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For other uses, see Utrecht.
Utrecht
Skyline of Utrecht
Flag of Utrecht
Flag		 Coat of arms of Utrecht
Coat of arms
Location of Utrecht
Coordinates: 52°05′36″N 5°7′10″E / 52.09333, 5.11944
Country Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands
Province Flag of Utrecht (province) Utrecht
Area (2006)
 - Total 99. flag of Utrecht ( Dutch:vlag van Utrecht has been in use since 1952. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 32 km² (38. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 3 sq mi)
 - Land 95. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 67 km² (36. 9 sq mi)
 - Water 3. 64 km² (1. 4 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2007)
 - Total 288,535
 - Density 3,018/km² (7,816. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 6/sq mi)
  Source: CBS, Statline. Statistics Netherlands, founded in 1899, is a Dutch governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands.
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Utrecht (pronunciation (help·info)) city is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country It is located in the North-Eastern end of the Randstad, and is the fourth largest city of the Netherlands, with a population of 288,535. ImageRandstad_with_scalepng|400px|thumb|right|Schematic map of the Randstadcircle 528 380 26 Schiphol rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer rect 399 166 479 245 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands [1] The smaller Utrecht agglomeration is home to some 420,000 registered inhabitants, while the larger region contains up to 820,000 inhabitants. [2]

Utrecht's ancient city-centre features many buildings and structures from its earliest origins onwards. It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the eighth century CE. Currently it is the see of the Archbishop of Utrecht, the most important Dutch Roman Catholic leader. The Archbishopric of Utrecht is the Archbishopric based in the Dutch city of Utrecht. [3][4] Utrecht is also the see of an archbishop of the Old Catholic church, and the location of the offices of the main protestant church. The Old Catholic Church is a Christian denomination originating with churches (many of them German -speaking that split from the Roman Catholic Church in The Protestant Church in the Netherlands ( Dutch: Protestantse Kerk in Nederland, abbreviated PKN) came into being on 1 May 2004

Utrecht is host to Utrecht University, the largest university of the Netherlands, as well as several other institutes for higher education. Utrecht University ( Universiteit Utrecht in Dutch) is a University in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Due to its central position within the country it is an important transportation hub (rail and road) in the Netherlands. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Road transport ( British English) or road transportation ( American English) is Transport on Roads of passengers or goods It has the second highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. [5]

Contents

History

Origins (47 CE-650)

Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Bronze age (app. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for 1800-800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial A castellum is a small Roman detached Fort or fortlet used as a watch tower or signal station These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. A cohort (from the Latin cohors, plural cohortes) is a fairly large military unit generally consisting of one type of soldier Near the fort a settlement would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing A line of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand further North. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed. The Limes Germanicus ( Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier ( Limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman [6] This line was located at the borders of the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The name of the Utrecht fortress originally was simply Traiectum denoting its location on the Rhine at a ford. A ford is a place in a Watercourse (most commonly a stream or River) that is shallow enough to be crossed by wading on Horseback or in a wheeled Later the name was adorned with the prefix Ultra (on the far side) to distinguish it from other settlements (for example Mosa Trajectum Maastricht). Maastricht ( Dutch; Limburgish and city dialect Mestreech; French: Maestricht or Maëstricht; Spanish: Over time the two parts of the name would merge and evolve into the current name (Utrecht). [7] In the second century, the wooden walls were replaced by sturdier tuff stone walls,[6] remnants of which are still to be found below the buildings around Dom Square. Tuff (from the Italian "tufo" is a type of rock consisting of consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption

From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. [6] Little is known about the next period 270-650. Utrecht is first spoken of again in the 7th century when the influence of the growing realms of the Franks lead Dagobert I to build a church devoted to Saint Martin within the walls of the Roman fortress[6]. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Dagobert I (c 603 &ndash 19 January 639) was the king of Austrasia (623&ndash634 king of all the Franks (629&ndash634 and king of Saint Martin of Tours (Martinus (316/317 Savaria, Pannonia &ndash November 8, 317, Candes, Gaul; buried November In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians the church was however destroyed.

Centre of Christianity in the Netherlands (650-1579)

The Dom tower, with to the left behind it the remaining section of the Dom church. The two parts have not been connected since the collapse of the nave in 1674.
The Dom tower, with to the left behind it the remaining section of the Dom church. The Dom Tower (Cathedral Tower Dutch Domtoren) of Utrecht is the tallest church tower in the Netherlands, at 112 ||-||-||-||-||}The Cathedral of Saint Martin or Dom Church (in Dutch Domkerk) was the Cathedral of the Diocese of Utrecht during The two parts have not been connected since the collapse of the nave in 1674.

By the mid of the 7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisian. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, archbishop of the Frisians; which is usually considered to initiation of archbishopric of Utrecht. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Saint Willibrord (c 658 – November 7, 739) was a Northumbrian missionary known as the "Apostle to the Frisians " in the modern In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead The Archbishopric of Utrecht is the Archbishopric based in the Dutch city of Utrecht. [6] In 723, the Frankish king bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman catholic church in the Netherlands. The see of the archbishops of Utrecht was located at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian empire. Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. Furthermore it had to compete with the nearby trading centre Dorestad, also founded on the location of a Roman fortress. In the Early Middle Ages, Dorestad was the biggest most important and flourishing city of West Europe [6] The political turmoil in the Frankish realms after the death of Charlemagne, in combination with viking raids and domination lead to the downfall of Dorestad and established Utrecht as one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne 's grandsons divided his territories the Carolingian Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas [8] The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the appointment of the Utrecht born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens to pope in 1522 (the last non Italian pope before John Paul II). Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of Pope

Prince-Bishops

When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The Archbishopric of Utrecht is the Archbishopric based in the Dutch city of Utrecht. A Prince-Bishop is a Bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more Secular principalities usually pre-existent titles of nobility [6] The realm of the bishopry included not only land the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht') but extended to the northeast. The term Prince of the Church is nowadays used nearly exclusively for Catholic Cardinals However the term is historically more important as a generic term for clergymen However, the feudalist system resulted in conflict between the different lords. The prince bishopry had its conflicts with the count of Holland and the dukes of Guelders. Counts of Holland ruled over the county of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century This article deals with the rulers of the historical county and duchy of Guelders for other meanings see Guelders. [9] The Veluwe was soon taken by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht. The Veluwe is a forest-rich ridge of hills in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. Overijssel (Transiselania is a Province of the Netherlands in the central eastern part of the country

Clerical buildings

The clergy built several churches and monasteries inside, or close to the city of Utrecht. Most dominant of these was the gothic Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. ||-||-||-||-||}The Cathedral of Saint Martin or Dom Church (in Dutch Domkerk) was the Cathedral of the Diocese of Utrecht during The construction of this cathedral started in 1253 after an earlier romanesque cathedral had been badly damaged by fire. When the choir and transept were finished from 1320 the ambitious Dom tower was built. Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. The Dom Tower (Cathedral Tower Dutch Domtoren) of Utrecht is the tallest church tower in the Netherlands, at 112 [6] The central nave was the last part to be constructed from 1420. In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the By that time, however, the time of the great cathedrals had and ended and the declining finances prevented this ambitious cathedral from being finished, resulting in the construction of the central nave being suspended before finishing the planned flying buttresses. A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of Buttress usually found on a religious building such as a Cathedral. [6] Besides the cathedral there were four additional collegiate churches in Utrecht: Saint Saviour (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the Daily office of worship is maintained by a College of canons; a non-monastic or [10]; Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040;[11] Saint Peter, building started in 1039 [12] and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. [13] Besides these churches the city housed Saint Paul abbey [14]. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The 15th century beguine monastery of Saint Nicholas, and a 14th century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights. Beghards and Beguines were Roman Catholic lay religious communities active in the 13th and 14th century living in a loose semi- Monastic community This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. [15]

Besides these buildings which were part of the hierarchy of the bishopric; an additional four parish churches were constructed in the city: the Jacobichurch (dedicated to Saint James), founded in the 11th century, with the current gothic church dating back to the 14th century [16]; the Buurkerk (Neighbourhood-church) of the 11th century parish in the centre of the city; Nicolaichurch (dedicated to Saint Nicholas), from the 12th century [17] and the 13th century Geertekerk (dedicated to Saint Gertrude of Nivelles) [18]

City of Utrecht

The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. A parish church, in Christianity, is the church which acts as the religious centre of a Parish, the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches For people and places called Saint James, see the Saint James disambiguation page Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint Saint Gertrude of Nivelles (626 – March 17, 659) was abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Nivelles, in present-day Belgium. The growing town Utrecht received city rights in 1122. City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and a unique wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways [19] On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure. [20][21]. The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. [6] The bishop, for example dammed the Lek at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees The Lek is a River in the western Netherlands of some 60 km in length Wijk bij Duurstede is a Municipality and a City in the central Netherlands. This threatened shipping for the city and lead to the city of Utrecht commissioning a canal, the Vaartse Rijn, to connect Utrecht to the Lek at Nieuwegein; to insure access to the town for shipping trade. Nieuwegein is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht.

The end of independence

In 1528 the wordly powers of the bishop over both Neder- and Oversticht; including the city of Utrecht, were transferred to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who became the Lord of the 17 Netherlands (the current Benelux and the Northern parts of France). Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and This transition was not an easy one and Charles V wanted to exert his power of the citizens of the city; who had achieved a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to give this power to their new lord. Charles decided to build a heavily fortified castle Vredenburg to house a large garrison with as most important task to maintain order in the city. Vredenburg or Vredeborch was a 16th-century castle built by Habsburg emperor Charles V in the city of Utrecht in The Netherlands. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch revolt. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries

Republic of the Netherlands (1579-1815)

Many of the features in Blaeus 1652 map of Utrecht can still be recognised in the city center
Many of the features in Blaeus 1652 map of Utrecht can still be recognised in the city center

In 1579 the northern seven provinces of these Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The Union of Utrecht (Unie van Utrecht is a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern Provinces The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the one in Utrecht, which had become an archiepiscopal see in 1559. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the Holland dominated leadership of the republic. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low This was the start of a period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht.

The city failed to defend itself against the French invasion in 1672, which was held against it in the states of the Republic. The lack of flying buttresses proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church when Utrecht was struck by a tornado in 1674. A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of Buttress usually found on a religious building such as a Cathedral. A tornado is a violent rotating column of air which is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a Cumulonimbus cloud or in rare cases the base of a Cumulus The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 settled the War of the Spanish Succession. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting Its most lasting result was the cession by Spain of Gibraltar to Great Britain. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Since 1723 (but especially after 1870) Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world. The Old Catholic Church is a Christian denomination originating with churches (many of them German -speaking that split from the Roman Catholic Church in

Modern history (1815-now)

In the early 19th century the role of Utrecht as a fortified town became outdated. The old fortifications were outdated and the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie was move east of Utrecht. History The Dutch Water Line was a series of water based defences conceived by Maurice of Nassau and realised by his half brother Frederick Henry. The ramparts could now be demolished to allow for growth. The water defenses remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact until today. The term English garden or English park (Jardin anglais Giardino all'inglese Englischer Landschaftsgarten is used in Continental Europe

Celebrating the liberation of Utrecht by the Canadian Army, 7 May 1945
Celebrating the liberation of Utrecht by the Canadian Army, 7 May 1945

In 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network.

In 1853 did the Dutch government allow the bishopric see of Utrecht to be reinstated (by Rome), and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more.

With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht finally began to grow far beyond the medieval center from the 1880s onward with the construction of neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. Oog in Al is a residential area in the west of the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands.

During World War II, Utrecht was held by the Germans until the general German surrender of the Netherlands on 5 May 1945. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Canadian troops that surrounded the city entered it after that surrender, on May 7, 1945. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

Since World War II, the city has grown considerably when new neighbourhoods such as Overvecht, Kanaleneiland, Hoograven, Lunetten, and (recently) Leidsche Rijn were built. Lunetten is a neighbourhood in the south part of Utrecht and has approximately 12000 inhabitants Leidsche Rijn is a neighbourhood under construction west of Utrecht in the central Netherlands.

Demographics

Inhabitants of Utrecht are called Utrechter or more rarely Utrechtenaar. [22]

Utrecht city has a population of 288,395 (at 1-1-2007). Utrecht is a growing municipality and projections are that the city will grow beyond 300,000 in 2008; and beyond 350,000 in 2017. [23]

In Utrecht 52% of the population is female, 48% is male. Utrecht has a young population, with many inhabitants in the age category from 20 and 30 years, which is due to the large university.

Population in Utecht[23]
Female Age Male
22761 15% 0-14 23994 17%
44732 30% 15-29 36165 26%
36444 24% 30-44 39434 28%
15574 10% 45-54 15996 11%
11899 8% 55-64 11484 8%
8317 6% 65-74 7457 5%
9374 6% 74+ 4764 3%

The majority of households (52. 5%) in Utrecht is a single person household. About 29% of people living in Utrecht are either married, or have another legal partnerships. About 3% of the population of Utrecht is divorced. [23]

About 69% of the population is of Dutch background. About 10% of the population consists of immigrants from western countries. About 21% of the population are immigrants from non-western countries (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other non-western countries). [23]

Population centres and Agglomeration

Besides the city of Utrecht the municipality of Utrecht also includes Vleuten-De Meern, which was a separate municipality until 2001. Vleuten-De Meern in turn included the villages of Haarzuilens and Veldhuizen. Thus the municipality of Utrecht includes several population centres:[24]

Utrecht is the centre of a densily populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. Vleuten ( is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Utrecht, and lies about 6 km west of Utrecht De Meern ( is a town in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Utrecht, and lies about 5 km west of Utrecht Haarzuilens ( is a small village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Veldhuizen is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the municipality of Utrecht, south of De Meern. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. Nieuwegein is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. There is also a village called Ysselsteyn (same pronunciation that is part of the municipality of Venray, The Netherlands. Maarssen is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht, along the river Vecht. It is sometimes argued that the municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg, and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 620,000 inhabitants. De Bilt is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Zeist is a Municipality and a Town in the central Netherlands, located east of the city of Utrecht. Houten ( is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Vianen is a Municipality and a City in the central Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. Driebergen-Rijsenburg is a Town in the Municipality Utrechtse Heuvelrug in the central Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht Bunnik is a municipality and a village in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants. Amersfoort is a municipality and the second largest city of the province of Utrecht in central Netherlands. [25]

Cityscape

Oudegracht, the 'old canal' in central Utrecht
Oudegracht, the 'old canal' in central Utrecht
View on the old canal from the Dom tower
View on the old canal from the Dom tower

Utrecht is famous for the Dom Tower of Utrecht, belonging to the former cathedral (Dom Church). The Oudegracht, or "old canal" runs through the centre of Utrecht, the Netherlands. The Dom Tower (Cathedral Tower Dutch Domtoren) of Utrecht is the tallest church tower in the Netherlands, at 112 ||-||-||-||-||}The Cathedral of Saint Martin or Dom Church (in Dutch Domkerk) was the Cathedral of the Diocese of Utrecht during [26] The city has a minor skyline, dominated by the Dom tower. There has been long standing agreement that no building (height to rooftop) in or near the centre of town may surpass the Dom tower in height (112 m). [27] Nevertheless some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second highest building of the city, the 'Rabobanktoren', will be completed in 2010 and will stand 105 m tall. [28] Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m. Two other buildings are currently under construction around the 'Nieuw Galgenwaard' stadium. These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', will be completed in 2007 and will stand 85. 5 and 64. 5 metres high respectively. Finally, there are somewhat controversial plans for a 262 m high skyscraper in the newly built neighbourhood of Leidsche Rijn: the 'Belle van Zuylen'. Leidsche Rijn is a neighbourhood under construction west of Utrecht in the central Netherlands. [29] Because the location is considered sufficiently far from the centre of the city this project is exempted from the maximum height of the Dom.

Another landmark are the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht, or "old canal" runs through the centre of Utrecht, the Netherlands. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, due to its origins as an arm of the Rhine. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two level street along the canals. [30] The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure,[31] and the moat ringing the old town is largely in tact. [32] Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, that did not allow construction outside the walls, until the 19th century the city has remained very compact. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th and ealy 20th centrury neighbourhoods; with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. [33] The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the mid of the 20th century on the east side of the city. History The Dutch Water Line was a series of water based defences conceived by Maurice of Nassau and realised by his half brother Frederick Henry. [34]

Due to the importance of Utrecht as a religious centre in the past, several monumental churches have survived. [35] Most prominent is the Dom Church. ||-||-||-||-||}The Cathedral of Saint Martin or Dom Church (in Dutch Domkerk) was the Cathedral of the Diocese of Utrecht during Other notables churches include the romanesque St Peter's and St John's churches, and the gothic churches of St James and St Nicholas, and the so-called Buurkerk, now converted into a museum.

Transport

Because of its central location, the City of Utrecht is well connected to the rest of the Netherlands, and has a well-developed public transport network.

Utrecht UFO on the top of the ProRail HQ
Utrecht UFO on the top of the ProRail HQ

Public transport

Rail connections

Utrecht Centraal railway station (NS abbreviation: ut) is a main node of the Dutch railway network. In the Netherlands, ProRail is a government task organisation that takes care of maintenance and extensions of the national railway network infrastructure (not the metro Utrecht Centraal is the central Railway station for the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways) or NS, is the principal passenger Railway operating company in the Netherlands. There are 386 railway stations in the Netherlands, including 6 railway stations which are only served during events 1 which exists only to facilitate Pilgrimage Train routes by timetable number Transport in the Netherlands --> Train routes in the Netherlands are identified [36] The station is served by:

Utrecht Central Station
Utrecht Central Station

There are also four minor railway stations in Utrecht: Utrecht Overvecht (uto), Utrecht Lunetten (utl), Utrecht Terwijde (utt), and Utrecht Zuilen (utzl). Additionally, some new railway stations are planned for the RandstadRail project. RandstadRail is a Light rail project in the southern area of the Randstad Conurbation in the west of The Netherlands. Special train services operate to the former Maliebaan station, which is now home to the Dutch railroad museum. The Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum (literally Dutch Railway Museum) is the Dutch national Railway Museum. [38]

A light-rail (sneltram in Dutch) line runs from the Utrecht Centraal station, through the neighbourhoods of Lombok and Kanaleneiland to Nieuwegein and IJsselstein. For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Nieuwegein is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. There is also a village called Ysselsteyn (same pronunciation that is part of the municipality of Venray, The Netherlands. This line is operated by Connexxion. Connexxion is the largest Public transport Bus company in the Netherlands, operating in the west middle east and far northern part of the country [39]

Besides being an important node in the transportation system Utrecht hosts the headquarters of both the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railroads), the most important train company in the Netherlands, and ProRail, the state owned company that is responsible for building and maintenance of railroad tracks throughout the Netherlands. Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways) or NS, is the principal passenger Railway operating company in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, ProRail is a government task organisation that takes care of maintenance and extensions of the national railway network infrastructure (not the metro [40]

Bus transport

Utrecht Central railway station also operates as the main local and regional bus station. [41] The bus network of Utrecht includes

The Utrecht Central railway station is also frequented by the pan-European Eurolines bus company. Eurolines is a coach (long distance bus organisation operating international bus routes within Europe to over 500 destinations in over 25 countries Furthermore, it acts as departure and arrival place of many coach companies serving holiday resorts in Spain and France and during winter in Austria and Switzerland. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation [42]

Other transport

Roads

Utrecht is well connected to the main roads in the Netherlands. Two of the most important major roads cross near Utrecht: The A12 [The Hague - Arnhem - Germany] and the A2 [Amsterdam - Maastricht]. Other roads are the A27 [Almere - Breda] and the A28 [Utrecht - Groningen]. [43] Due to the increasing traffic, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht. This has led to the city being seriously contaminated with particulate dust. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas [44]

Shipping

Utrecht also has a medium-sized industrial port, located on the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, which is connected to the Rhine river. The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal or Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal is a Canal in the Netherlands that was built to connect the port city of Amsterdam to the The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge [45] The CTU container terminal has a capacity of 80,000 containers a year. In 2003, the port facilitated the transport of four million tons of cargo; mostly sand, gravel, fertilizer, and fodder. [46]

Additionally some touristic boat trips are organised from various places on the Oudegracht. [47]

Economy

The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. Production industry has a relatively small influence in Utrecht. Rabobank, a large bank has its headquarters in Utrecht. Rabobank (Coöperatieve Centrale Raiffeisen-Boerenleenbank BA

Utrecht is the center of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways). Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways) or NS, is the principal passenger Railway operating company in the Netherlands. NS's former head office 'De Inktpot' in Utrecht is the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" gracing its facade stems from an art program in 2000). The building is currently used by ProRail. In the Netherlands, ProRail is a government task organisation that takes care of maintenance and extensions of the national railway network infrastructure (not the metro

A large indoor shopping center called Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between the central railway station and the city center. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors The corridors have been considered public places like streets, and the main route from station to city center is therefore open all night. A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all citizens regardless of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age or Over the next 20 years (counting from 2004), parts of Hoog Catharijne will disappear as a consequence of the renovation of the Station-area[1]. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated.

At the west side of the central railway station can be found the Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centers of the Netherlands. Conference centre redirects here For the conference facility in Salt Lake City Utah that is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day

One of Europe's biggest used car markets is located in the Voordorp district. Voordorp is a District in the North East of the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands. It is open every Tuesday except on official holidays. With thousands of second-hand vehicles on sale the market is a special point of interest for customers from Eastern European countries who even organize special one-way bus tours for shopping there.

Education

View on the Uithof campus of Utrecht University
View on the Uithof campus of Utrecht University

Utrecht is well known for its institutions of higher eduction. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. Utrecht University ( Universiteit Utrecht in Dutch) is a University in Utrecht, The Netherlands. 1636), the largest university of The Netherlands with 26,787 students (as of 2004). The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The University is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, on the east of the city. De Uithof is the campus area of the Utrecht University and the University of Professional Education Utrecht. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2007 it is the 42nd best university in the world. Shanghai Jiao Tong University ( abbreviated Jiao Da (交大 or SJTU) located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most influential universities [48] Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistics (estimated at a few hundred students).

Utrecht is home of one of the locations of TiasNimbas, focused on post-experience management education and the largest management school of its kind in The Netherlands. In 2007, its executive MBA program was rated the 11th best progam in the world by the Financial Times. The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines [49]

Utrecht is also home to two other large institutions of higher education: the Hogeschool Utrecht (30,000 students), with locations in the city and the Uithof campus, and the HKU Utrecht School of the Arts (3,000 students). The Utrecht University of Applied Sciences ( Hogeschool Utrecht, HU is a Vocational University. The Utrecht School of the Arts ( HKU — Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Utrecht Dutch) is a Performing arts and Visual arts educational

There are many schools for primary and secondary education; allowing for different philosophies and religions as is inherent in the Dutch school system. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil There is some concern about segregation in the primary schools (which is a common problem in many large cities in the Netherlands). This is caused by Dutch parents wanting to send their children to schools with a large proportion of other Dutch children, ending in a spiral where schools with a large proportion of immigrant children attract fewer and fewer Dutch children.

Culture

Miffy statue at the Nijntjepleintje in Utrecht.
Miffy statue at the Nijntjepleintje in Utrecht.

Utrecht city has an active cultural life, in the Netherlands second only to Amsterdam[5]. Utrecht aims to become cultural capital of Europe in 2018. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its [50]

There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theater was built by Dudok. Willem Marinus Dudok ( July 6 1884, Amsterdam - April 6 1974, Hilversum) was a Dutch modernist Architect Besides theates there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the Netherlands Film Festival. The Netherlands Film Festival ( Nederlands Film Festival) is an annual Film festival, held in September and October of each year in the city of Utrecht The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger), which acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th century original music halls. Herman Hertzberger is a Dutch Architect, born in Amsterdam in 1932 Young musicians are educated in the conservatory (a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts). A university school of music or college of music, or academy of music or conservatoire ( French, but used in British English) &mdash The Utrecht School of the Arts ( HKU — Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Utrecht Dutch) is a Performing arts and Visual arts educational There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments. The National Museum van Speelklok tot Pierement is a museum in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Located at the OudeGracht is the rock club Tivoli (which has a second location just outside the centre). There are several other venues for music throughout the city.

There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art, and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Utrecht School of the Arts ( HKU — Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Utrecht Dutch) is a Performing arts and Visual arts educational The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy. The Centraal Museum is a Museum in Utrecht, The Netherlands. The museum was founded in 1838 Dick Bruna (b August 23, 1927, Utrecht, The Netherlands) is an author artist illustrator and Graphic designer. Miffy is a Picture book character in the form of a small female Rabbit drawn by Dick Bruna.

Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites. The Rietveld Schröder House ( Dutch: Rietveld Schröderhuis) (also known as the Schröder House) in Utrecht was built in 1924 by Dutch A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

1924 Rietveld Schröder House
1924 Rietveld Schröder House

To involve the city population as a whole (rather than the elite alone) in the cultural riches of the city, Utrecht city, in collaboration with the different cultural organisations, regularly organise cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. Furthermore there are many initiatives for amateur artists; e. An amateur is generally considered a person attached to a particular pursuit study or science without formal training or pay g. in the performing arts, painting and sculpture. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the University for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.

Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered FC Utrecht is a Dutch football club founded on July 1, 1970. It was a merger of three clubs from the city of Utrecht: DOS Elinkwijk The New Galgenwaard Stadium was opened in 1982 At the time it was one of the most modern stadiums in the world especially due to the moat around the pitch It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub of The Netherlands (4. 500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.

Museums

Utrecht has several smaller and larger museums. Many of those are located in the eastern part of the old town, which is called MuseumQuarter.

Famous people from Utrecht

Birth place of Adrian Dedel, later Pope Adrian VI
Birth place of Adrian Dedel, later Pope Adrian VI
Main article: List of people from Utrecht
See also the category People from Utrecht

Over the ages famous people have been born and raised in Utrecht. Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of List of Famous people from Utrecht (city Pope Adrian VI - head of the Catholic Church Anton Reinhard Falck - politician and lawyer Among the most famous Utrechters are:

Twin cities

Utrecht has town twinning agreements with the following:

See also

External links

Maps

References

  1. ^ Staatscourant (2007). Pope Adrian VI ( Utrecht, March 2, 1459 &ndash September 14, 1523) born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, son of In Meteorology, Buys Ballot's law may be expressed as follows In the Northern Hemisphere, stand with your back to the Wind; the low pressure Theo van Doesburg ( Utrecht, August 30, 1883 &ndash Davos, March 7, 1931) was a Dutch artist practicing in For the album by The White Stripes see De Stijl (album. De Stijl (in English, generally də ˈstaɪl after style; from the Gerrit Thomas Rietveld ( June 24, 1888 – June 26, 1964) was a Dutch Furniture Designer and Architect For the album by The White Stripes see De Stijl (album. De Stijl (in English, generally də ˈstaɪl after style; from the Dick Bruna (b August 23, 1927, Utrecht, The Netherlands) is an author artist illustrator and Graphic designer. Miffy is a Picture book character in the form of a small female Rabbit drawn by Dick Bruna. León is the second largest City in Nicaragua, after Managua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Brno ( IPA:; Brünn is the second-largest City in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Kinshasa (formerly French: Léopoldville, formerly Dutch: Leopoldstad, German: Leopoldstadt) is the Capital The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This is a list of mayors of Utrecht since the end of the Napoleonic occupation in 1813. The city of Utrecht and the surrounding cities villages and townships form an Agglomeration in the middle of The Netherlands. Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country Ondiep is a working-class district in northwest Utrecht, Netherlands, between the river Vecht and Amsterdamsestraatweg street Kerngegevens gemeente Utrecht. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  2. ^ CBS statline (2007). Gemiddelde bevolking per regio naar leeftijd en geslacht / Gebieden in Nederland 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  3. ^ in Dutch Aartsbisdom Utrecht. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  4. ^ in Dutch Katholiek Nederland. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  5. ^ a b Gemeente Utrecht. Utrecht Monitor 2007 (in Dutch). Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j de Bruin, R. E. ; T. J. Hoekstra, A. Pietersma (1999). Twintig eeuwen Utrecht, korte geschiedenis van de stad (Dutch). Utrecht, the Netherlands: SPOU & Het Utrechts Archief. ISBN 90-5479-040-7.  
  7. ^ History of Utrecht. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  8. ^ van der Tuuk, Luit (2005). "Denen in Dorestad", in Ria van der Eerden, et al. : Jaarboek Oud Utrecht 2005, Jaarboek Oud Utrecht (in Dutch). Utrecht: SPOU, 5-40. ISBN 90-7108-244.  
  9. ^ Janssen, H. P. H. (2002). Geschiedenis van de Middeleeuwen, 12th (in Dutch), Utrecht: Aula, 289-296. ISBN 90-274-5377-2.  
  10. ^ Stöver, R. J. (1997). De Salvator- of Oudmunsterkerk te Utrecht, Stichtingsmonument van het bisdom Utrecht (in Dutch).  
  11. ^ Janskerk Informatie. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  12. ^ Sint Pieterskerk Utrecht. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  13. ^ Haverkate, H. M. (1985). Een kerk van papier. De geschiedenis van de voormalige Mariakerk te Utrecht (in Dutch).  
  14. ^ Broer, C. J. C. (2000). Uniek in de stad. De oudste geschiedenis van de kloostergemeenschap op de Hohorst sinds 1050 de Sint-Paulusabdij te Utrecht (in Dutch).  
  15. ^ Karel V (in Dutch). Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  16. ^ Jacobikerk. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  17. ^ Nicolaikerk. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  18. ^ Geertekerk - Remonstrantse Gemeente Utrecht. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  19. ^ De Utrechtse Werven (Dutch). Gemeente Utecht. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  20. ^ All other canal cities in The Netherlands (such as Leiden, Amsterdam and Delft) have the water in canals bordering directly to the road surface
  21. ^ Historic wharf photos from the Utrecht City Archive. Utrecht City Archive. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  22. ^ The term Utrechtenaar has become a profane expression for homosexual after the 1730-31 sodomy trials, and has fallen into disuse since. This distinction, however, is not always known by Dutch speakers from outside the region, who may use the term Utrechtenaar without being aware of the specific connotation.
  23. ^ a b c d Gemeente Utrecht. [hhttp://www. utrecht. nl/images/Secretarie/Bestuursinformatie/Publicaties2007/Bevolkingspublicatie2007. pdf Bevolkingspublicatie 2007]. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
  24. ^ Gemeente Utrecht. Stad in Cijfers. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  25. ^ CBS statline (2007). Gemiddelde bevolking per regio naar leeftijd en geslacht / Gebieden in Nederland 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  26. ^ http://www.domtoren.nl
  27. ^ Symposium over hoogbouw in Utrecht, bron: Stichting Hoogbouw - architectenweb.nl
  28. ^ Rabobank Groep
  29. ^ www. bellevanzuijlen. nl/
  30. ^ Utrecht.nl - Cultuurhistorie en Monumenten - De Utrechtse werven
  31. ^ Utrecht.nl - Wijksite Binnenstad - De wijk Binnenstad
  32. ^ Utrecht
  33. ^ Historische Atlas van de stad Utrecht. ISBN 90-8506-189-X
  34. ^ Wandelplatform-LAW. Waterliniepad (in Dutch) 1st edition, 2004. ISBN 90-71068-61-7
  35. ^ http://www.kerkenkijken.nl/
  36. ^ http://www.ns.nl/www.ns.nl/pdf/NS_Jaarverslag2007_Klein.pdf
  37. ^ Ns Internet
  38. ^ Ns Internet
  39. ^ UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Netherlands > Utrecht Sneltram / Light Rail
  40. ^ http://www.ns.nl/servlet/Satellite?x=0&y=0&searchkey=hoofdkanto&pagename=www.ns.nl%2Fgeneric%2FFAQWrapper
  41. ^ Utrecht.nl - Station area Utrecht - Facelift Utrecht Bus station
  42. ^ Travelling to (and inside) Utrecht
  43. ^ http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/
  44. ^ MNP rapport 500037008 Fijn stof nader bekeken
  45. ^ Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, or Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal (canal, The Netherlands) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  46. ^ Container Terminal Utrecht
  47. ^ http://vareninutrecht.nl/index.php?page=lp_rondvaart_utrecht http://www.schuttevaer.com/ http://www.inutrechtuit.nl/leuk_en_doen/lovers_rondvaart.html
  48. ^ ARWU. ARWU2007-Top 500 World Universities. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  49. ^ Financial Times. FT.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  50. ^ Ublad Online > Peter de Haan promoot Utrecht als culturele hoofdstad van Europa
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