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Uzbek
O‘zbek, Ўзбек, أۇزبېك
Spoken in: Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, USA
Total speakers: 23. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 5 million 
Ranking: 46
Language family: Altaic[1] (controversial)
 Turkic
  Qarluq
   Uzbek 
Official status
Official language in: Uzbekistan
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: uz
ISO 639-2: uzb
ISO 639-3: variously:
uzb – Uzbek (generic)
uzn – Northern Uzbek
uzs – Southern Uzbek
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages Northern Uzbek is a Turkic language spoken in Uzbekistan and the People's Republic of China. Southern Uzbek is a Turkic language spoken in north Afghanistan and by a small refugee community in Turkey. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Uzbek (O‘zbek tili in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic script) is a Turkic language and the official language of Uzbekistan. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly It has about 23. 5 million native speakers, and it is spoken by the Uzbeks in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia. The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Uzbek belongs to the Qarluq family of Turkic languages, and consequently its lexicon and grammar are most closely linked to the Uyghur language, while other influences rose from Persian, Arabic and Russian. The Karluks (obs Qarluqs, Qarluks, Karluqs, Arab/Persian Halluh,, customary phonetic Gelolu, Gelu, Khololo In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

Contents

History

Turkic speakers have probably settled in the Amu-Darya, Syr-Darya and Zeravshan river basins since at least AD600-700, gradually ousting the speakers of Indo-Iranian languages who previously inhabited Soghdiana, Bactria and Chorasmia, or else changing their linguistic habits. The Amu Darya (formerly Oxus River the Greeks (Ptolemeus called it Oxiana palus) is the longest river in Central Asia. Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia Zeravshan River (also Zarafshan or Zarafshon, Дарёи Зарафшон Zarafshon from the Persian word زر افشان zar afshān, meaning History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great "Bactrian" redirects here For the camel see Bactrian camel. Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the The first Turkic dynasty in the region was that of the Karakhanids in the 9th- 12th centuries AD, who were a Qarluq tribe. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids

Uzbek is a language which can be considered the direct descendant or a latter form of Chagatay, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan, Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurids[2]. The Chagatai language ( جغتای - Jaĝatāy; Uyghur: چاغاتاي Chaghatay; Uzbek: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among The language was championed by Mir Ali-Sher Nawa'i in the 15th and 16th centuries. Nizām al-Din ʿAlī Shīr Herawī ( Chagatai / Alisher Navoiy ( 9 February 1441 &ndash 3 January 1501) was a Central Asian Ultimately based on the Qarluq variant of the Turkic languages, it contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loan-words. The Karluks (obs Qarluqs, Qarluks, Karluqs, Arab/Persian Halluh,, customary phonetic Gelolu, Gelu, Khololo By the 19th century it was rarely used for literary composition.

The term "Uzbek" as applied to language has meant different things at different times. Prior to 1921 "Uzbek" and "Sart" were considered to be different dialects; "Uzbek" was a vowel-harmonised Kipchak dialect spoken by descendants of those who arrived in Transoxiana with Shaybani Khan in the 16th century, who lived mainly around Bukhara and Samarkand, although the Turkic spoken in Tashkent was also vowel-harmonised; "Sart" was a Qarluq dialect spoken by the older settled Turkic populations of the region in the Ferghana Valley and the Kashka-Darya region, and in some parts of the Samarkand Oblast; it contained a heavier admixture of Persian and Arabic, and did not use vowel-harmony. Sart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries Abu 'I-Fath Muhammad, known in later centuries as Shaybani Khan (c Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley (Farg‘ona vodiysi Kyrgyz: Фергана өрөөнү Tajik: водии Фaрғонa Ферганская долина Qashqadaryo Province (Qashqadaryo viloyati Қашқадарё вилояти (old spelling Kashkadarya Province) is a Viloyat (province of Uzbekistan In Khiva Sarts spoke a form of highly Persianised Oghuz Turkic. Persianization or Persianisation is a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something non-Persian becomes Persian. The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China After 1921 the Soviet regime abolished the term Sart as derogatory, and decreed that henceforth the entire settled Turkic population of Turkestan would be known as Uzbeks, even though many had no Uzbek tribal heritage. Sart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The standard written language that was chosen for the new republic in 1924, however, despite the protests of Uzbek Bolsheviks such as Faizullah Khojaev, was not pre-revolutionary "Uzbek" but the "Sart" language of the Samarkand region. Faizullah Ubaidullaevich Khojaev (Fayzulla Ubaydulloyevich Xo‘jayev Файзулла Убайдуллаевич Ходжаев فائض الله خؤاجه All three dialects continue to exist within modern, spoken Uzbek.

Number of speakers

In the CIS countries, there are about 24. 7 million people who speak dialects of Uzbek. In Uzbekistan, 21 million people speak Uzbek as their native language. There are about 1. 2 million speakers in Tajikistan, 1 million in Afghanistan, 550,096 in Kyrgyzstan, 332,017 in Kazakhstan, and 317,333 in Turkmenistan. According to the 1990 census, about 3,000 people in Xinjiang (China) speak Uzbek. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk

Loan words

The influence of Islam, and by extension, Arabic, is evident in Uzbek, as well as the residual influence of Russian, from the time when Uzbekistan was under tsarist and Soviet domination. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Most of the Arabic words have found their way into Uzbek through Persian. Uzbek shares much Persian and Arabic vocabulary with neighboring languages such as Persian, Tajik and Dari. The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, (sometimes written Tadjik or Tadzhik; тоҷикӣ, tg-Latn ''tojikí'') is a modern

Dialects

The Uzbek language has many dialects, varying widely from region to region. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of However, there is a commonly understood dialect which is used in mass media and in most printed material. Some linguists consider the language spoken in northern Afghanistan by ethnic Uzbeks to be a dialect of Uzbek.

Writing systems

Before 1928, the Uzbek language, like most Central Asian languages, was written in various forms of the Arabic script (Yana imla) by the literate population. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Yaña imlâ ( imˈlʲæ Cyrillic: яңа имля Tatar for new orthography) was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in Between 1928 and 1940, as part of comprehensive programs to educate (and politically influence) Uzbek people, who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing was switched to Latin script (Yanalif; a proposal for the latinization of Yana imla was already developed in 1924). History The earliest example of the Kypchak language, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and Yaña imlâ ( imˈlʲæ Cyrillic: яңа имля Tatar for new orthography) was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in The latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of latinization of all Turkic languages, and would not have happened if other Turkic languages were not latinized[3].

In 1940, Uzbek was forcefully switched to Cyrillic script under Joseph Stalin. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Until 1992, Uzbek almost everywhere continued to be written using the Cyrillic alphabet, but now in Uzbekistan the Latin script has been officially re-introduced, although the use of Cyrillic is still widespread. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. The latest deadline was 2005, but was shifted once again to provide a few more years.

Already education in many areas of in Uzbekistan is in the Latin script,[4] and in 2001 the Latin script began being used for currency[5] Since 2004 official websites have switched over to using the Latin script when writing in Uzbek. [6][7][8] Most street signs are also in the new Latin script.

In the Xinjiang province of China, Uzbek has no official orthography. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Some speakers write using the Cyrillic script, others write using the Uyghur script--as that is the language they have gone to school in.

Table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, and represented sounds[9]

Latin Cyrillic IPA
A a А а /a, æ/
B b Б б /b/
D d Д д /d̪/
E e Е е, Э э /e/
F f Ф ф /ɸ/
G g Г г /g/
H h Ҳ ҳ /h/
I i И и /i, ɨ/
J j Ж ж /dʒ/
K k К к /k/
L l Л л /l/
M m М м /m/
N n Н н /n/
O o О о /ɒ , o/[10]
P p П п /p/
Q q Қ қ /q/
R r Р р /r/
S s С с /s/
T t Т т /t̪/
U u У у /u, y/
V v В в /w/
X x Х х /χ/
Y y Й й /j/
Z z З з /z/
O’ o’ Ў ў /ɤ̟/
G’ g’ Ғ ғ /ʁ/
Sh sh Ш ш /ʃ/
Ch ch Ч ч /tʃ/
' ъ /ʔ/

Text sample

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Latin Cyrillic English
Barcha odamlar erkin, qadr-qimmat va huquqlarda teng bo'lib tug'iladilar. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais Ular aql va vijdon sohibidirlar va bir-birlari ila birodarlarcha muomala qilishlari zarur. Барча одамлар эркин, қадр-қиммат ва ҳуқуқларда тенг бўлиб туғиладилар. Улар ақл ва виждон соҳибидирлар ва бир-бирлари ила биродарларча муомала қилишлари зарур. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

  1. ^ "[1] Ethnologue"
  2. ^ Allworth, Edward (1994). Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance, a Historical Overview. Duke University Press, 72. ISBN 0822315211.  
  3. ^ Fierman, William (1991). Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek. Walter de Gruyter, 75. ISBN 3110124548.  
  4. ^ RIGHTS ACTIVIST TO CONTEST UZBEK PRESIDENCY - Muslim Uzbekistan || English Section
  5. ^ Uzbekistan Som
  6. ^ Gov.uz - O’zbekiston Respublikasi Davlat Hokimiyati Portali
  7. ^ Андижанский областной хокимият
  8. ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine
  9. ^ http://www.oxuscom.com/New_Uzbek_Latin_Alphabet.pdf
  10. ^ It sounds like /o/ only in Russian loanwords. For earlier currencies used in Uzbekistan see Bukharan tenga, Kokand tenga and Khwarazmi tenga.

Sources

See also

External links

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