Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders; they may hold one of the following medical degrees, either (MD, MBBS, MBChB, etc) or (DO) degree. Medical education A medical school or faculty of medicine is a Tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches Medicine The organs covered by urology include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis). The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles In human Anatomy, the ureters are muscular ducts that propel Urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary bladder. In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the In Anatomy, the urethra (from Greek ουρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the Urinary bladder to the outside of The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male The epididymis is part of the Human Male Reproductive system and is present in all male Mammals It is a narrow tightly-coiled Tube The vas deferens (plural vasa deferentia also called ductus deferens, ( Latin: "carrying-away vessel" is part of the Male Anatomy The seminal vesicles ( glandulae vesiculosae) are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the Urinary bladder of males The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a The penis (plural penises, penes

In men, the urinary system overlaps with the reproductive system, and in women the urinary tract opens into the vulva. The reproductive system is a system of organs within an Organism which work together for the purpose of Reproduction. The vulva (from Latin, vulva, plural vulvae or vulvas; see etymology) is the region of the external genital organs In both sexes, the urinary and reproductive tracts are close together, and disorders of one often affect the other. Urology combines management of medical (i. e. , non-surgical) problems such as urinary infections, and surgical problems such as the correction of congenital abnormalities and the surgical management of cancers. A urinary tract infection ( UTI) is a bacterial Infection that affects any part of the Urinary tract. Such abnormalities within the genital region are called genitourinary disorders.

Urology is closely related to, and in some cases overlaps with, the medical fields of nephrology, andrology, gynecology, proctology and oncology. Nephrology (from Greek nephros, " Kidney " and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit See also Reproductive health Andrology (from Greek grc ἀνήρ anēr, Genitive grc ἀνδρός andros, "man" Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus Proctology is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the Rectum or Anus. Oncology is the branch of medicine that studies Tumors ( Cancer) and seeks to understand their development diagnosis treatment and prevention

Contents 1 Branches of urology 2 References 3 Further reading 4 See also 5 External links

Branches of urology

As a discipline that involves the study of many organs and physiological systems, urology can be broken down into subfields. Many urologists, particularly those involved in research, choose an informal specialization in a particular field of urology.

• Neurourology concerns nervous system control of the genitourinary system, and of conditions causing abnormal urination. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself Urination, also known as micturition, voiding, and more rarely emiction, is the process of disposing Urine from the Urinary bladder Neurological diseases and disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury can disrupt the lower urinary tract and result in conditions such as urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, urinary retention, and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Multiple sclerosis (abbreviated MS also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata) is an autoimmune condition in which the Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Spinal cord injury causes myelopathy or damage to white matter or myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain Urinary incontinence ( UI) is any involuntary leakage of Urine. Overactive bladder (OAB is a Urological condition defined by a set of symptoms "urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to Urinate. Less marked neurological abnormalities can cause urological disorders as well -- for example, abnormalities of the sensory nervous system are thought by many researchers to play a role in disorders of painful or frequent urination (e. g. interstitial cystitis). Interstitial cystitis (commonly abbreviated to "IC" is a Urinary bladder Disease of unknown cause characterised by urinary frequency (as often as every ^[1] Urodynamic studies play an important diagnostic role in neurourology; urologists often use diagnostic techniques such as flow cystometry or ambulatory urodynamic profiles to determine the best method of treatment for the patient. Urodynamics is the investigation of functional disorders of the lower urinary tract i Medical therapy for nervous system disorders includes drugs that target the nervous system and neuromodulation. In neuroscience neuromodulation is the process in which several classes of Neurotransmitters in the nervous system regulate diverse populations of Neurons (one

• Pediatric urology concerns urologic disorders in children. Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics) is the branch of Medicine that deals with the medical care of Infants Children and Adolescents CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder Such disorders include enuresis, hypospadias, vesicoureteral reflux, and hydronephrosis. Urinary incontinence ( UI) is any involuntary leakage of Urine. Hypospadias is a Birth defect of the Urethra in the Male that involves an abnormally placed Urinary meatus (opening Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR is an abnormal movement of Urine from the bladder into Ureters or Kidneys Urine normally travels from the kidneys Hydronephrosis is distention and Dilation of the Renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by Obstruction of the free flow of

• Urologic oncology concerns malignant genitourinary diseases such as prostate cancer, bladder cancer, testicular cancer and penile cancer. Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the Urinary bladder. Testicular cancer is Cancer that develops in the Testicles a part of the Male reproductive system Penile cancer is a malignant growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the Penis.

Other subfields of urology include stone disease, sexual dysfunction and male infertility. A calculus is a stone (a Concretion of material usually mineral salts that forms in an organ or duct of the body Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also Sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the Sexual act (which includes desire, Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception.

References

Further reading

• Contemporary Urology - a monthly magazine

See also

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Bladder stones
• Bladder cancer
• Cystitis
• Development of the urinary and reproductive organs
• Interstitial Cystitis
• Kidney stones
• Medical specialty
• Prostatitis
• Prostate cancer
• Retrograde pyelogram
• URobotics: New technologies in Urology
• Uroscopy
• Vasectomy

External links

• Brady Urological Institute - Urology at Johns Hopkins
• Uroportal International
• Urosource - Bridging the gap between Science & Practice News portal for urology professionals offering conference reports, online abstracts, surgical video's and news. Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH) also known as nodular hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy (technically a misnomer or benign enlargement of Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the Urinary bladder. Cystitis is Inflammation of the Urinary bladder. The condition more often affects women but can affect either sex and all age groups The development of the urinary and reproductive organs as a part of the Prenatal development, concerns the Urinary system and Sex organs. Interstitial cystitis (commonly abbreviated to "IC" is a Urinary bladder Disease of unknown cause characterised by urinary frequency (as often as every Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form A specialty in Medicine is a branch of medical science other than General practice. Prostatitis is an Inflammation of the Prostate gland in men A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits Retrograde Pyelogram is a Urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the Ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney Urology Robotics, or URobotics, is a new interdisciplinary field for the application of robots in urology and for the development of such systems and novel technologies in this Uroscopy is the historic medical practice of visually examining a patient's Urine for Pus, Blood, or other symptoms of disease Vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vasa deferentia of a man are cut for the purpose of sterilization.
• A Journal for Urologists
• American Urological Association 15,000-member professional association for urologists. Annual meeting in May.
• European Association of Urology The EAU represents over 16,000 urological professionals across Europe and organises more than 25 meetings & courses each year

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