Urea
IUPAC name	Diaminomethanal
Other names	Carbamide
Identifiers
CAS number	[57-13-6]
SMILES	NC(=O)N
Properties
Molecular formula	(NH2)2CO
Molar mass	60. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 07 g/mol
Appearance	white odourless solid
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 33·10³ kg/m³[1], solid
Melting point	132. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 7 °C (406 K) decomposes
Boiling point	n. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid a.
Solubility in water	108 g/100 ml (20 °C) 167 g/100 ml (40 °C) 251 g/100 ml (60 °C) 400 g/100 ml (80 °C) 733 g/100 ml (100 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	26. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 9
Basicity (pKb)	13. 82
Structure
Dipole moment	4. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 56 p/D
Hazards
MSDS	ScienceLab.com
Main hazards	Toxic
NFPA 704	1 2
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH₂)₂CO. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

Urea is also known by the International Nonproprietary Name (rINN) carbamide, as established by the World Health Organization. An International Nonproprietary Name ( INN; also known as rINN, for recommended International Nonproprietary Name or pINN for proposed For example, the medicinal compound hydroxyurea (old British Approved Name) is now hydroxycarbamide. Hydroxyurea or hydroxycarbamide (the latter being the recommended International Nonproprietary Name) is an Antineoplastic drug used in hematological Other names include carbamide resin, isourea, carbonyl diamide, and carbonyldiamine.

Contents 1 Discovery 2 Structure 3 Physiology 3.1 Endogenous production 3.2 Function 3.2.1 In humans 3.2.1.1 Regulation 3.2.2 Non-humans 4 Hazards 5 Synthetic production 5.1 Commercial production 6 Uses 6.1 Agricultural use 6.1.1 Storage of urea fertilizer 6.2 Industrial use 6.3 Further commercial uses 6.4 Laboratory use 6.5 Medical use 6.6 Textile use 6.7 Ionic liquid 7 Ureas 8 Reactions 9 References 10 External links

Discovery

It was the first organic compound to be artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler, who prepared it by the reaction of potassium cyanate with ammonium sulfate. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 - 23 September 1882 was a German Chemist, best-known for his synthesis of Urea, but also the first to isolate several Ammonium sulfate, (NH42SO4 is an inorganic chemical compound commonly used as a fertilizer Although Wöhler was attempting to prepare ammonium cyanate, by forming urea, he inadvertently discredited vitalism, the theory that the chemicals of living organisms are fundamentally different from inanimate matter, thus starting the discipline of organic chemistry. Vitalism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation

This discovery prompted Wöhler to write triumphantly to Berzelius:

"I must tell you that I can make urea without the use of kidneys, either man or dog. Ammonium cyanate is urea. "

It is found in mammalian and amphibian urine as well as in some fish. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, comprising a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.

Structure

Urea is highly soluble in water and is, therefore, an efficient way for the human body to expel excess nitrogen. Due to extensive hydrogen bonding with water (up to six hydrogen bonds may form - two from the oxygen atom and one from each hydrogen) urea is very soluble.

The urea molecule is planar and retains its full molecular point symmetry, due to conjugation of one of each nitrogen's P orbital to the carbonyl double bond. Each carbonyl oxygen atom accepts four N-H-O hydrogen bonds, a very unusual feature for such a bond type. This dense (and energetically favourable) hydrogen bond network is probably established at the cost of efficient molecular packing: The structure is quite open, the ribbons forming tunnels with square cross-section.

Physiology

Endogenous production

Main article: urea cycle

The individual atoms that make up a urea molecule come from carbon dioxide, water, aspartate, and ammonia in a metabolic pathway known as the urea cycle, an anabolic process. The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animals that produces Urea ( N[[hydrogen Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Aspartic acid (abbreviated as Asp or D; Asx or B represent either aspartic acid or Asparagine) is an α- Amino acid Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor In Biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animals that produces Urea ( N[[hydrogen Anabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units Organisms synthesize urea from ammonia because ammonia (a common metabolic waste product) raises pH in cells to toxic levels. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Therefore, urea synthesis is necessary even though it costs energy to produce. Urea is neither acidic nor basic, so it is a perfect vehicle for getting rid of nitrogen waste. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Urea production occurs in the liver and is regulated by N-acetylglutamate. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals N-Acetylglutamic acid (abbreviated NAcGlu is biosynthesized from Glutamic acid and Acetyl-CoA by the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase.

In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea, while L-ornithine, citrulline, L-argininosuccinate, and L-arginine act as intermediates. Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Aspartic acid (abbreviated as Asp or D; Asx or B represent either aspartic acid or Asparagine) is an α- Amino acid Ornithine is an Amino acid which plays a role in the Urea cycle. The Organic compound citrulline is an α- Amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for Watermelon, from which Argininosuccinic acid is a Chemical compound which is a basic Amino acid. Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) is an α- Amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids

Function

In humans

Urea is, in essence, a waste product. However, it also plays a very important role in that it helps set up the countercurrent system in the nephrons. Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism used to transfer some property of a Fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a Semipermeable membrane or thermally-conductive A nephron (from Greek νεφρός (nephros meaning "kidney" is the basic structural and functional unit of the Kidney. The countercurrent system in the nephrons allows for reabsorption of water and critical ions. Urea is reabsorbed in the inner medullary collecting ducts of the nephrons^[2], thus raising the osmolarity in the medullary interstitium surrounding the thin ascending limb of the Loop of Henle. The collecting duct system of the Kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the Nephrons to the Ureter. Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per Liter of solution while the osmolality is a measure of the osmoles of Solute per Kilogram Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals In the Kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of the Nephron that leads from the Proximal convoluted tubule to the Distal convoluted tubule The greater the osmolarity of the medullary interstitium surrounding the thin ascending Loop of Henle, the more water will be reabsorbed out of the renal tubule back into the interstitium (and thus back into the body). Some of the urea from the meduallary interstitium that helped set up the Countercurrent System will also flow back into the tubule, through urea transporter 2, into the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle, through the collecting ducts, and eventually out of the body as a component of urine. An urea transporter is a Membrane transport protein, transporting Urea. As the filtrate passes back up the thin ascending limb of loop of Henle, the concentration of the surrounding medulla decreases

It is dissolved in blood (in a concentration of 2. 5 - 7. 5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney as a component of urine. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in sweat. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a

Regulation

Main article: renal urea handling

Control of urea by antidiuretic hormone allows the body to create hyperosmotic urine (urine that has more ions in it--is "more concentrated"--than that same person's blood plasma). Renal urea handling is the part of Renal physiology that deals with the Reabsorption and Secretion of Urea. Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Tonicity is a measure of blood capacity or effective osmolality in cell Biology. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Preventing the loss of water in this manner is important if the person's body needs to save water in order to maintain a suitable blood pressure or (more likely,) in order to maintain a suitable concentration of sodium ions in the blood plasma. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22

Non-humans

Most organisms have to deal with the excretion of nitrogen waste originating from protein and amino acid catabolism. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this For the related metabolic process see Anabolism. Catabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways which break down molecules into In aquatic organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, while land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or uric acid. Marine biology is the scientific study of living Organisms in the Ocean or other marine or Brackish bodies of water Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 In general, birds and saurian reptiles excrete uric acid, whereas the remaining species, including mammals, excrete urea. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Sauria is a Clade of reptiles that includes all living Diapsids as well as their Common ancestor and all its extinct descendants Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands It is noteworthy that tadpoles excrete ammonia, and shift to urea production during metamorphosis. A tadpole or polliwog (also pollywog, polliwig, polewig, or polwig) is the wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of Metamorphosis is a Biological process by which an Animal physically develops after Birth or hatching involving a conspicuous and relatively

Despite the generalization above, the pathway has been documented not only in mammals and amphibians but in many other organisms as well, including birds, invertebrates, insects, plants, yeast, fungi, and even microorganisms. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic Microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1500 Species currently described A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually

Hazards

Urea can be irritating to skin and eyes. Too high concentrations in the blood can cause damage to organs of the body. Low concentrations of urea such as in urine are not dangerous. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra.

It has been found that urea can cause algal blooms to produce toxins, and urea in runoff from fertilizers may play a role in the increase of toxic blooms. An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of Algae in an aquatic system ^[3]

Repeated or prolonged contact with urea in fertilizer form on the skin may cause dermatitis. The substance also irritates the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract. The substance decomposes on heating above melting point, producing toxic gases, and reacts violently with strong oxidants, nitrites, inorganic chlorides, chlorites and perchlorates, causing fire and explosion hazard

Synthetic production

Urea is a nitrogen-containing chemical product that is produced on a scale of some 100,000,000 tons per year worldwide.

For use in industry, urea is produced from synthetic ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Urea can be produced as prills, granules, flakes, pellets, crystals, and solutions. A prill is a small aggregate of a material most often a dry sphere formed from a melted liquid

More than 90% of world production is destined for use as a fertilizer. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use (46. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 7%). Therefore, it has the lowest transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment

Urea is highly soluble in water and is, therefore, also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e. The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 UAN is a Solution of Urea and Ammonium nitrate in water used as a fertilizer g. , in 'foliar feed' fertilizers.

Solid urea is marketed as prills or granules. The advantage of prills is that, in general, they can be produced more cheaply than granules, which, because of their narrower particle size distribution, have an advantage over prills if applied mechanically to the soil. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Properties such as impact strength, crushing strength, and free-flowing behaviour are, in particular, important in product handling, storage, and bulk transportation.

Commercial production

Urea is commercially produced from two raw materials, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the manufacture of ammonia from coal or from hydrocarbons such as natural gas and petroleum-derived raw materials. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. This allows direct synthesis of urea from these raw materials.

The production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide takes place in an equilibrium reaction, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. In a Chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the chemical activities or Concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change The various urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea formation takes place and the way in which unconverted reactants are further processed.

Unconverted reactants can be used for the manufacture of other products, for example ammonium nitrate or sulfate, or they can be recycled for complete conversion to urea in a total-recycle process. The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3

Two principal reactions take place in the formation of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The first reaction is exothermic:

2 NH₃ + CO₂ ↔ H₂N-COONH₄ (ammonium carbamate)

Whereas the second reaction is endothermic:

H₂N-COONH₄ ↔ (NH₂)₂CO + H₂O

Both reactions combined are exothermic.

The process, developed in 1922, is also called the Bosch-Meiser urea process after its discoverers. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]]

Uses

Agricultural use

Urea is used as a nitrogen-release fertilizer, as it hydrolyses back to ammonia and carbon dioxide, but its most common impurity, biuret, must be present at less than 2%, as it impairs plant growth. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Biuret is a condensation compound of Urea, equivalent to two molecules of urea less one of Ammonia. It is also used in many multi-component solid fertilizer formulations. Its action of nitrogen release is due to the conditions favouring the reagent side of the equilibriums, which produce urea.

Urea is usually spread at rates of between 40 and 300 kg/ha, but actual spreading rates will vary according to farm type and region. It is better to make several small to medium applications at intervals to minimise leaching losses and increase efficient use of the N applied, compared with single heavy applications. During summer, urea should be spread just before, or during rain to reduce possible losses from volatilisation (process wherein nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere as ammonia gas). Urea should not be mixed for any length of time with other fertilizers, as problems of physical quality may result.

Because of the high nitrogen concentration in urea, it is very important to achieve an even spread. The application equipment must be correctly calibrated and properly used. Drilling must not occur on contact with or close to seed, due to the risk of germination damage. Urea dissolves in water for application as a spray or through irrigation systems.

In grain and cotton crops, urea is often applied at the time of the last cultivation before planting. It should be applied into or be incorporated into the soil. In high rainfall areas and on sandy soils (where nitrogen can be lost through leaching) and where good in-season rainfall is expected, urea can be side- or top-dressed during the growing season. Top-dressing is also popular on pasture and forage crops. In cultivating sugarcane, urea is side-dressed after planting, and applied to each ratoon crop. Ratooning is a method sometimes used in Sugarcane Propagation.

In irrigated crops, urea can be applied dry to the soil, or dissolved and applied through the irrigation water. Urea will dissolve in its own weight in water, but it becomes increasingly difficult to dissolve as the concentration increases. Dissolving urea in water is endothermic, causing the temperature of the solution to fall when urea dissolves.

As a practical guide, when preparing urea solutions for fertigation (injection into irrigation lines), dissolve no more than 30 kg urea per 100 L water. Fertigation is the application of Fertilizers, Soil amendments, or other Water soluble products through an Irrigation system

In foliar sprays, urea concentrations of 0. 5% – 2. 0% are often used in horticultural crops. As urea sprays may damage crop foliage, specific advice should be sought before use. Low-biuret grades of urea should be used if urea sprays are to be applied regularly or to sensitive horticultural crops. Biuret is a condensation compound of Urea, equivalent to two molecules of urea less one of Ammonia.

Storage of urea fertilizer

Like most nitrogen products, urea absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. Therefore it should be stored either in closed/sealed bags on pallets, or, if stored in bulk, under cover with a tarpaulin. As with most solid fertilizers, it should also be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.

Industrial use

Urea has the ability to form 'loose compounds', called clathrates, with many organic compounds. The organic compounds are held in channels formed by interpenetrating helices comprising of hydrogen-bonded urea molecules. This behaviour can be used to separate mixtures, and has been used in the production of aviation fuel and lubricating oils. As the helices are interconnected, all helices in a crystal must have the same 'handedness'. This is determined when the crystal is nucleated and can thus be forced by seeding. This property has been used to separate racemic mixtures.

Further commercial uses

• A stabilizer in nitrocellulose explosives
• A reactant in the NO_x-reducing SNCR and SCR reactions in exhaust gases from combustion, for example, from power plants and diesel engines
• A component of fertilizer and animal feed, providing a relatively cheap source of nitrogen to promote growth
• A raw material for the manufacture of plastics, to be specific, urea-formaldehyde resin
• A raw material for the manufacture of various glues (urea-formaldehyde or urea-melamine-formaldehyde); the latter is waterproof and is used for marine plywood
• An alternative to rock salt in the deicing of roadways and runways; it does not promote metal corrosion to the extent that salt does
• An additive ingredient in cigarettes, designed to enhance flavour
• A browning agent in factory-produced pretzels
• An ingredient in some hair conditioners, facial cleansers, bath oils, and lotions
• A reactant in some ready-to-use cold compresses for first-aid use, due to the endothermic reaction it creates when mixed with water
• A cloud seeding agent, along with salts, to expedite the condensation of water in clouds, producing precipitation
• An ingredient used in the past to separate paraffins, due to the ability of urea to form clathrates (also called host-guest complexes, inclusion compounds, and adducts)
• A flame-proofing agent (commonly used in dry chemical fire extinguishers as Urea-potassium bicarbonate)
• An ingredient in many tooth whitening products
• A cream to soften the skin, especially cracked skin on the bottom of one's feet
• An ingredient in dish soap. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric Selective Non Catalytic Reduction ( SNCR) is a method for reducing Nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn Biomass, waste Selective catalytic reduction ( SCR) is a means of converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as {{chem|NO|x}} with the aid of a Catalyst into Exhaust gas is Flue gas which occurs as a result of the Combustion of fuels such as Natural gas, Gasoline /petrol Diesel, Fuel Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Non-protein Nitrogen (or NPN is a term used in animal nutrition to refer collectively to components such as Urea, Biuret, and Ammonia, which are not proteins Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Urea-formaldehyde, also known as urea-methanal, named so for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure is a transparent thermosetting Resin A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured Flavor or flavour is the sensory impression of a Food or other substance, and is determined A pretzel is a bread pastry of German origin that has the shape of a three looped Knot or twisted braid A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. In Thermodynamics, the word endothermic "within-heating" describes a process or reaction that absorbs Energy in the form of Heat. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is the attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from Clouds by dispersing substances A clathrate or clathrate compound or cage compound is a Chemical substance consisting of a lattice of one type of molecule trapping Tooth bleaching, also known as tooth whitening, is a common procedure in general dentistry but most especially in the field of Cosmetic dentistry.
• To make potassium cyanate
• A melt agent used in re-surfacing snowboarding halfpipes and terrain park features

Laboratory use

Urea is a powerful protein denaturant. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Denaturation is a process in which Proteins or Nucleic acids lose their structure (tertiary structure by application of some external stress or compound for This property can be exploited to increase the solubility of some proteins. For this application, it is used in concentrations up to 10 M. The molar volume, symbol V m is the Volume occupied by one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) Urea is used to effectively disrupt the noncovalent bonds in proteins. Urea is an ingredient in the synthesis of urea nitrate. Urea nitrate is a fertilizer-based High explosive that has been used in Improvised explosive devices in Israel and Iraq Urea nitrate is also a high explosive very similar to ammonium nitrate, however it may even be more powerful because of its complexity. VOD is 11,000 fps to 15,420 fps.

Medical use

Drug use

Urea is used in topical dermatological products to promote rehydration of the skin. Dermatology (from Greek grc δέρμα derma, "skin" and grc -λογία -logia) is a branch of Medicine dealing with Rehydration is the replenishment of Water, or water and Electrolytes lost through Dehydration. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant If covered by an occlusive dressing, 40% urea preparations may also be used for nonsurgical debridement of nails. An occlusive dressing is an air- and water-tight trauma dressing used in First aid. Debridement is a medical term referring to the removal of Dead, damaged or Infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining A nail is a horn -like structure at the end of an animal's Finger or Toe. This drug is also used as an earwax removal aid.

Clinical diagnosis

Main article: blood urea nitrogen

The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. It is used as a marker of renal function. Renal function, in Nephrology, is an indication of the state of the Kidney and its role in Renal physiology.

Other diagnostic use

Isotopically-labeled urea (carbon-14 - radioactive, or carbon-13 - stable isotope) is used in the urea breath test, which is used to detect the presence of the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a Radioactive isotope of Carbon discovered on February 27, 1940, by Carbon-13 ( 13C) is a natural stable Isotope of Carbon and one of the Environmental isotopes. The urea breath test is a rapid diagnostic procedure used to identify Infections by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral Bacterium implicated Helicobacter pylori ( is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic Bacterium that inhabits various areas of the stomach and Duodenum. pylori) in the stomach and duodenum of humans. The test detects the characteristic enzyme urease, produced by H. Urease ( is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Urea into Carbon dioxide and Ammonia. pylori, by a reaction that produces ammonia from urea. This increases the pH (reduces acidity) of the stomach environment around the bacteria. Similar bacteria species to H. pylori can be identified by the same test in animals such as apes, dogs, and cats (including big cats). The term big cat is used to distinguish the larger cat species from smaller ones

Textile use

Urea in textile laboratories are frequently used both in dyeing and printing as an important auxiliary, which provides solubility to the bath and retains some moisture required for the dyeing or printing process.

Ionic liquid

Choline chloride, in mixture with urea, is used as a deep eutectic solvent, a type of ionic liquid. Choline chloride or 2-hydroxy-NNN-trimethylethanaminium chloride is an Organic compound and a Quaternary ammonium Salt. A deep eutectic solvent or DES is a type of ionic Solvent with special properties composed of a mixture which forms a Eutectic with a Melting An ionic liquid is a liquid that contains essentially only ions Some ionic liquids such as Ethylammonium nitrate are in a dynamic equilibrium where at any time more

Ureas

The term urea or carbamide is also used for the class of chemical compounds sharing the same functional group RR'N-CO-NRR' based on a carbonyl group flanked by two organic amine residues. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. They can be accessed in the laboratory by reaction of phosgene with primary or secondary amines. Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Example of ureas are the compounds carbamide peroxide, allantoin, and Hydantoin. Carbamide peroxide, also called urea peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, and percarbamide, is an oxidising agent consisting of Hydrogen peroxide Allantoin is a chemical compound with formula C4H6N4O3 It is also called 5-ureidohydantoin or glyoxyldiureide Hydantoin, which is also known as glycolylurea, is a Heterocyclic Organic compound that can be thought of as a cyclic "double- Condensation reaction Ureas are closely related to biurets and related in structure to amides, carbamates, diimides, carbodiimides, and thiocarbamides. Biuret is a condensation compound of Urea, equivalent to two molecules of urea less one of Ammonia. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized Carbamates, or Urethanes are a group of Organic compounds sharing a common Functional group with the general structure -NH(COO- A carbodiimide is a Functional group consisting of the formula N=C=N Thiourea is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Hydrogen, with the formula C[[Sulfur S]]

Reactions

Urea reacts with alcohols to form urethanes. Urea reacts with malonic esters to make barbituric acids. Malonic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a Dicarboxylic acid with structure C[[hydrogen H]]2( Barbituric acid or malonylurea or 4-hydroxyuracil is an Organic compound based on a Pyrimidine Heterocyclic skeleton

References

External links

• MSDS sheet on urea
• Use of urea in hand dyeing

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