Uyghur ئۇيغۇر
Total population
approx. 10 million [1]
Regions with significant populations
China (Xinjiang)  Pakistan  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Uzbekistan  Mongolia  Turkey  Russia
Languages
Uyghur
Religions
Sunni Islam[2]
Related ethnic groups
Other Turkic peoples

The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur; Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; traditional Chinese: 維吾爾; pinyin: Wéiwú'ěr) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Today Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (also known by its controversial name East Turkistan or Uyghurstan). Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND

There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Pakistan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Germany and Turkey and a smaller one in Taoyuan County of Hunan province in south-central China. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Taoyuan County ( Chinese: 桃源县 Pinyin: Táoyuán Xiàn is located in Changde, Hunan Province of the People's Republic of China ( is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning ^[3] Uyghur neighborhoods can be found in major Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million ^[4] There are small but very active Uyghur communities in the United States, mainly in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City and Washington, DC, as well as Toronto and Vancouver in Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The City of New York Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Identity

Historically the term "Uyghur" was applied to a group of Turkic-speaking tribes that lived in the Altay Mountains. The Altai Mountains (Алтай Altay; Алтай 阿尔泰山脉 are a Mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, Along with the Göktürks (Kokturks) the Uyghurs were one of the largest and most enduring Turkic peoples living in Central Asia. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

In the literature, the term Uyghur has a number of differing spellings, including Uigur, Uygur, Uighur, and Uyghur. The word means "Confederation of Nine Tribes" and is synonymous with the name Tokuz-Oguz. In Türkic inscriptions, the name Tokuz-Oguz is used for the subdued Uigurs, and the resisting are called Uigurs, pointing to semantical nuances between the two names^[5]. Tokuz-Oguzes is a political alliance of nine Oguz tribes ( Turkic: dokuz "nine" Etymologically, Türkic "tokuz" = nine, and "gur" = tribe. In Chinese, the ancient Uigurs were called Chi-Di, meaning "Red Di" (i. e. , "red-haired Di"). They were one of the Tele tribes that migrated in the 4th century from Hesi northward. The Chinese also referred to the Uyghurs as Hoy-Hu, Üan-Ga^[6], and Chiu Hsing (English: "Nine Clans"). Another suggested etymology is a composite of "uigy" quick + "er/ir/ur" = man for "Quick People", ^[7] "Uygar" as "civilised", and derivations such as "unified, united", though none of these are justified on historical or linguistic grounds. ^[8]

An Uyghur girl in Xinjiang

The earliest use of the term "Uyghur" (Weihu) was during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD), in China. The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or At that time, the Uyghur were part of the Gaoche (English: "High Wheels"), a group of Turkic tribes, which Chinese later called Tele people, from the Turkic word, "tele"^[9] the "Nine-Family Tele" association, i. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people e. , Tokuz-Oguzes) for "wheelwagon". Tokuz-Oguzes is a political alliance of nine Oguz tribes ( Turkic: dokuz "nine" This group included tribes such as Syr-Tardush (Chinese: Xueyantuo), Basmyl (Chinese: Baximi), Oguz (Chinese: Wuhu), Khazar (Chinese Hesan), Alans (Chinese: A-lans), Kyrgyz (Chinese: Hegu), Tuva (Chinese: Duva) and Yakut (Chinese: Guligan) from the Lake Baikal Region. Xueyantuo (薛延陀 or Syr-Tardush were an ancient Tiele people and Khanate in central/northern Asia who were at one point vassals of Xueyantuo (薛延陀 or Syr-Tardush were an ancient Tiele people and Khanate in central/northern Asia who were at one point vassals of Basmyls ( Basmyl; Basmals, Basmils, Chinese Basimi Baximi) were a Türkic nomadic tribe mostly known in Dzungaria (present "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Tyva Republic (Респу́блика Тыва́ Respublika Tyva, rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva Тыва Республика Tyva Respublika) or Tuva Yakuts, self-designation Sakha, are a Turkic -speaking people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia Republic. The forebears of the Tele belonged to those of Hun (Chinese: Xiongnu) descendants. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes According to Chinese Turkic scholars Ma Changshou and Cen Zhongmian, the Chinese word Tiele originates from the Turkic word "Türkler" (Turks), which is a plural form of "Türk" (Turk) and the Chinese word "Tujue" comes from the Turkic word "Türküt" which is a singular form of Türk. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people ^[10] The origin of Gaoche can be traced back to the Dingling peoples of about 200 BC, contemporary with the Chinese Han Dynasty. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ^[11][12][13]

The first use of "Uyghur" as a reference to a political nation occurred during the interim period between the First and Second Göktürk Kaganates (630-684 AD). After the collapse of the Uyghur Empire in 840 AD, Uyghur refugees resettled to the Tarim Basin, intermarrying with the local people. The Uyghur The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km²

In modern usage, "Uyghur" refers to settled Turkic urban-dwellers and farmers of Kashgaria and Jungaria who follow traditional Central Asian practices, as distinguished from nomadic Turkic populations in Central Asia. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Dzungaria is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Bolsheviks reintroduced the term "Uyghur" to replace the previously used Turki. Turki, strictly speaking is an Arabic or Persian adjective formed from the noun "Turk" used by European writers in two rather different The Soviets first used "Uyghur" in 1921 during a meeting of Turkic leaders in Tashkent. This meeting established the Revolutionary Uyghur Union (Inqilawi Uyghur Itipaqi), a communist nationalist organization that opened underground sections in principal cities of Kashgaria and was active until 1926, when the Soviets recognized the Sinkiang Provincial Government and concluded trade agreements with it. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Comintern's structure included an Uyghur section. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow There is some evidence that Uyghur students and merchants living in Russia had already embraced the name prior to this date, drawing on Russian studies that claimed a linkage between the historical khanate and Xinjiang's current inhabitants. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Today, Uyghurs live mainly in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, where they are the largest ethnic group, together with Han Chinese, Hui, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Russians. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Thousands of Uyghurs also live in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан "Xinjiang", meaning "New Frontier", is the official Chinese name of the Autonomous Region. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority

History

See also History of Mongolia, Turkic migration, History of Xinjiang

Orkhon Uyghur

Uyghur history can be divided into four distinct phases: Pre-Imperial (300 CE-630 CE), Imperial (630-840 CE), Idiqut (840-1209 CE), and Mongol (1209-1600 CE), with perhaps a fifth modern phase running from the death of the Silk Road in 1600 CE until the present. The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various Nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Rouran, the Xianbei, the Gökturks The Turkic migration as defined in this article was the expansion of the Turkic peoples across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle The known history of Xinjiang dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. Uyghur history is the story of an obscure nomadic tribe from the Altai Mountains rising to challenge the Chinese Empire and ultimately becoming the diplomatic arm of the Mongol invasion.

Pre-745 CE

Map of the Western (purple) and Eastern (blue) Göktürk khaganates at their height, c. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title 600 CE. Lighter areas show direct rule; darker areas show spheres of influence.

The ancestors of the Uyghur include the nomadic Gaoche people and possibly the Tocharian peoples of the Tarim Basin. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people The Tocharians were the Tocharian -speaking inhabitants of the Tarim basin, making them the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² Gaoche, meaning 'High Cart', was a reference to the distinct high-wheeled, ox-drawn carts used to move yurts. A yurt is a portable Felt -covered wood lattice -framed dwelling structure used by Nomads in the Steppes of Central Asia. The Gaoche were Altaic nomads who lived in the valleys south of Lake Baikal and around the Yenisei River (Turkic: "Ana Say", English: "Mother River"). Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia Yenisei (Енисе́й is the greatest River system flowing to the Arctic Ocean, and at 5539 km (3445 mi is the fifth longest river in the world They practiced some minor agriculture and were highly advanced metalsmiths due to the abundance of easily available iron ore in the Yenisei. They became vassals of the Huns and provided them with manufactured arms. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy After the Huns, they were passed as vassals to the Rouran and Hepthalite states. Rouran ( Wade-Giles: Jou-jan) Ruanruan/Ruru ( also known as Tan Tan ( was the name of a confederation of Nomadic tribes on The Hephthalites or White Huns were a Central Asian Nomadic confederation whose precise origins and composition remain obscure In 450 CE, the Gaoche planned a revolt against the Rouran that was defeated by the Türk (another Rouran vassal tribe). For the area code see Area code 450. Events By Place Eastern Roman Empire August 25 — Marcian is proclaimed This incident marked the beginning of the historic Türk-Tiele animosity that plagued the Göktürk Khanate. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. When the Göktürk defeated the Rouran/Hepthalite state, they became the new masters of the Tiele (the name "Gaoche" was replaced by "Tiele" in historic records around this time). It was also at this time that the Uyghur tribe was first mentioned in Chinese records as a small tribe of 10,000 yurts in the South Baikal region. Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia

The Uyghur participated in a coalition of Tiele under the leadership of the Syr-Tardush tribe, who allied with the Chinese Sui Empire in 603 to defeat Tardu Khan and win their independence. Xueyantuo (薛延陀 or Syr-Tardush were an ancient Tiele people and Khanate in central/northern Asia who were at one point vassals of The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Events By Place Europe Battle of Degsastan: Æthelfrith of Bernicia defeats Áedán mac Gabráin of This alliance existed with varying degrees of autonomy from 603 until 630 when the first Göktürk Khanate (553-630) was decisively defeated by Li Jing, a capable general sent by Emperor Tang Taizong. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Serbs settle in the Balkans having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius Events By Place Europe The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius Events By Place Byzantine Empire Serbs settle in the Balkans having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the During this time the Uyghur occupied second position in the alliance after the Syr-Tardush. Xueyantuo (薛延陀 or Syr-Tardush were an ancient Tiele people and Khanate in central/northern Asia who were at one point vassals of In the interregnum between the first and second Göktürk Khanates, the Uyghur toppled the Syr-Tardush and declared their independence. When a second Göktürk Khanate (682-745) was established during the reign of Empress Wu, the Uyghurs, together with other nomadic Turkic tribes, participated in the Gokturk empire. Events By Place Europe The first entry is made in the Welsh chronicle Brut y Tywysogion. The New 745 Bio Sunnyland Ill - 745 — “Turning your wildest dreams into nightmares Wu Zetian ( (625 – December 16, 705 In 705 she was overthrown in a coup and Emperor Zhongzong was returned to the throne Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The empire declined following Bilge Khan's death in 734. Events Births Deaths Bilge Khan, Göktürk emperor Map-bms734 Zh-yue734年 After a series of revolts coordinated with their Chinese allies, the Uyghur emerged as the leaders of a new coalition force called the "Toquz Oghuz". In 744 the Uyghur, together with other related subject tribes (the Basmyl and Qarluq), defeated the Göktürk Khanate and founded the Uyghur Empire at Mount Ötüken, which lasted for about 100 years (744-840). For the aircraft see Boeing_747-400 Events By Place Europe February — Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand Basmyls ( Basmyl; Basmals, Basmils, Chinese Basimi Baximi) were a Türkic nomadic tribe mostly known in Dzungaria (present The Karluks (obs Qarluqs, Qarluks, Karluqs, Arab/Persian Halluh,, customary phonetic Gelolu, Gelu, Khololo The Uyghur Ötüken is one of the names given to Mother Earth in Tengriism. For the aircraft see Boeing_747-400 Events By Place Europe February — Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand Events By Place Europe After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German

Uyghur Empire: the golden age (744-840)

Map of the Uyghur Khaganate and areas under its dominion (in yellow) at its height, c. 820 CE.

See also: Uyghur Khaganate

Properly called the On-Uyghur (ten Uyghurs) and Toquz-Oghuz (nine tribes) Orkhon Khanate, the Uyghur Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria and lasted from 744 to 840 CE. The Uyghur The Uyghur Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast It was administered from the imperial capital Ordu Baliq. Ordu-Baliq (also spelled Ordu Balykh Ordu Balik Ordu-Baliq Ordu Balig Ordu Baligh, meaning "city of the court" also known as Mubalik During the imperial phase "Uyghur" came to mean any citizen of the Uyghur Empire, and not just a member of the Uyghur tribe. The Uyghur After the An Shi Rebellion, the Uyghur Empire considered conquering the Tang Empire, but chose instead to use an exploitive trade policy to drain off the wealth of China without actually destroying it. The An Shi Rebellion ( took place in China during the Tang Dynasty, from December 16 755 to February 17 763. The Uyghur The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by In return, they policed the borders and quelled internal rebellions. Large numbers of Sogdian refugees came to Ordu Baliq and converted the Uyghur from Buddhism to Manichaeanism. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating The Uyghurs thus inherited the legacy of Sogdian culture. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great

In 840, following a famine and a civil war, the Uyghur Empire was overrun by the Kyrgyz, another Turkic people. The Uyghur The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan.

Modern Uyghur

840 CE-1600 CE

Uyghur princesses. Bezeklik, Cave 9, ca. The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves ( Simplified Chinese:柏孜克里千佛洞 Hanyu Pinyin: Bózīkèlǐ Qiān Fó Dòng are complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating 8th/9th century CE, wall painting

Uyghur princes wearing Chinese-styled robes and headgears. Bezeklik, Cave 9

Following the collapse of the Uyghur Empire, the Uyghur refugees established states in three areas: present day Gansu, Xinjiang, and the Chu River the West of Tian Shan (Tengri-Tag) Mountains. The Uyghur ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk The Chu (or Chui or Chuy) (Чу Чүй Шу is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central

Those who fled west, together with other Turkic tribal groups living in Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin, established the Beshbalik-Turpan-Kucha state in the Tarim Basin, Turfan Depression, and Dzungaria. Dzungaria is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² Jimsar County (جىمىسار ناھىيىسى|Jimisar Nahiyisi|Jimisar Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Turfan Prefecture ( simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区 Pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى|Turpan Wilayiti|Turpan Vilayiti is located in Kucha or Kuche (also Kuçar, Kuchar) Uyghur ( كۇچار) Chinese Simplified 库车; Traditional 庫車 The Turfan Depression or Turpan Depression ( Uighur: تۇرپان ئويمانلىغى Turpan Oymanliği is a fault -bounded trough located around and In the process, they merged with the local populations of Tocharians, whose language was Indo-European. It is probable that genetically and culturally, modern Uyghurs descended from the nomadic Turkic tribes and the Indo-European-speaking groups who preceded them in the Tarim Basin oasis-cities, as well as Uyghurs from Mongolia. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² Today one can still see Uyghurs with light-colored skin and hair. Modern studies have found that modern Uyghur populations represent an admixture of eastern and western Eurasian mtDNA^[14] and Y chromosome^[15] lineages. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers

Yugor The eastern-most of the three Uyghur states was the Ganzhou Kingdom (870-1036 CE), with its capital near present-day Zhangye in the Gansu province of China. Zhangye ( Simplified Chinese: 张掖 Pinyin: Zhāngyì is a Prefecture-level city ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. There, the Uyghur converted from Manicheism to Lamaism (Tibetan and Mongol Buddhism). Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Unlike other Turkic peoples further west, they did not later convert to Islam. Their descendants are now known as Yugurs (or Yogir, Yugor, and Sary Uyghurs, literally meaning "yellow Uyghurs") and are distinct from modern Uyghurs. The Yugurs ( or Yellow Uyghurs as they are traditionally known are one of China's 56 officially recognized nationalities, consisting of 13719 persons according In 1028-1036 CE, the Yugors were defeated in a bloody war and forcibly absorbed into the Tangut kingdom. The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before

Karakhoja The central of the three Uyghur states was the Karakhoja kingdom (created during 856-866 CE), also called the "Idiqut" ("Holy Wealth, Glory") state, and was based around the cities of Turfan (winter capital), Beshbalik (summer capital), Kumul, and Kucha. Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the Jimsar County (جىمىسار ناھىيىسى|Jimisar Nahiyisi|Jimisar Nah̡iyisi is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kumul (Qumul or Hami (قۇمۇل|Qumul|K̡umul Chinese: 哈密 Pinyin: Hāmì is an oasis in Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang ( China Kucha or Kuche (also Kuçar, Kuchar) Uyghur ( كۇچار) Chinese Simplified 库车; Traditional 庫車 A Buddhist state, with state-sponsored Buddhism and Manicheism, it can be considered the center of Uyghur culture. The Idiquts (title of the Karakhoja rulers) ruled independently until 1209, when they submitted to the Mongols under Genghis Khan and, as vassal rulers, existed until 1335. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder

Kara-Khanids, or The Karahans (Great Khans Dynasty), was the westernmost of the three Uyghur states. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids The Karahans (Karakhanliks) originated from Uyghur tribes settled in the Chu River Valley after 840 and ruled between 940-1212 in Turkistan and Maveraünnehir. The Chu (or Chui or Chuy) (Чу Чүй Шу is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. Turkestan (literally meaning "Land of the Turks" is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. They converted to Islam in 934 under the rule of Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan (920-956) and, after taking power over Qarluks in 940, built a federation with Muslim institutions. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In 934, the Uyghur king Satuq Boghra Khan, was one of the first Turks (he was also of Tocharian, paternal origine to convert to The Karluks (obs Qarluqs, Qarluks, Karluqs, Arab/Persian Halluh,, customary phonetic Gelolu, Gelu, Khololo Together with the Samanids of Samarkand, they considered themselves the defenders of Islam against the Buddhist Uyghur Idiqut and the Buddhist Scythian-Tocharian kingdom of Khotan. The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Tocharians were the Tocharian -speaking inhabitants of the Tarim basin, making them the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity The first capital of the Karahans was established in the city of Balasagun in the Chu River Valley and later was moved to Kashgar. Balasagun ( Balassagun, Balasaghun, Karabalsagun;, Persian: بلاساغون was an ancient Soghdian city in modern-day Kyrgyzstan Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis

The reign of the Karahans is especially significant from the point of view of Turkic culture and art history. During this period, mosques, schools, bridges, and caravansaries were constructed in the cities. Kashgar, Bukhara and Samarkand became centers of learning. Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of During this period, Turkish literature developed. Among the most important works of the period is Kutadgu Bilig (English: "The Knowledge That Gives Happiness"), written by Yusuf Balasaghuni between the years 1060-1070. The Kutadgu Bilig, or Qutadğu Bilig (kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk in English proposed Middle Turkic qʊtaðˈɢʊ bɪˈlɪɡ is a Karakhanid Yusuf Balasaghuni Yusuf_Has_Hajib Balasaghuni (full name Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib Balasağuni; Жусуп Баласагын Yusuf Has Hacib was an 11th century

Both the Idiqut and the Kara-Khanid states eventually submitted to the Kara Khitais. This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. After the rise of the Seljuk Turks in Iran, the Kara-Khanids became nominal vassals of the Seljuks as well. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled Later they would serve the dual-suzerainty of the Kara-Khitans to the north and the Seljuks to the south. Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Finally all three states became vassals to Genghis Khan in 1209. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder

Most inhabitants of the Besh Balik and Turfan regions did not convert to Islam until the 15th century expansion of the Yarkand Khanate, a Turko-Mongol successor state based in western Tarim. Ürümchi or Ürümqi, sometimes spelled Wulumuqi (English uːˈruːmtʃi ئۈرۈمچی|Ürümchi) is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the Yarkent (Yarkand County ( Chinese 莎車县 Pinyin: Shāchē; يەكەن|Yerkent|Yərkənt; Turkish: Yerkent which means 'ground city' also Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on Before converting to Islam, Uyghurs were Manichaeans, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, or Nestorian Christians. Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Nestorius Nestorius (c  386 &ndashc  451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings

Chagatay Khanate

See also Chagatay Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was a khanate of the Mongol Empire that comprised the lands controlled by Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), second son of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan. The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Chagatai's ulus, or hereditary territory, consisted of the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili River (today in eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (in the western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana (modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Ili River (Іле İle, Или 伊犁河 Yili He is a River in northwestern China ( Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. After the death of his father, he inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and northern Iran, which he ruled until his death in 1242. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. These lands later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These territories would later become the Turco-Mongol states. Altaic peoples are peoples who speak the Altaic languages. Their looks differ from east to west

After the death of the Chagatayid ruler Qazan Khan in 1346, the Chagatai Khanate was divided into western (Transoxiana) and eastern (Moghulistan/Uyghuristan) halves, which was later known as "Kashgar and Uyghurstan," according Balkh historian Makhmud ibn Vali (Sea of Mysteries, 1640). Mahmud Ghazan or Qazaan the Khan of the Tartars (original Mongol name Ghazan Khan, Ch合贊 b Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود Moghulistan (sometimes called Mughalistan) is a historical geographic unit that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND Balkh ( - Balḫ) also known as Bactra, was once a major world city but was destroyed entirely by the Mongols. Kashgar historian Muhammad Imin Sadr Kashgari called the country Uyghurstan in his book Traces of Invasion (Asar al-futuh) in 1780. Power in the western half devolved into the hands of several tribal leaders, most notably the Qara'unas. Khans appointed by the tribal rulers were mere puppets. In the east, Tughlugh Timur (1347-1363), an obscure Chaghataite adventurer, gained ascendancy over the nomadic Mongols, and converted to Islam. Tughlugh Timur (1329/30-1363 was the Khan of Moghulistan from c In 1360, and again in 1361, he invaded the western half in the hope that he could reunify the khanate. At their greatest extent, the Chaghataite domains extended from the Irtysh River in Siberia down to Ghazni in Afghanistan, and from Transoxiana to the Tarim Basin. Irtysh (Иртыш; Kazakh: Ertis / Эртiс; Иртеш|İrteş; Chinese: Erqisi / 额尔齐斯河) a River in Siberia Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Ghazni City ( - Ğaznī; Ghazna and Ghaznīn are the old names for Ghazni Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km²

Tughlugh Timur was unable to completely subjugate the tribal rulers. After his death in 1363, the Moghuls left Transoxiana, and the Qara'unas' leader Amir Husayn took control of Transoxiana. Tīmur-e Lang (Timur the Lame), or Tamerlane, a Muslim native of Transoxania who claimed descent from Genghis Khan, desired control of the khanate for himself and opposed Amir Husayn. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among He took Samarkand in 1366, and was recognized as emir in 1370, although he continued to officially act in the name of the Chagatai khans. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) For over three decades, Timur used the Chagatai lands as the base for extensive conquests, conquering the rulers of Herat in Afghanistan, Shiraz in Persia, Baghdad in Iraq, Delhi in India, and Damascus in Syria. area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. After defeating the Ottoman Turks at Angora, Timur died in 1405 while marching on China. The Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on July 20 or July 28 1402 took place northeast of Ankara at the field of Çubuk The Timurid Dynasty continued under his son, Shah Rukh, who ruled from Herat until his death in 1447. The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty See Shahrukh Khan for the actor of that name Shāhrukh Mīrzā ( - Šāhrukh Mīrzā, also known as Shāhruh area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt.

By 1369, the western half (Transoxonia and further west) of the Chagatai Khanate had been conquered by Tamerlane in his attempt to reconstruct the Mongol Empire. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among The eastern half, mostly under what is now Xinjiang, remained under Chagatai princes that were at times allied or at war with Timurid princes. Finally, in the 17th century, all the remaining Chagatay domains fell under the theocratic regime of Apak Khoja and his descendant, the Khojijans, who ruled East Turkestan under Jungar and Manchu overlordships. Abakh Khoja, Apak Khoja, or more properly Āfāq Khwāja (? - 1693/94 was a religious and political leader in Kashgaria (in modern-day southern Khwāja or Khoja, a Persian word literally meaning 'master' was used in Central Asia as a title of the descendants of the famous Central Asian Naqshbandi DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in

Both Transoxonia and the Tarim Basin of East Turkestan became known as Moghulistan or Mughalistan, named after the ruling class of Chagatay and Timurid states which descended from the "Moghol" (Mongol) tribe of Doghlat, but was completely Islamicized and Turkified in language. Moghulistan (sometimes called Mughalistan) is a historical geographic unit that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Xinjiang Mughalistan was the name given to the Eastern Chaghatai Khanate by the Islamized society of Western Chaghatai Khanate and other Islamic societies It was the same Moghol Timurid ruling class that established the Timurid rule on the Indian Subcontinent known as the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most

Under the Chagatay Khanate's rule in East Turkestan, the culture of the original subjects of the Karakhanids became somewhat of a "national culture" of the largely Muslim state, that the Buddhist populations of the former Karakhoja Idikut-ate largely converted into the Muslim faith, and that all Chagatai-speaking Muslims, regardless whether they lived in Turpan or Kashgar, became known by their occupations as Moghols (ruling class), Sarts (merchants and townspeople) and Taranchis (farmers). The Chagatai language ( جغتای - Jaĝatāy; Uyghur: چاغاتاي Chaghatay; Uzbek: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي Moghol (also known as Mogholi 639-3 is a Mongolic language spoken in Afghanistan by the Moghol People around Herat, where Dari Sart is a name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia which has had shifting meanings over the centuries The term Taranchi denotes the Muslim sedentary population living in oases around the Tarim Basin in today's Xinjiang or East Turkestan, whose mother tongue This triple division of classes among the same Muslim Turkic folk also existed in Transoxonia, regardless whether they were under Timurid or Chagatay, or even Uzbek and Khojijan princes. Even today, the sense of ethnic kinship between the modern Uyghur and Uzbek peoples remain strong.

It is widely believed that the modern Uyghur nation acquired its current demographic composition and its current cultural identity during the East Turkestani Chagatay period. The Chagatay period in East Turkestan was marked by instability and internecine warfare, with Kashgar, Yarkant and Qomul as major centers of warfare and warlord rule. Yarkand, Yarkent, and Yarkant are spelling variants and may refer to Yarkent County Yarkand River Kumul (Qumul or Hami (قۇمۇل|Qumul|K̡umul Chinese: 哈密 Pinyin: Hāmì is an oasis in Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang ( China Some Chagatay princes allied with the Timurids and Uzbeks of Transoxonia, and some sought help from the Buddhist Kalmyks. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. The Chagatay prince Mirza Haidar Kurgan escaped his war-torn homeland Kashgar in the early 16th century to Timurid Tashkent, only to be evicted by the invading Shaybanids. The Shaybanid dynasty was a 16th-century Uzbek dynasty founded by Muhammad Shaybani. Escaping to the mercy of his Mughal Timurid cousins, which was then rulers of Delhi, India, he gained his final post as governor of Kashmir and wrote the famous Tarikh-i-Rashidi, widely acclaimed as the most comprehensive work on the Uyghur civilization during the East Turkestani Chagatay reign. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat (1499 or 1500-1551 was a military general ruler of Kashmir, and a historical writer ^[16]

The Khojijans were originally the Aq Tagh tariqa of the Naqshbandi order, which originated in Timurid Transoxonia. Ak Tagh, literally "White Mountain" in Chagatai Turki, was a faction of Turkestani Naqshbandi Sufism originated in Samarkand Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Tasawwuf orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. Struggles between two prominent Naqshbandi tariqas the Aq Taghlik and the Kara Taghlik engulfed the entire East Turkestani Chagatay domain in late 17th century, which Apaq Khoja finally triumphant both as a national religious and political leader. Ak Tagh, literally "White Mountain" in Chagatai Turki, was a faction of Turkestani Naqshbandi Sufism originated in Samarkand The last ruling Chagatay princess married one of the ruling Khojijan princes (descendants of Apaq) and became known as Khanum Pasha. She ruled with brutality after the death of her husband, and singlehandedly slaughtered many of her Khojijan and Chagatayid rivals. She was known to have boiled alive the last Chagatayid princess that could have continued the dynasty. The Khojijan Dynasty fell into chaos despite the brutality of Khanum Pasha, and became a vassal of the invading Jungar Kalmyks. Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle.

The triumph of the Manchu Qing Dynasty over the Jungars brought Manchu military governorship to the Ili Valley north of Kashgar. Some Khojijan princes put up a struggle against Qing overlordship, but all were finally pacified and became local rulers in a fragmented East Turkestan that recognized Qing suzerainty.

Post-1600 CE

The Manchus, nomads from present-day northeast China, vastly expanded the Qing empire, which they founded in 1644, to include much of Mongolia, East Turkistan, and Tibet. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Manchus invaded East Turkistan in 1759 and dominated it until 1864. DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND During this period, the Uyghurs revolted 42 times against Manchu rule, trying to regain their independence. In the revolt of 1864, the Uyghurs were successful in expelling the Manchus from East Turkistan, and founded an independent Kashgaria kingdom, called Yettishar (English: "country of seven cities"). DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Under the leadership of Yakub Beg, it included Kashgar, Yarkand, Hotan, Aksu, Kucha, Korla and Turfan). Muhammad Yaqub Bek (1820 – May 30, 1877) ( Uzbek:Муҳаммад Яқуб Бек was an Uzbek adventurer who became head of the kingdom Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Yarkent (Yarkand County ( Chinese 莎車县 Pinyin: Shāchē; يەكەن|Yerkent|Yərkənt; Turkish: Yerkent which means 'ground city' also Aksu or Akesu (also known as Ak-su, Akshu, Aqsu, Bharuka and Po-lu-chia; ئاقسۇ|Aqsu|Ak̡su Kucha or Kuche (also Kuçar, Kuchar) Uyghur ( كۇچار) Chinese Simplified 库车; Traditional 庫車 Korla or Kuerle ( Mongolian: Хорл Simplified Chinese: 库尔勒 Traditional Chinese: 庫爾勒 Pinyin: Kù'ěrlè is a mid-sized Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the The kingdom was recognized by the Ottoman Empire (1873), Tsarist Russia (1872), and Great Britain (1874), which established a mission in the capital, Kashgar. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

Large Manchu forces under the overall command of General Zuo Zongtang attacked East Turkestan in 1876. Zuǒ Zōngtáng 1st Marquess Kejing of the Second Class ( Courtesy name: Jigao) ( November 10, 1812 - September 5, 1885) spelled DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND Fearing Tsarist expansion into East Turkestan, Great Britain supported the Manchu invasion forces through loans by British banks (mostly through Boston Bank, located in Hong Kong). Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders After this invasion, East Turkestan was renamed "Xinjiang" or "Sinkiang", which means "New Dominion" or "New Territory", and it was annexed by the Manchu empire on November 18, 1884. DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND

In 1911, the Nationalist Chinese, under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat Sen, overthrew Manchu rule and established a republic. Official recognition of the Uyghurs came under the rule of Sheng Shicai who deviated from the official Kuomintang (English: "Five races of China") stance in favor of a Stalinist policy of delineating fourteen distinct ethnic nationalities in Xinjiang. Sheng Shicai ( (1897 - 1970 was a Chinese Warlord who ruled Xinjiang from April 12, 1933 to Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk The Uyghurs staged several uprisings against Nationalist Chinese rule. Twice, in 1933 and 1944, the Uyghurs were successful in setting up two independent Islamic Eastern Turkestan Republic. These independent Republics were subsequently overthrown by the Nationalist Chinese with the military assistance and political support of the Soviet Union, which opposed the Uyghur independence movement throughout this period. In 1949, the Nationalist Chinese were defeated by the Chinese communists and East Turkestan was annexed by the People's Republic of China. DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Separatism

Main article: East Turkestan independence movement

The "Kokbayraq" flag. East Turkestan Independence Movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent self-governing Xinjiang, also referred to as East Turkestan This flag is used by Uyghurs as a symbol of the East Turkestan independence movement. East Turkestan Independence Movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent self-governing Xinjiang, also referred to as East Turkestan It is almost identical to the flag of Turkey except with a blue background. The Government of the People's Republic of China prohibits using the flag in the country. Power within the Government of the People's Republic of China is divided among three bodies the Communist Party of China, the state and the People's

Following 9/11, China voiced its support for the United States of America in the war on terror. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The Chinese government has often referred to Uyghur nationalists as "terrorists" and received more global support for their own "war on terror" since 9/11. Human rights organizations have become concerned that this "war on terror" is being used by the Chinese government as a pretext to repress ethnic Uyghurs. ^[17] Uyghur exile groups also claim that the Chinese government is suppressing Uyghur culture and religion, and responding to demands for independence with human rights violations. ^[18]

According to at least one outside source, Beijing has "decimated Uighur culture. "

In traditional Uyghur cities like Kashgar, a vibrant bazaar town on the border of Central Asia, the authorities tore down Uyghur stalls across the central square, where Muslim men once gathered for open-air shaves before heading to the central mosque. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The local government replaced them with a bland plaza patrolled by Chinese troops. In another unpopular move, Beijing offered financial incentives for ethnic Chinese migrants to come to the province and set up businesses. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Now, ethnic [Han] Chinese dominate nearly all big businesses in the region. ^[19]

Many Uyghur in the diaspora support Pan-Turkic groups. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic Pan-Turkism is a political movement aiming to unite the various Turkic peoples into a modern political State, a Confederation, or an economic union closely Several organizations, such as the East Turkestan Party, provide support for the Chinese Uyghurs.

Though most Uyghur political groups support peaceful, secular Uyghur nationalism, there are some radical Islamist militant groups (such as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement and East Turkestan Liberation Organization) advocating independence from China. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The East Turkestan Islamic Movement ( ETIM, Turkish: Doğu Türkistan İslâm Hareketi) is a militant Uyghur organization that advocates the creation The East Turkestan Liberation Organization ( Sharqiy Turkestan Azatliq Teshkilati; abbreviated to ETLO) is a Secessionist Uyghur organization This has caused much confusion with regard to names and beliefs of Uyghur political groups. Often the Chinese government refers generally to East Turkestan nationalists as "terrorists". DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion

The Chinese government often imprisons Uyghur nationalists and has executed some individuals. On February 9, 2007, Ismail Semed was executed by the Peoples Republic of China for "attempting to split the motherland"^[20]. Ismail Semed was allegedly a founding member of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a militant organization affiliated with Al-Qaeda. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES In March 2006, Huseyin Celil, a Canadian Muslim religious leader was arrested and later convicted for "separatist activities" and sentenced to life imprisonment because of his alleged links to groups seeking independence for Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang, which means "new territory" in Chinese, is considered offensive by many advocates of Uyghur independence who prefer to use historical or ethnic names such as Uyghurstan, Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan (with Turkestan sometimes spelled as Turkistan). Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk

Culture

Three Uyghur girls at a Sunday market in the oasis city Khotan (Hotan / Hetian), in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

The relics of the Uyghur culture constitute major collections in the museums of Berlin, London, Paris, Tokyo, St. Petersburg, and New Delhi. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, scientific and archaeological expeditions to the region of Eastern Turkestan’s Silk Road discovered numerous cave temples, monastery ruins, and wall paintings, as well as valuable miniatures, books, and documents. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Explorers from Europe, America, and even Japan were amazed by the art treasures found there, and soon their reports caught the attention of an interested public around the world. The manuscripts and documents discovered in Xinjiang (Uyghurstan/Eastern Turkestan) reveal the very high degree of civilization attained by the Uyghurs. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND DO NOT ADD THE FLAG OF EAST TURKESTAN TO THIS ARTICLE *** THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND This Uyghur power, prestige, and civilization, which dominated Central Asia for over a thousand years, went into a steep decline after the Manchu invasion of their homeland. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Throughout the history of Central Asia, they left a lasting imprint on both the culture and tradition of the people of central Asia.

Chinese ambassador Wang Yen De to the Karakhoja Uyghur Kingdom in 981-984: "I was impressed with the extensive civilization I have found in the Uyghur Kingdom. The beauty of the temples, monasteries, wall paintings, statues, towers, gardens, housings and the palaces built throughout the kingdom cannot be described. The Uyghurs skilfully make things of silver and gold, vases and pitchers. Some say that God has infused this talent into these people only. "

Albert von Le Coq: "The Uyghur language and script contributed to the enrichment of civilizations of the other peoples in Central Asia. Albert von Le Coq (1860 - 1930 was a German Archaeologist and explorer of Central Asia. Compared to the Europeans of that time, the Uyghurs were far more advanced. Documents discovered in Uyghur Region prove that an Uigur farmer could write down a contract, using legal terminology. How many European farmers could have done that at that period ? This shows the extent of Uyghur civilization of that time. "

Currently, Turkic and Islamic cultural elements are dominant in the Tarim Basin, which reflects a thousand years of Turkic rule in the region and resulted in the replacement of previous religious traditions. The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km²

Both Uyghur and Han locals live by the unofficial "Xinjiang time", two hours removed from the official Beijing time. Businesses and government offices have modified hours to compensate for the difference from official Beijing time (e. g. opening at 10 am and closing at 8 pm).

Literature

The Uyghurs are known as educated people, they worked in chanceries and embassies of different states, and they were teachers, military officers, and ambassadors in Rome, Istanbul, and Bagdad, scholars in Tebriz. There are hundreds of famous Uyghur scholars and the Uyghur literature is vast. Some of Uyghur books have been translated into different western languages. The Uyghurs had been printing their books for hundreds of years before Gutenberg invented his printing press. In the 11th century the Uyghurs accepted the Arabic alphabet.

Most of the early Uyghur literary works were translations of Buddhist and Manichean religious texts, but there were also narrative, poetic, and epic works. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating Some of these have been translated into German, English, Russian, and Turkish. After embracing Islam, world-renowned Uyghur scholars emerged, and Uyghur literature flourished. Among hundreds of important works surviving from that era are Qutatqu Bilik (Wisdom Of Royal Glory) by Yüsüp Has Hajip (1069-70), Mähmut Qäşqäri's Divan-i Lugat-it Türk- A Dictionary of Turkic Dialects(1072), and Ähmät Yüknäki's Atabetul Hakayik. The Kutadgu Bilig, or Qutadğu Bilig (kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk in English proposed Middle Turkic qʊtaðˈɢʊ bɪˈlɪɡ is a Karakhanid Yusuf Balasaghuni Yusuf_Has_Hajib Balasaghuni (full name Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib Balasağuni; Жусуп Баласагын Yusuf Has Hacib was an 11th century Mahmud ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari (محمود بن الحسين بن محمد الكاشغري Kaşgarlı Mahmut Mehmud Qeshqeri born in 1005 in Kashgar was Perhaps the most famous and well loved pieces of modern Uyghur literature are Abdurehim Otkur's Iz, Oyghanghan Zimin, Zordun Sabir's Anayurt and Ziya Samedi's (former minister of culture in Sinkiang Government in 50's) novels Mayimkhan and Mystery of the years . Abdurehim Tileshüp Ötkür ( 1923 - 5 October 1995) ( Uyghur:ئابدۇرېھىم تىلەشۈپ ئۆتكۈر was a popular Uyghur author Zordun Sabir ( 1937 - 13 August 1998) ( Uyghur: زوردۇن سابىر is a popular Uyghur author Ziya Samedi (Зия Самеди ( 1914 - 20 November 2000) was a Uyghur author who emigrated to Kazakstan.

Ferdinand de Saussure: "Those who preserved the language and written culture of Central Asia were the Uyghurs. Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist "

Medicine

The Uyghurs had an extensive knowledge of medicine and medical practice. Chinese Song Dynasty (906-960) sources indicate that a Uyghur physician named Nanto traveled to China and brought with him many kinds of medicine unknown to the Chinese. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms There were 103 different herbs for use in Uyghur medicine recorded in a medical compendium by Li Shizhen (1518-1593), a Chinese medical authority. Li Shizhen ( 1518–1593 Courtesy name Dongbi (东璧 was one of the greatest Physicians and Pharmacologists in Chinese history Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. Some scholars believe that acupuncture was originally a Uyghur discovery, not a Chinese discovery. History Antiquity In China, the practice of acupuncture can perhaps be traced as far back as ^[21]

Tartar scholar, professor Rashid Rahmeti Arat in Zur Heilkunde der Uighuren (Medical Practices of the Uygurs) published in 1930 and 1932, in Berlin, discussed the Uygur medicine. Relying on a sketch of a man with an explanation of acupuncture, he and some Western scholars suspect that acupuncture was not a Chinese, but a Uygur discovery.

Today, traditional Uyghur medicine can still be found at street stands. Similar to other traditional medicine, diagnosis is usually made through checking the pulse, symptoms, and disease history, and then the pharmacist pounds up different dried herbs, making personalized medicines according to the prescription. Modern Uyghur medical hospitals adopted the Western medical system and adopt Western pharmaceutical technology to produce traditional medicines.

Art

Wall painting at Bezeklik caves in Flaming Mountains, Turpan Depression

The cave paintings at Bezeklik and Kizil

Music

Russian scholar Pantusov writes that the Uyghurs manufactured their own musical instruments; they had 62 different kinds of musical instruments and in every Uyghur home there used to be an instrument called a "dutar". The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves ( Simplified Chinese:柏孜克里千佛洞 Hanyu Pinyin: Bózīkèlǐ Qiān Fó Dòng are complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves ( Simplified Chinese:柏孜克里千佛洞 Hanyu Pinyin: Bózīkèlǐ Qiān Fó Dòng are complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating The Kizil Caves (also romanized Qizil Caves; Uyghur Qizil Ming Öy Simplified Chinese 克孜尔千佛洞 are a set of 236 Buddhist rock-cut caves located 75 The dutar ( Persian: دو تار, Uzbek: dutor (also dotar or doutar) is a traditional long-necked two-stringed Lute

Orthography

Main article: Uyghur alphabet

Throughout the centuries, the Uyghurs have used the following scripts:

1. Confederated with the Göktürks in the 6th and 7th centuries, they used the Orkhon script. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script; Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları, 鄂爾渾文字
2. In the 5th century, they adopted Sogdian italic script which became known as the Uyghur script. History Hellenistic period The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great This script was used for almost 800 years, not only by the Uyghurs, but also by other Turkic peoples, by the Mongols, and by the Manchus in the early stage of their rule in China.

After having studied the Chinese historical chronicles, Uighur historian Turghun Almas asserts, that Uighur script came into the world several centuries before Christ.

1. After embracing Islam in the 10th century, the Uyghurs adopted the Arabic alphabet, and its use became common in the 11th century.
2. During a short period of time (1969-1987), Uyghurs in China used a Latin script (yengi yazik).
3. Today the Uyghurs of the former Soviet Union use Cyrillic, the Uyghurs of Xinjiang (Eastern Turkestan) use a modified Arabic script, and the Uyghurs of Turkey use the Latin alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk

The Uighur Script

See also

• List of Uyghurs
• Uyghur language
• East Turkestan/Uyghurstan
• Kushan Empire
• Uyghur detainees in Guantanamo
• Uyghur timeline

Notes

References

• http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/chinethn.html
• Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8; 0-19-517726-6 (pbk. )
• Hessler, Peter. Oracle Bones: A Journey Through Time in China. New York: Harper Perennial, 2006.
• Human Rights in China: China, Minority Exclusion, Marginalization and Rising Tensions, London, Minority Rights Group International, 2007
• Kamberi, Dolkun. 2005. Uyghurs and Uyghur identity. Sino-Platonic papers, no. 150. Philadelphia, PA: Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.
• Mackerras, Colin. Ed. and trans. 1972. The Uighur Empire according to the T'ang Dynastic Histories: a study in Sino-Uyghur relations 744–840. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-279-6
• Millward, James A. and Nabijan Tursun, Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978 in Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland ISBN 0-7656-1318-2
• Rall, Ted. Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? New York: NBM Publishing, 2006.
• Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam, Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

External links

• East Turkistan Education and Solidarity Assocciation
• http://uyghurestan.blogspot.com/
• http://karakuyash.blogspot.com East Turkistan
• All News about Uyghurs(Uighurs) and East Turkistan
• The London Uyghur Ensemble
• Lost Nation: Stories from the Uyghur diaspora An introduction to the Uyghur Diaspora and links to resources
• Lost Nation: Stories from the Uyghur diaspora A documentary film in which five Uyghurs from five cities around the world tell their personal story of migration.
• Talking Borders Queen's University Belfast online audio archive talk by Dr Michael Dillon
• The World Uyghur Congress
• Unintended Uighurs
• The “New T’ang History” (Hsin T’ang-shu) on the History of the Uighurs Translated and annotated by Colin Mackerras
• The Uyghur Human Rights Project
• The Uyghur American Association
• East Turkistan Information
• Introduction to Uyghur Culture and History Links to cultural and historical background, current news, research materials and photographs.
• Photos of Uyghur People
• East Turkestan Culture and Solidarity Association, Kayseri, Turkey Information website by Uyghur diaspora in living in Turkey
• The Uighurs Independent Tripod Site
• Uyghur News Site
• Save East Turkistan
• Information Video
• Uyghur | Uyghur Music | Uyghur Video | Uyghur TV
• Uyghur Online

Language

• Online UyghurWikipedia
• Online English-Uighur Dictionary
• An Uyghur-English Multiscript Dictionary
• UighurLanguage.com
• Online Uyghur-English Dictionary
• Uyghur Language Discussion Group
• English-Uyghur Online Dictionary
• Uyghur Email Groups
• East Turkistan Education and solidarity Assocciation

Music

• The London Uyghur Ensemble [1]

Guantanamo Uyghur FOIA Documents

• Uyghur testimony before Combatant Status Review Tribunal in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba