?Uttar Pradesh India
Lucknow
Coordinates: 26°51′N 80°55′E / 26.85, 80.91
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area	238,566 km² (92,111 sq mi)
Capital	Lucknow
Largest city	Kanpur
District(s)	701
Population • Density	166,197,921 (1st) • 783 /km² (2,028 /sq mi)
Language(s)	Hindi, Urdu
Governor	T. V. Rajeswar
Chief Minister	Mayawati Kumari
Established	18352
Legislature (seats)	Bicameral (404 + 108=512)
ISO abbreviation	IN-UP
Website: www.upgov.nic.in
Portal: Uttar Pradesh
1 The decision to possibly create an additional six districts is pending. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Indian state Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India A district is an administrative division of a state in India India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven Union territories (UT In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the States of India in order of population The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised This is a list of Governors of Uttar Pradesh from the independence of India in 1947. Shri T V Rajeswar (born 28 August 1926 in Salem, Tamil Nadu) is the current Governor of Uttar Pradesh. Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh, India See also Mayawati Naina Kumari ( Hindi: मायावती (born January 15, 1956) is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO ISO 3166-2IN is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to India. 2As North-Western Provinces in 1835, Renamed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1902, Renamed to Uttar Pradesh in 1947
Seal of Uttar Pradesh

Coordinates: 26°51′N 80°55′E / 26.85, 80.91

Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: उत्तर प्रदेश, Urdu: اتر پردیش, pronounced [ʊt̪ːər prəd̪eːʃ] (help·info), translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U. The North-Western Provinces was an administrative region in British India which succeeded the Ceded and Conquered Provinces and existed in one form or another from The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, more commonly the United Provinces, was a Province of British India, which existed from 1902 to 1947 A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation P. ] is a state located in the northern part of India. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country With over 180 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous subnational entity. This is a list of the States of India in order of population This is a list of the most populous first-level administrative country subdivisions in the world in order of Population (estimated 2004) with the top

Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, It shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. The administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and the financial and industrial capital is Kanpur. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India The state's high court is based at Allahabad. Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar It is home to many historical cities, including the tourism capital of India, Agra. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh,

Uttar Pradesh has an important place in the history of ancient India; in those times it was sometimes divided between petty kingdoms or formed important part of larger empires that arose on its east or west, including the Mauryan, Gupta and Kushan empires. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250

The Indo-Gangetic plain, that spans most of the state, has been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, the birth place of the Indo-Islamic syncretic culture of medieval period, a center of nationalism during the colonial period and has continued to play a prominent role in Indian political and cultural movements. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, The state has a rich heritage of traditional crafts and cottage industries of various types that require highly skilled craftsmen and artisans.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Legend and ancient periods 1.2 Medieval 1.3 Modern-colonial 2 Modern post-independence 3 Geography 4 Constituent regions 5 Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2007) 6 Urban centres 6.1 Major cities 6.2 Other important cities 7 Languages 8 Politics 9 Education 10 Economy 10.1 Macro-economic trend 10.2 Agriculture 10.3 Information technology, electronics, and services 10.4 Minerals and heavy industries 10.5 Industry 10.6 Tourism 11 Culture 11.1 Art and Craft 11.2 Dance and Music 12 References 13 External links

History

Main article: History of Uttar Pradesh

Legend and ancient periods

The known history of Uttar Pradesh goes back to 4000 years, when the Aryans first made it their home in 2000 BC. The history of Uttar Pradesh, an Indian State can be divided into five periods (1 the prehistory & Early Vedic Period(up to c This heralded the Vedic age of the Indian civilization and Uttar Pradesh was its home. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Aryans first inhabited the Doab region and the Ghagra plains and called it the Madhya Desha (midland) or Aryavarta (the Aryan land) or Bharatvarsha (the kingdom of Bharat, an important Aryan king). Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" A Doab ( Persian, Urdu: dō, "two" + āb, "water" or "river" is a term used in India and Aryavarta ( Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त "abode of the Aryans quot is the ancient name for northern and central India, where the culture In the ages to come, Aryans spread to other parts of the Indian subcontinent, reaching as far south as Kerala and Sri Lanka. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island

The ancient kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya - where, according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned - was located here. Kosala ( Sanskrit: कोशल was an ancient Indian region corresponding roughly in area with the region of Oudh in the present day Uttar Pradesh Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Krishna - another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatara) of Hindu god Vishnu - was born in the city of Mathura. Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Mathura ( IAST mathurā)( Hindi: मथुरा is a holy City in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The aftermath of Mahabharata war is believed to have taken place in the area between Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishtira. The Kurukshetra War ( Devangari: कुरुक्षेत्र युद्ध forms an essential component of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population In the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, the Pandava (or Pandawa brothers ( Sanskrit: पाण्‍डव pāṇḍavaḥ are the five acknowledged sons of In the great Hindu epic Mahabharata, Yudhisthira ( Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर yudhiṣṭhira) the eldest son of King

Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320-200 BC), Kushan (100-250 AD) and Gupta (350-600 AD) empires. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C After the Guptas, the Ganga-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj, During the reign of Harshavardhana, Kannauj empire was at its zenith: it covered an area extending from Afghanistan and Kashmir in the west to Bengal in the east and up to the Vindhyas in the south, with its capital at Kannauj. Harsha or Harshavardhana (हर्षवर्धन or "Harsha vardhan" ( 590 &ndash 647) was an Indian emperor who ruled Northern India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj, The Vindhya Range ( Sanskrit: विन्‍ध्य is a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent which geographically WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj, Even today many communities in various parts of India - from Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Bengal - boast of being descendants of migrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in the past. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang .

The state is important to Buddhism since its early days. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first disciples. Chaukhandi Stupa is an important Buddhist Stupa in Sarnath, located 13 kilometres from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder The Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Dhamek Stupa (also spelled Dhamekh and Dhamekha) is a massive Stupa located at Sarnath, 13 km away from Varanasi in the state of This article is about a place in India For H P Lovecraft 's fictitious city see The Doom That Came to Sarnath.

Medieval

Causing the fall of post-Harshavardhana Rajput kings of north India came the Turko-Afghan Muslim rulers and what we call Uttar Pradesh today once again became the catalyst for things to come; much of the state formed part of the various Indo-Islamic empires (Sultanates) after 1000 AD and was ruled from their capital, Delhi. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Later, in Mughal times, U. P. became the heart-land of their vast empire; they called the place 'Hindustan'. Hindustan is also often considered another synonym for India.

Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capital cities of Akbar, the great Mughal Emperor of India. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar At their zenith, the Mughal empire covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad. But, when the empire disintegrated, their last territory remained confined to the Doab region of Hindustan and Delhi.

Other areas of Hindustan (U. P. ) were now ruled by different rulers: Oudh was ruled by the Nawabs of Oudh, Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlled Kumaon-Garhwal. The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the Muslim Nawabs of Oudh in the 18th century. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh The Nawab of Awadh is the title of rulers who governed the state of Awadh in India in the 18th and 19th century

Modern-colonial

Starting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for North Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over this state's territories, including the last Mughal territory of Doab and Delhi as also Bundelkhand, Kumaon and Benaras divisions. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or Ajmer and Jaipur were also included in this northern territory and they called it the North Western Provinces (of Agra). To day the area may seem big compared to several of the Republic of India's present 'mini-states' - no more than the size of earlier 'divisions' of the British era - but at the time it was one of the smallest British provinces. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.

After the failed first freedom war or the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when things settled, the British made a major revamp, in desperation; they truncated the Delhi region from NWFP of Agra and merged it with Punjab, while the Ajmer-Merwar region was merged with Rajputana. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of Sepoys of British East India Company 's army on the 10th of May 1857 in the town of Meerut, At the same time they included Oudh into the state. The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, more commonly the United Provinces, was a Province of British India, which existed from 1902 to 1947 It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.

Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian culture and politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of both the Indian Independence Movement and the Pakistan Movement. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan ( Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was the struggle carried out by the Muslims of British India

Modern post-independence

After independence, the state was renamed Uttar Pradesh ("northern province") by its first chief minister, Govind Ballabh Pant. Bharat Ratna Govind Ballabh Pant ( September 10, 1887 - March 7, 1961) was a statesman of India an Indian independence activist and Pant was well-known to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and was also popular in the Congress party; he established such a good reputation in Lucknow that Nehru called him to Delhi to make him Home Minister in December 27, 1954. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party He was succeeded by Dr. Sampoornanand, a university professor and classicist Sanskrit scholar, who was in office till 1957, before becoming governor of Rajasthan. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area

Sucheta Kripalani was sworn in in October 1963, and became India's first woman chief minister, until a two-month long strike by state employees in March 1967 caused her to step down. Sucheta Kriplani (born Sucheta Mazumdar) (1908-1974 was an Indian Freedom fighter and politician The confusion and chaos ended only with the defection of Charan Singh from the Congress with a small set of legislators; he set up a party called the Jana Congress, which formed the first non-Congress government in U. Chaudhary Charan Singh (23 December 1902 &ndash 29 May 1987 was the seventh Prime Minister of the Republic of India serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980 P. and ruled for over a year.

Fellow socialist Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna of the Bharatiya Lok Dal was Chief Minister for part of the 1970s. Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna (b April 25 1919 in Bhugani, Pauri Garhwal District, Uttarakhand &mdash d Bharatiya Lok Dal (Indian Peoples Party was a Political party in India. He was dismissed by the Central Government, along with several other non-Congress chief ministers, shortly after the imposition of the Emergency, when Narain Dutt Tewari - later chief minister of Uttarakhand - became chief minister. See also State of Emergency in India The Indian Emergency of June 1975–21st March 1977 was a 21-month period when President The Congress Party lost heavily in 1977 following the lifting of the Emergency, but roared back to power in 1980, when Mrs. Gandhi handpicked the man who would become her son's principal opposition, V.P. Singh, to become Chief Minister. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Vishwanath Pratap Singh (विश्वनाथ प्रताप सिंह born 25 June 1931) was the 10th Prime Minister of the

In 2000, the Himalyan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions, was formed into a new state called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i

Geography

Main article: Geography of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh can be divided into two distinct hypsographical regions:

• The Gangetic Plain, including the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganga plains and the Terai — highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography (slope 2 m/km) broken by numerous ponds, lakes and rivers. Uttar Pradesh is India 's fifth largest and most populous state, located in the north-western part of the country Hypsography studies the distribution of Elevations on the surface of the Earth, and is sometimes applied to other rocky planets such as Mars or Venus The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, A Doab ( Persian, Urdu: dō, "two" + āb, "water" or "river" is a term used in India and
• The Vindhya Hills and plateau in the south — hard rock strata; varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited water availability. The Vindhya Range ( Sanskrit: विन्‍ध्य is a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent which geographically

The state's climate is generally humid subtropical, but variations exist due to difference in altitudes.

Constituent regions

The state comprises the Doab region - the upper Doab and the lower doab with the Braj-bhumi in its centre - which runs along its western border from north to south; the Rohilkhand in the north; Awadh (Oudh) (the historic country of Koshal) in the centre; the northern parts of Bagelkhand and Bundelkhand in the south; and the south-western part of the Bhojpur country, commonly called Purvanchal ("Eastern Province"), in the east. A Doab ( Persian, Urdu: dō, "two" + āb, "water" or "river" is a term used in India and Region and the cult of Krishna Region is closely related to the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Rohilkhand ( Hindi: रुहेलखण्ड Urdu: روہیل کھنڈ) is a region of northwestern Uttar Pradesh state of India For the Oudh tree see Agarwood. Awadh ( Hindi: अवध Urdu: اودھ) also known in various British historical texts as Oudh Bagelkhand (or Baghelkhand) is a region in central India, in northeastern Madhya Pradesh state Geography Bundelkhand lies between the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north and the Vindhya Range to the south Purvanchal (est - mountain is a geographic region of north-central India, which comprises the eastern end of Uttar Pradesh state

Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2007)

Main article: Districts of Uttar Pradesh

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of seventy districts, which are grouped into seventeen divisions: Agra, Allahabad, Azamgarh, Bahraich, Bareilly, Basti, Chitrakoot, Devipatan, Faizabad, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Saharanpur andVaranasi. Uttar Pradesh (UP Uttar Pradesh state, India, has 71 administrative districts which are grouped into 18 divisions Uttar Pradesh (UP Uttar Pradesh state, India, has 71 administrative districts which are grouped into 18 divisions Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Azamgarh ( Hindi: आज़मगढ़ Urdu: اعظم گڑھ) is a town and the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bahraich is a city and a Municipal board in Bahraich district in the state of Uttar Pradesh Bareilly ( Hindi: बरेली Urdu: بریلی is a city in Bareilly district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh For the Bollywood movie see Basti (film. Basti district ( Hindi: जिला बस्ती Urdu: جِل بستی WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Chitrakuta ( IAST: Chitrakūta Sanskrit: चित्रकूट (also spelt Chitrakoot Devipatan division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the Faizabad in Tajikistan see Faizabad Tajikistan. Gorakhpur ( Hindi: गोरखपुर Urdu: گۋڙکھ پور is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near Jhansi ( Urdu: جھانسی Hindi: झांसी Marathi:झाशी is a city of Uttar Pradesh state of northern India. Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Meerut ( Hindi: मेरठ Urdu: میرٹھ is a city and a Municipal corporation in Meerut district in the Indian For the settlement in Bangladesh see Mirzapur Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mirzapur WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moradabad ( Urdu: مراداباد, Hindi: मुरादाबाद) is a city and a WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Saharanpur ( Hindi: सहारनपुर Urdu: ????? ??? is a city and a Municipal Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस

Its State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) has 403 electoral constituencies. The Vidhan Sabha also known as Legislative Assembly is the lower house of state legislature in India. The largest district in terms of area is Lakhimpur Kheri. Lakhimpur Kheri ( Hindi: लखीमपुर खीरी Urdu: لحیم پور خیری) is a district of Uttar Pradesh The largest district in terms of population is Allahabad followed by Kanpur Nagar (Census 2001).

Urban centres

Major cities

Agra • Allahabad • Bareilly • Ghaziabad • Gorakhpur • Jhansi • Kanpur • Lucknow • Mathura • Meerut • Moradabad . Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Bareilly ( Hindi: बरेली Urdu: بریلی is a city in Bareilly district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details--> Ghaziabad ( Hindi: गाज़ियाबाद Urdu: غازی آباد) is an industrial Gorakhpur ( Hindi: गोरखपुर Urdu: گۋڙکھ پور is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near Jhansi ( Urdu: جھانسی Hindi: झांसी Marathi:झाशी is a city of Uttar Pradesh state of northern India. Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Mathura ( IAST mathurā)( Hindi: मथुरा is a holy City in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Meerut ( Hindi: मेरठ Urdu: میرٹھ is a city and a Municipal corporation in Meerut district in the Indian WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moradabad ( Urdu: مراداباد, Hindi: मुरादाबाद) is a city and a Noida (NOIDA (New Okhla Industrial Development Authority)) • Varanasi (Banaras). Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस

Other important cities

Kanpur • Aligarh • Azamgarh • Bahraich • Ballia • Banda • Barabanki • Bijnor • Bulandshahr • Deoband • Etawah • Faizabad • Farrukhabad • Fatehghar • Firozabad • Ghazipur• Gola • Gonda • Gorakhpur . Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India Aligarh ( Hindi: अलीगढ़ Urdu: علی گڑھ) is a city in Aligarh District in the northern Indian WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Azamgarh ( Hindi: आज़मगढ़ Urdu: اعظم گڑھ) is a town and the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bahraich is a city and a Municipal board in Bahraich district in the state of Uttar Pradesh WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ballia ( Bhojpuri: বাল্লিয়া | बलिया is a city with a Municipal board For the district with the same name See Banda district WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Banda ( Hindi This article is about the city of Barabanki For the district see Barabanki District. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bijnor ( Hindi: बिजनौर Urdu: بجنور) variously spelt as Bijnaur Bulandshahr ( Hindi:बुलंदशहर Urdu: بلند شہر) is a city and a Municipal board in Bulandshahr district WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Deoband ( Hindi: देवबंद Urdu: دیوبند Deoband) is a city and a WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Etawah is a City on the Yamuna River in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the Faizabad in Tajikistan see Faizabad Tajikistan. Farrukhabad one of three Tehsils in the Farrukhabad District of the State of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Firozabad ( Hindi: फ़ीरोज़ाबाद Urdu: فیروز آباد) is WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ghazipur is a city and a Municipal board in Ghazipur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur ( Hindi: गोरखपुर Urdu: گۋڙکھ پور is a city in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near Hameerpur • Kannauj • Khurja • Kushinagar • Lalitpur • Mainpuri • Mirzapur • Moradabad • Muzaffarnagar • Noida • Orai • Pilibhit • Raebareli • Rampur • Saharanpur • Shahjahanpur • Sultanpur. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj, WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Khurja ( Urdu: خورجہ) is a small town and a Municipal board in Bulandshahr WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kushinagar or Kusinagar (26 WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mainpuri is a city and a Municipal board in Mainpuri district in the Indian state For the settlement in Bangladesh see Mirzapur Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mirzapur WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moradabad ( Urdu: مراداباد, Hindi: मुरादाबाद) is a city and a WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Muzaffarnagar ( Hindi: मुज़फ़्फ़रनगर Urdu: مظفر نگر WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Orai is a city and a Municipal board in Jalaun district in the Indian state ( English: Pilibhit, Hindi: पीलीभीत, Urdu: پیلی بھیت, Telugu: పిలిభిట్ WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Raebareli ( Hindi: रायबरेली Urdu: رائے بریلی, also WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Rampur ( Hindi: रामपुर Pashto / Urdu: رام پور) is a city WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Saharanpur ( Hindi: सहारनपुर Urdu: ????? ??? is a city and a Municipal WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Shahjahanpur is a district and a Municipal board in the Indian state of Uttar

Languages

The two common state-languages of Uttar Pradesh are standard Hindi and Urdu. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised While standard Hindi (Khari boli) is the official language, several important regional Hindi 'dialects' are spoken in the state and among these are: Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Braj, Bagheli and Bundeli, besides several local dialects that do not have a formal name. Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi Awadhi is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken chiefly in the Awadh (Oudh region of Uttar Pradesh, although its speakers are also found in Bihar Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. Region and the cult of Krishna Region is closely related to the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Bagheli is a language of the Baghelkhand region of central India. Bundeli (बुन्देली is a Western Hindi language (often considered a dialect of Hindi) spoken in the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Bhojpuri is the second most-spoken language in the state, according to the language data in the 1991 Census of India. Urdu is prominent in Uttar Pradesh as Lucknow was once the centre of Indo-Persianate culture in north India. The language of Lucknow ("Lakhnavi Urdu") is a form of high literary Urdu.

Politics

Main article: Government of Uttar Pradesh

See also: Category:Indian political parties-Uttar Pradesh

In the Uttar Pradesh Elections, 2007, Mayawati's Bahujan Samaj Party achieved unexpected majority status leading to her emergence as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. The Government of Uttar Pradesh is a democratically elected body with the Governor as the constitutional head The Uttar Pradesh state assembly elections 2007 were held in April-May 2007 to elect a government for the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. Mayawati Naina Kumari ( Hindi: मायावती (born January 15, 1956) is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister The Bahujan Samaj Party (बहुजन समाज पार्टी is a national Political party in India with Socialist leanings This is the first time, since 1991 victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party with a majority, that a single party has gained absolute majority; the last two decades having been mostly dominated by various coalitions among the Samajwadi Party, Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Bahujan Samaj Party. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political Samajwadi Party (literally Socialist Party) is a Political party in India. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political The Bahujan Samaj Party (बहुजन समाज पार्टी is a national Political party in India with Socialist leanings One characteristic of the BSP win in 2007 was the amalgamation of Brahmin votes into the Dalit dominated party,^[1] as opposed to the decades-old trend of deep-rooted electoral divisions in the state between Dalits, Upper Castes, Muslims and different OBC groups, which tend to vote in blocks. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Dalit is a self designation for group of people of South Asian descent who were traditionally regarded as untouchables or low Caste.

Mayawati, having won 206 seats, took the oath of secrecy for the post of UP's next CM on 13 May 2007. Mayawati Naina Kumari ( Hindi: मायावती (born January 15, 1956) is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister She became Chief Minister for the fourth time. A Chief Minister is the elected Head of government of a sub-national (e Along with her 19 cabinet rank ministers, 21 State Ministers Independent Charge were also sworn in by T. The United States Cabinet (usually simplified as "the Cabinet" is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the Executive branch of the Federal government V. Rajeshwar the Governor. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Some of the prominent names are: Nasimuddin Siddique, Rakesh Dhar Tripathi, Awadhpal Singh, Ratanlal Ahirwar, Badshah Singh, Sudhir Goyal, Babu Singh Kushwaha. Former Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav's SP party stood second in State with 97 seats.

The image of politics in Uttar Pradesh has been tarnished in recent times by the extensive infiltration of people who are alleged to carry a questionable reputation or are prone to incite violence. But, in the last election, the Election Commission of India was perceived as having effectively managed to prevent booth-capturing and other abuse, by deployment of extremely strict security. The Election Commission of India is an autonomous quasi-judiciary constitutional body of India.

The state has a glorious record of providing national leadership; eight of India's fourteen Prime Minister's were from Uttar Pradesh. They are: Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Choudhary Charan Singh, Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Chandra Shekhar and Atal Behari Vajpayee, who represents a UP constituency, though he was born in Gwalior. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Lal Bahadur Shastri ( Hindi लालबहादुर शास्त्री (2 October 1904 - 11 January 1966 was the third (second and acting being Gulzarilal Nanda Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Rajiv Gandhi राजीव गांधी (raːdʒiːv gaːnd̪ʰiː born in Bombay, (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 the elder son of Indira and Feroze Chaudhary Charan Singh (23 December 1902 &ndash 29 May 1987 was the seventh Prime Minister of the Republic of India serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (विश्वनाथ प्रताप सिंह born 25 June 1931) was the 10th Prime Minister of the Chandra Shekhar Singh (चन्द्रशेखर सिंह (July 1 1927 - July 8 2007 was the 11th Prime Minister of the Republic of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी əʈəl bɪhaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpeiː (born December 25 1924 The eleventh Prime Minister of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Gwalior ( Hindi: ग्वालियर) is a city in Madhya Pradesh in India

Contemporary political scene is also interesting in the national context. Heirs-apparent to the Nehru-Gandhi family have adopted U. P. as their home state. Congress President Sonia Gandhi represents Rae Bareli and her son Rahul Gandhi Amethi, Sultanpur. Sonia Gandhi, born Edvige Antonia Albina Maino on 9 December 1946 is an Indian politician the President of the Indian National Congress and Rahul Gandhi (born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India, representing the Amethi constituency Indira Gandhi's estranged daughter-in-law Maneka Gandhi is a BJP Parliamentarian from Pilibhit, while her son Varun Gandhi is expected to make his debut soon. Feroze Varun Gandhi (born March 13, 1980) is the only son of the late Sanjay Gandhi and Indian Politician Maneka Gandhi. Other prominent politicians include BJP leader and past Human Resources Development minister Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi, SP leader and ex-Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, BSP leader and now fourth time Chief Minister Mayawati, BJP President and ex-Chief Minister Rajnath Singh, former BJP Chief Minister Kalyan Singh, Rashtriya Lok Dal chief Ajit Singh and ex-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and later of Uttarakhand, Narayan Dutt Tiwari. Mulayam Singh Yadav (born November 22, 1939) is an Indian politician and has influence mainly in Uttar Pradesh state of India Mayawati Naina Kumari ( Hindi: मायावती (born January 15, 1956) is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister Early life Rajnath Singh was born in the small village of Bhabhora in the Varanasi district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Kalayan Singh (born 5 January 1932) is a former Chief minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and a senior leader of Bharatiya Narayan Dutt Tiwari (born October 18, 1925) is an Indian politician

At the lowest tier of political pyramid, the state has a large number of village councils known as Panchayats just like the other states of India. The Panchayat is a South Asian Political system. ‘Panchayat’ literally means assembly ( yat) of five ( panch) wise and respected elders chosen One of the most developed Panchayats is Shahabad in Maharajganj District. Maharajganj district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and town of Maharajganj is the district headquarters

Education

The State of U. P. has made investment over the years in all sectors of education and has achieved significant success in overcoming its wide spread educational backwardness and illiteracy. The increase in overall literacy rate is due to persistent efforts made by the state government to enroll and retain children in schools and to effectively implement the adult education programmes. The following is indicative of the gradual progress.

In 1981, the literacy rate in UP was 28 percent and increased to 42 percent in 1991. In 1991, the adult literacy rate (percent literate among those aged 15 and above) was 38 percent and increased to 49 percent in 1998, an increase of 11 percentage points in the seven-year period. But, the differential between female and male literacy remained high: while in 1991, male literacy was 56 percent and female literacy 25 percent, eight years later in 1999, as per survey estimates, the male literacy became 73 percent and female literacy 43 percent (NFHS II).

One more notable feature in the state has been the persistence of higher levels of illiteracy in the younger age group, more so in females, especially in the rural areas. In the late 1980s, the incidence of illiteracy in the 10-14 age group was as high as 32% for rural males and 61% for rural females, and more than two-thirds of all rural girls in the 12-14 age group never went to school. Only 25% of the girls in 7+ age group were able to read and write in 1991 and this figure went down to 19% for rural areas: it was 11% for the scheduled castes, 8% for scheduled castes in rural areas and 8% for the entire rural population in the most educationally backward districts. In terms of basic or essential educational attainment (the completion of primary or secondary education), in 1992-1993, only 50% of literate males and 40% of literate females could complete the cycle of eight years of schooling (the primary and middle stages). Possibly, Bihar is the only state in India which lags behind U. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. P. in education.

The problems of state's education system are complex. Due to public apathy the public schools are run inefficiently. Privately run schools (including those run by Christian missionaries) are functional, but expensive and so beyond the reach of ordinary people.

In order to make the population totally literate, steps are being taken by the government to raise public participation, e. g. with the help of NGOs and other organizations. There are also special programmes, like the World Bank aided DPEP. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e As a result, progress in adult education has been made and the census of 2001 indicates a male literacy rate of 70. 23% and a female literacy rate of 42. 98%.

At the level of higher education and technical education, Uttar Pradesh has several universities and other institutions, among which are: Bundelkhand University, Lucknow University, Allahabad University, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Aligarh Muslim University, Kanpur University, Agra University, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Uttar Pradesh Technical University, the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Indian Institute of Management Lucknow, Banaras Hindu University, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Integral University, Lucknow, Shibli National College, Azamgarh, the world famous Asian Academy Of Film & Television and several other polytechnics, engineering institutes and industrial training centres. Bundelkhand University is located in the town of Jhansi, in Uttar Pradesh in India. The University of Lucknow is a university in the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. History The University of Allahabad is the fourth modern University established in India on 23 September 1887 Dayalbagh Educational Institute or DEI is an educational institution located at Dayalbagh on the outskirts of the historic city of Agra, approximately Aligarh Muslim University is a Residential Academic Institution which was established in 1875 About Kanpur University also known as Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University is located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Academic institution Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, also Agra University is one of the oldest institutions in India About Chaudhary Charan Singh University also called Meerut University is located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU was set up by the Government of Uttar Pradesh on May 8 2000. The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (known as IIT Kanpur or IITK) is one of the Indian Institutes of Technology, set up in the then-industrial The Indian Institute of Management Lucknow (also referred to as IIM Lucknow or IIML was established in 1984 by the Government of India as a national level school of excellence Banaras Hindu University (BHU Hindi: काशी हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय is a premier Central University and a world class educational The ' Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad (' IIIT-A') was established in 1999 as a center of excellence in Information Technology and Computer Integral University is a new University in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh The Asian Academy of Film & Television is the pioneer most Film school in this part of the world

Darul Uloom Deoband, one of the world's most prestigious and influential Islamic seminaries, is located in the otherwise small town of Deobad

Economy

Main article: Economy of Uttar Pradesh

Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Uttar Pradesh at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic school, where Deobandi Islamic movement was started Agriculture Industry There are numerous types of minerals and many industries have came up based upon these minerals

Year	Gross State Domestic Product
1980	155,540[1]
1985	277,480[2]
1990	555,060[3]
1995	1,062,490
2000	1,730,680

^  includes Uttarakhand

The major economic activity in the state is agriculture and in 1991, 73 percent of the population in the state was engaged in agriculture and 46 percent of the state income was accounted for by agriculture. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i UP has retained its pre-eminent position in the country as a food-surplus state. The production of foodgrains has increased from 14. 5 million metric tons in 1960-61 to 42. 5 million tons in 1995-96, showing an average annual growth rate of 3. 1 percent, which is much higher than the population growth rate. At present, the new Uttar Pradesh state produces about 92% of the output of the old Uttar Pradesh state of prior to 1947 partition.

UP has witnessed rapid industrialization in the recent past, particularly after the launch of policies of economic liberalization in the country. As of March 1996, there were 1,661 medium and large industrial undertakings and 296,338 small industrial units employing 1. 83 million persons. The per capita state domestic product was estimated at Rs 7,263 in 1997-98 and there has been visible decline in poverty in the state. Yet, nearly 40 percent of the total population lives below the poverty line. Uttar Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 was $339. 5 billion by PPP and $80. 9 billion by Nominal, making it the second largest economy in India after Maharashtra and a bigger economy than many of the world's big economic players like Israel, Switzerland and Hong Kong. ^[2]

Agriculture

Uttar Pradesh is a major contributor to the national foodgrain stock. Partly this is due to the fertile regions of the Indo-Gangetic plain and partly owing to irrigation measures such as the Ganga Canal and tubewells. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, The Ganga Canal is a Canal system that irrigates the Doab region between the Ganges River and the Yamuna River in India. Lakhimpur Kheri is the largest sugar producing district in the country. Lakhimpur Kheri ( Hindi: लखीमपुर खीरी Urdu: لحیم پور خیری) is a district of Uttar Pradesh It is also home to 78% of national livestock population. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food This chart shows the national share of major food commodities from Uttar Pradesh.

Commodity	National Share
Potato	47%
Sugarcane	45%
Wheat	38%
Rice	32%
Groundnut	34%
Molasses	34%
Sugar	30%
Tobacco	20%

Information technology, electronics, and services

Uttar Pradesh is the IT-Hub of North India with software exports next to Karanataka. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Molasses or Treacle is a thick Syrup by-product from the processing of the Sugarcane or Sugar beet into Sugar. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. But, unlike South Indian states, IT enterprises are limited to particular areas only, like NOIDA, Greater NOIDA, Ghaziabad etc. , which lie in National Capital Region (NCR).

Uttar Pradesh has booming electronics industries, especially in UP-Delhi-NCR and Lucknow-Kanpur Corridor. It produces almost all types of durables.

Minerals and heavy industries

Uttar Pradesh has ample reserves of coal, dolomite, gems.

Industry

Over 3% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Uttar Pradesh.

See also: List of conglomerates in Uttar Pradesh

Tourism

Uttar Pradesh attracts a large number of visitors both national and international. Conglomerates in Uttar Pradesh are corporations with offices in Uttar Pradesh, India. There are two regions in the state where a majority of the tourists go:

• The city of Agra, which gives access to three world heritage sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri and
• The holy cities of Varanasi, Ayodhya, Mathura, and Allahabad, on the banks of sacred rivers Ganga and the Yamuna. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस Ayodhya (अयोध्या IAST Ayodhyā) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district Mathura ( IAST mathurā)( Hindi: मथुरा is a holy City in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना

In Agra itself, Dayal Bagh is a temple built in modern times that many visit. The Dayal Bagh is a temple north of Agra, India. It is being built by the Radha Soami. It is still under construction and would take an estimated one century for completion. Its life-like carvings in marble are unique in India.

Also world famous is a 16th century capital city known as Fatehpur Sikri, built by the Mughal emperor Akbar near Agra. See also Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri (फतेहपूर सिकरी فتحپور سیکری is a city and a Municipal board in Agra

Millions of tourists and pilgrims visit the cities of Allahabad, Varanasi and Ayodhya, as those are considered to be the holiest cities in India. Every year, thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the festival held on the banks of the Ganges, the Magh Mela. The same festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate — the largest gathering of human beings in the world. Kumbh Mela ( Devanagari: कुम्भ मेला is a mass Hindu Pilgrimage. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

Varanasi is widely considered to be the second oldest city in the world after Jerusalem. Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the It is famous for its ghats (bathing steps along the river), that remain bustling year round with devotees from all over India and beyond, who want to take a holy dip in the sacred Ganges River. As used in many parts of South Asia, the term ghat ( Bengali: ঘাট ghaţ, Hindi: घाट " Steps quot refers to a

About 13 km from Varanasi is the historically important town of Sarnath. Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस This article is about a place in India For H P Lovecraft 's fictitious city see The Doom That Came to Sarnath. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and hence it is an important pilgrimage site for the Buddhists. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Also at Sarnath are the Ashoka Pillar and the Lion Capital, both important archaeological artifacts with national significance.

Dudhwa National Park is one of the best Tiger reserves in the country. General info Area: 490 km² core 124 km² buffer Established: 1958 as a wildlife sanctuary 1977 as a national park 1988 as a tiger reserve Lakhimpur Kheri is a must see location, and home to the Tiger reserve. Lakhimpur Kheri ( Hindi: लखीमपुर खीरी Urdu: لحیم پور خیری) is a district of Uttar Pradesh

Some areas require a special permit for non-Indians to visit. The Foreigners (Protected Areas Order states that a Protected Area Permit (PAP is required for non-Indians to visit certain areas in India (mainly in the North-East

Culture

Art and Craft

Uttar Pradesh is famous for its rich heritage of art and craft. Most famous centres are the following: -

• Agra and Kanpur are internationally known for their leather craft; shoes and other leather items are made for Indian market and export to foreign countries. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India
• Firozabad, the city of bangles, is also a hub for many glass accessories. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Firozabad ( Hindi: फ़ीरोज़ाबाद Urdu: فیروز آباد) is The glass artifacts produced in its factories are just amazing and are exported the world over.
• Kannauj is well known for oriental perfumes, scents and rose water and also for tobacco. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kannauj ( Hindi कन्नौज Urdu: کنوج) also spelt Kanauj,
• Khurja is famous for its ceramics pottery. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Khurja ( Urdu: خورجہ) is a small town and a Municipal board in Bulandshahr In fact, the entire state is famous for its pottery not only in India but also around the world. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
• Lucknow, the capital, boasts of its cloth work and embroidery (chikan) work on silk and cotton. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons
• Mirzapur and Bhadohi are known for carpets. For the settlement in Bangladesh see Mirzapur Bangladesh. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mirzapur WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhadohi ( Hindi: भदोही Urdu: بھدوہی) is a city and a Municipal
• Moradabad is well know for its metal ware, specially brass artifacts. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Moradabad ( Urdu: مراداباد, Hindi: मुरादाबाद) is a city and a
• Saharanpur is known all over India and abroad for wood carving items produced here. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Saharanpur ( Hindi: सहारनपुर Urdu: ????? ??? is a city and a Municipal
• Varanasi is famous for its banarasi saris and silk. Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस for the town in Nepal see Sari Nepal A sari or saree or shari is a female garment in the Indian subcontinent Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons A banarasi sari is an essential part of any marriage in the state. for the town in Nepal see Sari Nepal A sari or saree or shari is a female garment in the Indian subcontinent

Dance and Music

The state is home to a very ancient tradition in dance and music. During the eras of Guptas and Harsh Vardhan, Uttar Pradesh was a major centre for musical innovation. Harsha or Harshavardhana (हर्षवर्धन or "Harsha vardhan" ( 590 &ndash 647) was an Indian emperor who ruled Northern India Swami Haridas was a great saint-musician who championed Hindustani Classical Music. Swami Haridas was a spiritual poet and musician. Credited with a large body of devotional compositions especially in the Dhrupad style he is also the founder of Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت Tansen, the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court, was a disciple of Swami Haridas. Tansen or Miyan Tansen or Ramtanu Pandey (1493 or 1506 &ndash 1586 or 1589 is considered among the greatest composer-musicians in Hindustani classical music Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar The ragas sung by Tansen were believed to be so powerful that they could bring rain, or light a fire, when recited. Rāga ( Sanskrit, lit "colour" or "mood" or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used Tansen or Miyan Tansen or Ramtanu Pandey (1493 or 1506 &ndash 1586 or 1589 is considered among the greatest composer-musicians in Hindustani classical music

Kathak, a classical dance form, involving gracefully coordinated movements of feet along with entire body, grew and flourished in Uttar Pradesh. See Kāṭhaka for the Vedic school Kathak ( Hindi: कथक Urdu: کتھک) is a classical dance Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Wajid Ali Shah (نواب واجد على شاه (official name. The Nawab of Awadh is the title of rulers who governed the state of Awadh in India in the 18th and 19th century Today, the state is home to two prominent schools of this dance form, namely, Lucknow Gharana and Banaras Gharana. In Hindustani music, a gharānā is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship and by adherence to a particular In Hindustani music, a gharānā is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship and by adherence to a particular

In modern times, Uttar Pradesh has given to the world music legends like Naushad Ali, Talat Mehmood, Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Shubha Mudgal, Ustad Bismillah Khan, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Kishan Maharaj, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Gopal Shankar Misra, Siddheshwari Devi, Girija Devi etc. Naushad Ali ( Nastaliq: نوشاد علی Devanagari: नौशाद अली ( December 25 1919 &ndash May 5 2006 Talat Mahmood ( February 24, 1924 – May 9, 1998) was a popular Indian playback singer and film actor Anup Jalota is a Indian singer/musician best known for his performances in the Indian musical form the Bhajan and the Ghazal. Shubha Mudgal is a well-known Indian singer of Hindustani classical music, Khayal Thumri Dadra and popular Indian Pop music Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahib ( March 21, 1916 – August 21, 2006) was a Shehnai Maestro from India. Pandit Ravi Shankar ( রবি শংকর Devanagari: रविशंकर "Pandit" ( Sanskrit, "learned" is honorific born April Kishan Maharaj ( 3 September 1923 – 4 May 2008) was an Indian musician who played the Tabla, an Indian percussion instrument Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia (born July 1, 1938) is known internationally as a player of the Bansuri, the North Indian Bamboo Dr Gopal Shankar Misra (b 1957 Kanpur d Aug13 1999 Bhopal is an Indian musician and music teacher Siddheshwari Devi (1907 - 1976 was a famous Hindustani singer from Varanasi, India lovingly known as Maa (mother Girija Devi (b May 8, 1929, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India) is an Indian singer and represents the Banaras Gharana of The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar belonged to Uttar Pradesh; she took this aspect of music to amazing heights. In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Begum Akhtar ( October 7, 1914 – 1974 was a vocalist from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in India. "Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya" is one of her best musical renditions of all times. It is also, incidentally, the birthplace of British pop legend Sir Cliff Richard. Sir Cliff Richard, OBE, (born Harry Roger Webb on 14 October 1940 is an English Singer, Actor and Businessman.

The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. Region and the cult of Krishna Region is closely related to the Hindu epic Mahabharata. For Radha the mother of Karna from Mahabharata see Radha (Mahabharata Radha (Devanagari राधा IAST Rādhā is the principal Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism These songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and are performed at many festivals. A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells Other folk dances or folk theater forms include:

• Raslila
• Swang
• Ramlila, which includes enacting the entire Ramayana
• Nautanki
• Naqal - (mimicry)
• Khayal
• Qawwali

The Bhatkande Music University at Lucknow is named after the great musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. Swang (also spelt Svang, Hindi: स्वांग or Saang (Hindi सांग is a popular folk dance drama or folk theatre form in Ramlila ( Hindi: रामलीला is a dramatic folk re-enactment of the ten day battle between Lord Ram and Ravan, as described in the Hindu The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Nautanki is a famous form of theater very much popular in northern India especially in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Khyal (or Khayal: Hindi: ख़्याल Urdu: خیال is the modern genre of classical singing in North India. Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande ( August 10, 1860 &ndash September 19, 1936) was an Indian classical musician widely acclaimed to

References

External links

• Uttar Pradesh at the Open Directory Project
• Official Website of the Government of Uttar Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh Tourist Map

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

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