-used and most safety-critical airspeeds are displayed as color-coded arcs and lines located on the face of an aircraft's airspeed indicator. The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an Aircraft to display the craft's Airspeed, typically in knots, to the Having them properly displayed is an airworthiness requirement for certified aircraft in most parts of the world. A Type Certificate, is awarded by aviation regulating bodies to aerospace manufacturers after it has been established that the particular design of a civil aircraft engine or propeller [3]
Regulation
The most common V-speeds are often defined by a particular government's aviation regulations. Aviation law is the branch of Law that concerns flight air travel and associated legal and business concerns In the United States, these are defined in title 14 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, known as the Federal Aviation Regulations or FARs. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the The Federal Aviation Regulations, or FAR s are rules prescribed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA governing all Aviation activities in the [4] In Canada, the regulatory body, Transport Canada, defines 26 commonly-used V-speeds in their Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing Regulations, Policies and services [5]
| V-speed designator | Description | Used in | |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Canada | ||
| V1 | Maximum speed during takeoff at which a pilot can safely stop the aircraft without leaving the runway. This is also the minimum speed that allows the pilot to safely continue (to V2 takeoff) even if a critical engine failure occurs (between V1 and V2). [4][5] |  |
|
| V2 | Takeoff safety speed. [4][5] | |
|
| V2min | Minimum takeoff safety speed. [4][5] | |
|
| V3 | Flap retraction speed. [5] |  |
|
| VA | Design maneuvering speed, also known as the "Speed for maximum control deflection. " This is the speed at which it is unwise to make an abrupt application of any single flight control as it may generate a force greater than the aircraft's structural limitations. [4][5][6] | |
|
| VB | Design speed for maximum gust intensity. [4][5] | |
|
| VC | Design cruising speed, also known as the optimum cruise speed, is the most efficient speed in terms of distance, speed and fuel usage. [4][5][6] | |
|
| VD | Design diving speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VDF | Demonstrated flight diving speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VEF | The speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during takeoff. [4] | |
|
| VF | Designed flap speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VFC | Maximum speed for stability characteristics. [4] | |
|
| VFE | Maximum flap extended speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VFTO | Final takeoff speed. [4] | |
|
| VH | Maximum speed in level flight at maximum continuous power. [4][5] | |
|
| VLE | Maximum landing gear extended speed. This is the maximum speed at which it is safe to fly a retractable gear aircraft with the landing gear extended. [4][5] | |
|
| VLO | Maximum landing gear operating speed. This is the maximum speed at which it is safe to extend or retract the landing gear on a retractable gear aircraft. [4][5][7] | |
|
| VLOF | Lift-off speed. [4] | |
|
| VMC | Minimum control speed with Critical engine inoperative. The critical engine of a multi-engine Fixed-wing aircraft is the one whose failure would result in the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance [4][5] | |
|
| VMO | Maximum operating limit speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VMU | Minimum unstick speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VNE | Never exceed speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VNO | Maximum structural cruising speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VR | Rotation speed. Takeoff is the phase of Flight in which an Aircraft goes through a transition from moving along the ground ( Taxiing) to flying in the air usually The speed at which the airplane's nosewheel leaves the ground. Tricycle gear describes an Aircraft Undercarriage, or landing gear, arranged in a Tricycle fashion [4][5] | |
|
| VRef | Landing reference speed. [4][5] | |
|
| VS | Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable in the landing configuration. [4][5] | |
|
| VS0 | Stall speed or minimum flight speed in landing configuration. [4] | |
|
| VS1 | Stall speed or minimum steady flight speed for which the aircraft is still controllable in a specific configuration. [4][5] | |
|
| VSR | Reference stall speed. [4] | |
|
| VSR0 | Reference stall speed in landing configuration. [4] | |
|
| VSR1 | Reference stall speed in a specific configuration. [4] | |
|
| VSW | Speed at which the stall warning will occur. [4] | |
|
| VTOSS | Category A rotorcraft takeoff speed. [4] | |
|
| VX | Speed that will allow for best angle of climb. [4][5] | |
|
| VY | Speed that will allow for the best rate of climb. [4][5] | |
|
Other V-speeds
Some of these V-speeds are specific to particular types of aircraft and are not defined by government regulations.
| V-speed designator | Description |
|---|---|
| VBE | Best endurance speed – the speed that gives the greatest airborne time for fuel consumed. This may be used when there is reason to remain aloft for an extended period, such as waiting for a forecast improvement in weather on the ground. [6] |
| VBG | Best power-off glide speed – the speed that provides maximum lift-to-drag ratio and thus the greatest gliding distance available. In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a [6] |
| VXSE | Best angle of climb speed with a single operating engine in a light, twin-engine aircraft – the speed that provides the most altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance following an engine failure. [8] |
| VYSE | Best rate of climb speed with a single operating engine in a light, twin-engine aircraft – the speed that provides the most altitude gain per unit of time following an engine failure. [7] |
| Vclmax | Max coefficient of lift speed |
| Vdmin | Minimum drag |
| Vfto | Final takeoff speed |
| Vimd | Minimum drag |
| Vimp | Minimum power |
| Vmbe | Maximum brake energy speed |
| Vmd | Minimum drag |
| Vmca | Minimum control speed, air – the minimum flight speed at which the aircraft is directionally controllable. The lift coefficient ( CL or CZ) is a non-dimensional coefficient that relates the lift generated by an Airfoil, the In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a Aircraft certification conditions include the most critical engine becoming inoperative and windmilling (propeller unfeathered), not more than a 5 degree bank towards the operative engine, takeoff power on the operative engine, landing gear up, flaps in takeoff position, and most unfavorable center of gravity. Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering or Plumage, on Birds They are considered the most complex integumentary structures Defined by FAR Part 25. The Federal Aviation Regulations, or FAR s are rules prescribed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA governing all Aviation activities in the 149, in the United States. |
| Vmcg | Minimum control speed, ground, with nose wheel steering assumed inoperative |
| Vmcl | Minimum control speed, approach and landing |
| Vme | Max endurance |
| Vmini | Minimum IFR speed for helicopters |
| Vmp | Minimum power |
| Vmr | Max range |
| Vnd | Max structural cruising speed |
| Vp | Aquaplaning speed |
| Vra | Rough air speed |
| Vs1g | One g stall speed |
| Vsse | Safe single engine speed |
| Vt | Threshold speed |
| Vtmax | Max threshold speed |
References
- ^ Love, Michael C. g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s (2005). "2", Better Takeoffs & Landings. Mc-Graw Hill, 13-15. ISBN 0070388059. Retrieved on 2008-05-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ Craig, Paul A. (2004). "1", Multiengine Flying, 3rd, McGraw Hill, 3-6. ISBN 0071421394. Retrieved on 2008-05-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ Pilot Handbook - Chapters 6 through 9 (PDF). FAA. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Retrieved on 2008-05-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Electronic Code of Federal Regulations - Chapter 14.1. Federal Aviation Administration. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Retrieved on 2008-05-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Transport Canada (March 2008). Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing Regulations, Policies and services Aeronautical Information Manual GEN - 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION. Retrieved on 2008-05-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- ^ a b c d Brandon, John (2000-2007). Airspeed and the Properties of Air. Retrieved on 2008-05-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
- ^ a b c (2007) Pilot's Encylopedia of Aeronautical Knowledge. Federal Aviation Administration, G-16. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of ISBN 978-1-60239-034-8. Retrieved on 2008-05-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- ^ Aviation Terms & More - V-speeds.
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