Urdu اُردو
Pronunciation:	[ˈʊrd̪uː]
Spoken in:	Pakistan, India
Region:	South Asia[1]
Total speakers:	130 million native (2007) 270 million total (2007)
Ranking:	19–21 (native speakers), in a near tie with Italian and Turkish
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Indo-Aryan    Central zone     Western Hindi[2]      Khariboli       Urdu
Writing system:	Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script)
Official status
Official language in:	Pakistan ;  India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh);  Fiji (as Hindustani)
Regulated by:	National Language Authority, (Pakistan); National Council for Promotion of Urdu language, (India)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	ur
ISO 639-2:	urd
ISO 639-3:	urd
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 ( SIL estimate languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the Hindi (in the broad sense is a Dialect continuum of the Indic language family in the northern plains of India bounded on the northwest and west by Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Urdu alphabet is the Right to left Alphabet used for the Urdu language. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The National Language Authority ( Muqtadra Qaumi Zaban; Urdu: مقتدرہ قومی زبان (or Urdu Language Authority is an Autonomous ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Urdu (pronunciation (help·info), اردو, trans. Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is an Indo-Aryan language^[3][2] of the Indo-Iranian branch, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages It developed under Persian and to a lesser degree Arabic and Turkic influence on apabhramshas during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most ^[4]

Urdu is a standardised register of Hindustani,^[5][6][7] termed the standard dialect Khariboli. In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi ^[7] The grammatical description in this article concerns this standard Urdu. In general, the term "Urdu" can encompass dialects of Hindustani other than the standardised versions.

Standard Urdu has approximately the twentieth largest population of native speakers, among all languages. It is the national language of Pakistan as well as one of the 23 official languages of India. A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Urdu is often contrasted with Hindi, another standardised form of Hindustani. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering ^[8] The main differences between the two are that Standard Urdu is conventionally written in Nastaliq calligraphy style of the Perso-Arabic script and draws vocabulary more heavily from Persian and Arabic than Hindi,^[9] while Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devanāgarī and draws vocabulary from Sanskrit comparatively^[10] more heavily. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[6] Some linguists nonetheless consider Urdu and Hindi to be two standardized forms of the same language;^[11][12] however, others classify them separately due to sociolinguistic differences. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used ^[13]

Contents 1 Speakers and geographic distribution 2 Official status 3 Classification and related languages 4 Dialects 5 Phonology 6 Grammar 7 Levels of formality 7.1 Politeness 8 Vocabulary 9 Writing system 10 Software 10.1 Transliteration In English 11 Examples 11.1 Sample text 11.1.1 Urdu text 11.1.2 Transliteration (ALA-LC) 11.1.3 IPA Transcription 11.1.4 Gloss (word-for-word) 11.1.5 Translation (grammatical) 12 Literature 12.1 Prose 12.1.1 Religious 12.1.2 Literary 12.2 Poetry 12.2.1 Terminology 12.2.2 Urdu poetry example 12.2.2.1 Transliteration 12.2.2.2 Translation 12.2.2.2.1 Deewan-e-Ghalib = 13 History 13.1 The name Urdu 14 Urdu and Hindi 15 Urdu and Bollywood 16 Footnotes 17 Dictionaries 18 References 19 See also 20 External links

Speakers and geographic distribution

See also: Languages of India and Languages of Pakistan

There are between 60 and 80 million native speakers of standard Urdu (Khari Boli). According to the SIL Ethnologue (1999 data), Hindi/Urdu is the fifth most spoken language in the world. SIL International (the official name of what was originally the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a worldwide U Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian ^[14] According to George Weber’s article Top Languages: The World’s 10 Most Influential Languages in Language Today, Hindi/Urdu is the fourth most spoken language in the world, with 4. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering 7 pecent of the world's population, after Mandarin, English, and Spanish. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[15]

Because of Urdu's similarity to Hindi, speakers of the two languages can usually understand one another, if both sides refrain from using specialized vocabulary. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Indeed, linguists sometimes count them as being part of the same language diasystem. In Linguistics, in the field of structural Dialectology, a diasystem is a single genetic Language which has two or more standard forms However, Urdu and Hindi are socio-politically different, and people who self-describe as being speakers of Hindi would question their being counted as native speakers of Urdu, and vice-versa.

In Pakistan, Urdu is spoken and understood by a majority of urban dwellers in such cities as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Abbottabad, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Multan, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Sukkur and Sargodha. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Abbottabad ( Pashto: ایبٹ آباد) is the principal city of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan ( is a city located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. Hyderabad (Pakistan may refer to Hyderabad Pakistan, the city in Sindh Hyderabad District (Pakistan Hyderabad Airport ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered Gujranwala ( is a city in Punjab, Pakistan with a population of 1132509 (1998 census Sialkot ( Urdu / Punjabi:) the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Sukkur ( Urdu:سکھر Sindhi:سکر formerly Aror ( Sanskrit: अरोड Urdu: اروڑ is the third largest Sargodha (Urduis a city located in Punjab province Pakistan. It is located in northeast Pakistan to the north-west of Lahore by the lower Jhelum Urdu is used as the official language in all provinces of Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and It is also taught as a compulsory language up to high school in both the English and Urdu medium school systems. This has produced millions of Urdu speakers whose mother tongue is one of the regional languages of Pakistan such as Punjabi, Hindku, Sindhi, Pashtu, Kashmiri, Gujarati, Balochi, Siraiki, and Brahui. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? Balochi (بلوچی also Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is The Brahui (Urdu spelling بروہی or Bravi (براوِ Language, spoken by the Brahui, is a Dravidian language mainly spoken in Urdu is the lingua franca of Pakistan and is absorbing many words from regional languages of Pakistan. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely The regional languages are also being influenced by Urdu vocabulary. There are millions of Pakistanis whose mother tongue is not Urdu but since they have studied in Urdu medium schools they can read and write Urdu but can only speak their mother tongue. Most of the nearly five million Afghan refugees of different ethnic origins (such as Pathan, Tajik, Uzbek, Hazarvi, and Turkmen) who stayed in Pakistan for over twenty-five years have also become fluent in Urdu. Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called The Uzbeks (Self designation sg O‘zbek, pl O‘zbeklar) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. This article is about the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. For the distinct group of Turk peoples of Iraq see Iraqi Turkmen. A very large number of newspapers are published in Urdu in Pakistan, including the Daily Jang, Nawa-i-Waqt, Millat, among many others (see List of newspapers in Pakistan). Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Daily Jang (روزنامہ جنگ is an Urdu Newspaper Nawa-i-Waqt ( Urdu: روزنامہ نواے وقت is an Urdu language daily Newspaper in Pakistan. Millat ( Gujarati: મલ્લત Urdu: ملت is a bilingual Gujarati and Urdu daily newspaper based in Karachi, English The News International Balochistan Post, Quetta Business Recorder

In India, Urdu is spoken in places where there are large Muslim minorities or cities which were bases for Muslim Empires in the past. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country These include parts of Uttar Pradesh (namely Lucknow), Delhi, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Mysore, Patna, Ajmer, and Ahmedabad. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Bhopāl ( Hindi: भोपाल bʰoːpɑːl, Marathi -भोपाळ is a city in central India. Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India Paṭnā ( Hindi: पटना is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited This article is about a city in central Rajasthan, for the historical region see Ajmer region. Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in ^[16] Some Indian schools teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabus and exams. Indian madrasahs also teach Arabic as well as Urdu. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language India has more than 29 daily Urdu newspapers. Newspapers such as Sahara Urdu Daily Salar, Hindustan Express, Daily Pasban, Siasat Daily, Munsif Daily and Inqilab are published and distributed in Bangalore, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai (see List of newspapers in India). Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Below is a list of Newspapers published in India. Assamese Language Aiir Dainik Batori Aji Assamese Daily

Outside South Asia, it is spoken by large numbers of migrant South Asian workers in the major urban centers of the Persian Gulf countries and Saudi Arabia. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of immigrants and their children in the major urban centers of the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Germany, Norway and Australia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Countries with large numbers of native Urdu speakers:

India (51,536,111 [2001], 5. 1%)[17] Pakistan (10,800,000 [1993], 7%)[18] United Kingdom (747,285 [2001], 1. English is the Official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the National language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 3%) [19] Bangladesh (650,000, 0. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially 4%)[20] United Arab Emirates (600,000, 13%) Saudi Arabia (382,000, 1. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi 5%)[21] Nepal (375,000, 1. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. 3%) United States (350,000, 0. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 1%) Afghanistan (320,000, 8%) South Africa (170,000 South Asian Muslims, some of which may speak Urdu)[22] Canada (156,415 [2006], 0. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 5%)[23] Oman (90,000, 2. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast 8%) Bahrain (80,000, 11. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf 3%) Mauritius (74,000, 5. Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République 6%) Qatar (70,000, 8%) Germany (40,000) Norway (27,700 [2006])[24] France (20,000) Spain (18,000 [2004])[25] Sweden (10,000 [2001])[26] World Total: 60,503,578[27]

From this list it becomes apparent that the largest relative concentration of native Urdu speakers isn't found in South Asia at all, but in minor Arab states (United Arab Emirates, Bahrain) where they exceed 10% of the total population. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf This is due to the large number of Pakistani and Indian migrants.

Official status

Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and is spoken and understood throughout the country. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and It shares official language status with English. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory It is used in education, literature, office and court business,^[28] media, and in religious institutions. Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels primary (grades one through five middle (grades six through eight high (grades nine and ten Pakistani literature, that is the Literature of Pakistan, as a distinct literature gradually came into being after Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority ( PEMRA) was established on 01 March, 2002 through an ordinance to induct the private sector into the It holds in itself a repository of the cultural and social heritage of the country. The society of Pakistan ( ثقافت پاکستان) comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups from the Punjabis and Sindhis in the east to the tribal cultures of the Baloch Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[29] Although English is used in most elite circles, and Punjabi has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the lingua franca in Pakistan. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely

Urdu is also one of the officially recognized languages in India^[30] and has official language status in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,^[31] Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh, and the national capital, Delhi. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population While the government school system in most other states emphasizes Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow, Aligarh and Hyderabad, Urdu is spoken, learned, and regarded as a language of prestige. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Aligarh ( Hindi: अलीगढ़ Urdu: علی گڑھ) is a city in Aligarh District in the northern Indian

Classification and related languages

Urdu is a member of the Indo-Aryan family of languages, which is in turn a branch of the Indo-Iranian group (which comprises the Indo-Aryan and the Iranian branches), which itself is a member of the Indo-European linguistic family. The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages Urdu (along with Hindi) is considered to be a part of a dialect continuum which extends across eastern Iran, Afghanistan and modern Pakistan^[32]—right into eastern India. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing These idioms all have similar grammatical structures and share a large portion of their vocabulary. Punjabi, for instance, is very similar to Urdu; Punjabi written in the Shahmukhi script can be understood by speakers of Urdu with little difficulty, but spoken Punjabi has a very different phonology (pronunciation system) and can be harder to understand for Urdu speakers. Shahmukhi (, Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ literally "from the King's mouth" is a local variant of the Arabic script Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning

Dialects

Urdu has four recognised dialects: Dakhini, Pinjari, Rekhta, and Modern Vernacular Urdu (based on the Khariboli dialect of the Delhi region). Dakhni, also known as Dakkhani, Deccani (Urdu دکنی is a dialect of the Urdu language, was spoken in the Deccan region of southern Rekhta ( Urdū /ur ریختہ Hindī: रेख़्ता rekhtā; Persian for mixed) is the highly Persianized form of Urdū a language Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi Sociolinguists also consider Urdu itself one of the four major variants of the Hindi-Urdu dialect continuum. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is ^[12]

Modern Vernacular Urdu is the form of the language that is least widespread and is spoken around Delhi and Lucknow while the Pakistani variant of the language spoken in Karachi and Lahore; it becomes increasingly divergent from the original form of Urdu as it loses some of the complicated Persian and Arabic vocabulary used in everyday terms. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi.

Dakhini (also known as Dakani, Deccani, Desia, Mirgan) is spoken in Deccan region of southern India. Dakhni, also known as Dakkhani, Deccani (Urdu دکنی is a dialect of the Urdu language, was spoken in the Deccan region of southern It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from Marathi and Telugu language, as well as some vocabulary from Arabic, Persian and Turkish that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. In terms of pronunciation, the easiest way to recognize a native speaker is their pronunciation of the letter "qāf" (ﻕ) as "kh" (ﺥ). Dakhini is widely spoken in all parts of Maharashtra, Karnatka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Urdu is read and written as in other parts of India. A number of daily newspapers and several monthly magazines in Urdu are published in these states.

In addition, Rekhta (or Rekhti), the language of Urdu poetry, is sometimes counted as a separate dialect. Rekhta ( Urdū /ur ریختہ Hindī: रेख़्ता rekhtā; Persian for mixed) is the highly Persianized form of Urdū a language

Phonology

Main article: Hindi-Urdu phonology

Bilabial Labio- dental Dental/ Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./ Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal Nasal m n Plosive p pʰ b bʱ t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ k kʰ g gʱ q   Affricate tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʱ Fricative f s z ʃ x ɣ ɦ Tap or Flap ɾ (ɽ) (ɽʱ) Approximant ʋ l j

Vowels

Grammar

Main article: Hindi-Urdu grammar

Levels of formality

Urdu in its less formalised register has been referred to as a rekhta (ریختہ, [reːxt̪aː]), meaning "rough mixture". Modern Standard Hindi is the official language of India, while Urdu is the national language of Pakistan as well as a scheduled In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Modern Standard Hindi is the Official language of India, while Urdu is the National language of Pakistan as In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting Rekhta ( Urdū /ur ریختہ Hindī: रेख़्ता rekhtā; Persian for mixed) is the highly Persianized form of Urdū a language The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes referred to as zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla (زبانِ اردوِ معلہ, [zəba:n e: ʊrd̪uː eː moəllaː]), the "Language of Camp and Court".

The etymology of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part decides how polite or refined your speech is. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی pānī and آب āb, both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی ādmi and مرد mard, meaning "man". The former in each set is used colloquially and has older Hindustani origins, while the latter is used formally and poetically, being of Persian origin. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering

If a word is of Persian or Arabic origin, the level of speech is considered to be more formal and grand. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Similarly, if Persian or Arabic grammar constructs, such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also considered more formal and grand. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Izafat (also Izafah) ( اضافه) is a current-Persian language grammatical construct which links two words together If a word is inherited from Sanskrit, the level of speech is considered more colloquial and personal. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[33]

That distinction has likenesses with the division between words from a French or Old English origin while speaking English.

Politeness

Urdu is supposed to be a subtle and polished language; a host of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This emphasis on politeness, which is reflected in the vocabulary, is known as adab and to some extent as taqalluf in Urdu. These words are generally used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not acquainted. For example, the English pronoun 'you' can be translated into three words in Urdu the singular forms tu (informal, extremely intimate, or derogatory) and tum (informal and showing intimacy called "apna pan" in Urdu) and the plural form āp (formal and respectful). Similarly, verbs, for example, "come," can be translated with degrees of formality in three ways:

1. آ‏ئے āiye/[aːɪje] or آ‏ئیں āeⁿ/[aːẽː] (formal and respectful)
2. آ‏و āo/[aːo] (informal and intimate with less degree)
3. آ ā/[aː] (extremely informal, intimate and potentially derogatory).

Vocabulary

Urdu has a vocabulary rich in words with Indic and Middle Eastern origins. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The language's Indic base has been enriched by borrowing from Persian and Arabic. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language ^[34] There are also a small number of borrowings from Turkish, Portuguese, and more recently English. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Many of the words of Arabic origin have different nuances of meaning and usage than they do in Arabic.

Writing system

Main article: Urdu alphabet

Further information: Hindustani orthography

Further information: Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization

Nowadays, Urdu is generally written right-to left in an extension of the Persian alphabet, which is itself an extension of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet is the Right to left Alphabet used for the Urdu language. Hindustani, Hindi, and Urdu have been written in several different scripts The Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization scheme was proposed by the late Syed Fasih Uddin and the late Quader Unissa Begum for the Romanization of Urdu - The Perso-Arabic script is a Writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Urdu is associated with the Nasta’liq style of Arabic calligraphy, whereas Arabic is generally written in the modernized Naskh style. (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Naskh (نسخ also known as Naskhi or by its Turkish name Nesih, from Arabic نسخ nasakha, naskh meaning "to copy" Nasta’liq is notoriously difficult to typeset, so Urdu newspapers were hand-written by masters of calligraphy, known as katib or khush-navees, until the late 1980s.

Historically, Urdu was also written in the Kaithi script. Kaithi (कैथी also called "Kayathi" or "Kayasthi" is the name of a historical script used widely in parts of North India, primarily in the former A highly-Persianized and technical form of Urdu was the lingua franca of the law courts of the British administration in Bengal, Bihar, and the North-West Provinces & Oudh. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Until the late 19th century, all proceedings and court transactions in this register of Urdu was written officially in the Persian script. In 1880, Sir Ashley Eden, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal abolished the use of the Persian alphabet in the law courts of Bengal and Bihar and ordered the exclusive use of Kaithi, a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi. The Hon Sir Ashley Eden, KCSI, CIE ( 13 November, 1831 - 8 July, 1887) was an Anglo - Indian official Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Kaithi (कैथी also called "Kayathi" or "Kayasthi" is the name of a historical script used widely in parts of North India, primarily in the former Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is ^[35] Kaithi's association with Urdu and Hindi was ultimately eliminated by the political contest between these languages and their scripts, in which the Persian script was definitively linked to Urdu. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is

More recently in India, Urdu speakers have adopted Devanagari for publishing Urdu periodicals and have innovated new strategies to mark Urdū in Devanagari as distinct from Hindi in Devanagari. ^[36] The popular Urdu monthly magazine, महकता आंचल (Mahakta Anchal), is published in Delhi in Devanagari in order to target the generation of Muslim boys and girls who do not know the Persian script. Such publishers have introduced new orthographic features into Devanagari for the purpose of representing Urdu sounds. One example is the use of अ (Devanagari a) with vowel signs to mimic contexts of ع (‘ain). For the village in Azerbaijan see Əyin. or is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician To Urdu publishers, the use of Devanagari gives them a greater audience, but helps them to preserve the distinct identity of Urdu when written in Devanagari.

A list of the Urdu alphabet and pronunciation is given below. Urdu contains many historical spellings from Arabic and Persian, and therefore has many irregularities. The Arabic letters yaa and haa are split into two in Urdu: one of the yaa variants is used at the ends of words for the sound [i], and one of the haa variants is used to indicate the aspirated consonants. Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed The retroflex consonants needed to be added as well; this was accomplished by placing a superscript ط (to'e) above the corresponding dental consonants. In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Several letters which represent distinct consonants in Arabic are conflated in Persian, and this has carried over to Urdu.

Letter	Name of letter	Phonemic representation (in IPA)
ا	alif	/ɪ/,/ʊ/,/ɘ/,/ɑ/ depending on diacritical marks
ب	be	/b/
پ	pe	/p/
ت	te	/t̪/ (dental)
ٹ	ṭe	/ʈ/ (retroflex)
ث	se	/s/
ج	jīm	/dʒ/
چ	ce	/tʃ/
ح	baṛī he	/h/
خ	khe	/x/
د	dāl	/d̪/ (dental)
ڈ	ḍāl	/ɖ/ (retroflex)
ذ	zāl	/z/
ر	re	/r/
ڑ	ṛe	/ɽ/ (retroflex flap)
ز	ze	/z/
ژ	zhe	/ʒ/
س	sīn	/s/
ش	shīn	/ʃ/
ص	su'ād	/s/
ض	zu'ād	/z/
ط	to'e	/t/ (dental)
ظ	zo'e	/z/
ع	‘ain	/ɑ/ after a consonant; otherwise /ʔ/, /ə/, or silent.
غ	ghain	/ɣ/
ف	fe	/f/
ق	qāf	/q/
ک	kāf	/k/
گ	gāf	/g/
ل	lām	/l/
م	mīm	/m/
ن	nūn	/n/ or a nasal vowel
و	vā'o	/v/, /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ow/
ہ, ﮩ, ﮨ	choṭī he	/ɑ/ at the end of a word, otherwise /h/ or silent
ھ	do cashmī he	indicates that the preceding consonant is aspirated (/pʰ/, /t̪ʰ/, /ʈʰ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʰ/) or murmured (/bʱ/, /d̪ʱ/, /ɖʱ/, /dʒʱ/, /gʱ/). A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, soughing, or susurration) is a Phonation in which the Vocal cords vibrate as they do in
ء	hamzah	/ʔ/ or silent
ی	choṭī ye	/j/, /i/, /e/, /ɛ/
ے	baṛī ye	/eː/

Software

The Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to be typeset digitally in Nasta’liq by computer. The Daily Jang (روزنامہ جنگ is an Urdu Newspaper There are efforts underway to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers via various Urdu software programs. The mostly used Nastaliq Software called "InPage". (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. InPage is a page layout software for languages such as Urdu, Persian, Pashto and Arabic under Windows which was first developed in

Transliteration In English

Urdu is occasionally also written in the Roman script. Roman Urdu has been used since the days of the British Raj, partly as a result of the availability and low cost of Roman movable type for printing presses. Roman Urdu is the name used for the Urdū language (as well as the Hindī language) written with the Roman alphabet. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Movable type is the system of Printing and Typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation The use of Roman Urdu was common in contexts such as product labels. Today it is regaining popularity among users of text-messaging and Internet services and is developing its own style and conventions. Habib R. Sulemani says, "The younger generation of Urdu-speaking people around the world are using Romanised Urdu on the Internet and it has become essential for them, because they use the Internet and English is its language. Habib R Sulemani (born June 5, 1971, Gulmit, Gojal, Hunza) is a young poet writer and journalist living in Pakistan. A person from Islamabad chats with another in Delhi on the Internet only in Roman Urdū. They both speak the same language but with different scripts. Moreover, the younger generation of those who are from the English medium schools or settled in the west, can speak Urdu but can’t write it in the traditional Arabic script and thus Roman Urdu is a blessing for such a population. "^[37]

Roman Urdu also holds significance among the Christians of North India. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Urdū was the dominant native language among Christians of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan in the early part of twentieth century and is still used by some people in these Indian states. Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdū. Thus Roman Urdū was a common way of writing among Indian Christians in these states up to the 1960s. The Bible Society of India publishes Roman Urdū Bibles which enjoyed sale late into the 1960s (though they are still published today). Church songbooks are also common in Roman Urdū. However, the usage of Roman Urdū is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states. The major Hindi-Urdu South Asian film industries, Bollywood and Lollywood, are also noteworthy for their use of Roman Urdū for their movie titles. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering South Asian cinema refers to the cinema of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India The cinema of Pakistan refers to Pakistan 's film industry Most of the feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu language but may also include films in Punjabi

Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin alphabet. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU It should be noted that a comprehensive system has emerged with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but it can only be properly read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as:ژ خ غ ط ص or ق and Hindi for letters such as ڑ. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is This script may be found on the Internet, and it allows people who understand the language but without knowledge of their written forms to communicate with each other.

Examples

English	Urdu	Transliteration	Notes
Hello	السلام علیکم	assalāmu ‘alaikum	lit. "Peace be upon you. " (from Arabic)
Hello	و علیکم السلام	wa'alaikum assalām	lit. "And upon you, peace. " Response to assalāmu ‘alaikum (from Arabic)
Hello	(آداب (عرض ہے	ādāb (arz hai)	lit. "Regards (are expressed)", a very formal secular greeting
Good Bye	خدا حافظ	khudā hāfiz	lit. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. "May God be your Guardian" (from Persian). Standard and commonly used by Muslims and non-Muslims, or al vida formally spoken all over
yes	ہاں	hān	casual
yes	جی	jī	formal
yes	جی ہاں	jī hān	confident formal
no	نا	nā	casual
no	نہیں، جی نہیں	nahīn, jī nahīn	formal;jī nahīn is considered more formal
please	مہربانی	meharbānī
thank you	شکریہ	shukrīā
Please come in	تشریف لائیے	tashrīf laīe	lit. "Bring your honour"
Please have a seat	تشریف رکھیئے	tashrīf rakhīe
I am happy to meet you	اپ سے مل کر خوشی ہوئی	āp se mil kar khushī hūye
Do you speak English?	کیا اپ انگریزی بولتے ہیں؟	kya āp angrezī bolte hain?	lit. "Do you speak English?"
I do not speak Urdu.	میں اردو نہیں بولتا/بولتی	main urdū nahīn boltā/boltī	boltā is masculine, boltī is feminine
My name is . . .	میرا نام ۔۔۔ ہے	merā nām . . . . hai
Which way to Lahore?	لاھور کس طرف ہے؟	lāhaur kis taraf hai?
Where is Lucknow?	لکھنئو کہاں ہے؟	lakhnau kahān hai
Urdu is a good language. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh	اردو اچھی زبان ہے	urdū achchhī zabān hai

Sample text

See also: Hindi#Sample_Text

The following is a sample text in zabān-e urdū-e muʻallā (formal Urdu), of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):

Urdu text

دفعہ 1: تمام انسان آزاد اور حقوق و عزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پیدا ہوۓ ہیں۔ انہیں ضمیر اور عقل ودیعت ہوئی ہی۔ اسلۓ انہیں ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سلوک کرنا چاہیۓ۔

Transliteration (ALA-LC)

Dafʻah 1: Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq o ʻizzat ke iʻtibār se barābar paidā hu’e heṇ. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Unheṇ zamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī he. Isli’e unheṇ ek dūsre ke sāth bhā’ī chāre kā sulūk karnā chāhi’e.

IPA Transcription

d̪əfa ek: t̪əmam ɪnsan azad̪ ɔɾ hʊquq o ʔizət̪ ke ɪʔt̪ɪbaɾ se bəɾabəɾ pɛda hʊe hẽ. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic ʊn^ɦẽ zəmiɾ ɔɾ ʔəqəl ʋədiət̪ hʊi he. ɪslɪe ʊn^ɦẽ ek d̪usɾe ke sat̪ʰ b^ɦai tʃaɾe ka sʊluk kəɾna tʃahɪe.

Gloss (word-for-word)

Article 1: All humans free[,] and rights and dignity *('s) consideration from equal born are. To them conscience and intellect endowed is. Therefore, they one another *('s) brotherhood *('s) treatment do must.

Translation (grammatical)

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Note: *('s) represents a possessive case which when written is preceded by the possessor and followed by the possessed, unlike the English 'of'.

Literature

Urdu has only become a literary language in recent centuries, as Persian and Arabic were formerly the idioms of choice for "elevated" subjects. However, despite its late development, Urdu literature boasts some world-recognised artists and a considerable corpus.

Prose

Religious

Urdu holds the largest collection of works on Islamic literature and Sharia after Arabic and Persian. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. These include translations and interpretation of Qur'an, commentary on Hadith, Fiqh, history, spirituality, Sufism and metaphysics. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science A great number of classical texts from Arabic and Persian, have also been translated into Urdu. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Relatively inexpensive publishing, combined with the use of Urdu as a lingua franca among Muslims of South Asia, has meant that Islam-related works in Urdu far outnumber such works in any other South Asian language. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Popular Islamic books, originally written in Urdu, include Qasas-ul-Anbia, Fazail-e-Amal, Bahishti Zewar the Bahar-e-Shariat. The Fazail-e-Amal (also named فضائلِ اعمال, in Persian فضاءلﹺ عمال, or by various other transliterations Bahishti Zewar, described as an ancient tome of Islamic belief was written by Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi (Rahmatullah E Alaih. Bahar-e-Shariat (1939 is a voluminous Encyclopedia of Islamic Fiqh (Hanafi school consisting of twenty books

Literary

Secular prose includes all categories of widely known fiction and non-fiction work, separable into genres.

The dāstān, or tale, a traditional story which may have many characters and complex plotting. This has now fallen into disuse.

The afsāna, or short story, probably the best-known genre of Urdu fiction. The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such The best-known afsāna writers, or afsāna nigār, in Urdu are Saadat Hasan Manto, Qurratulain Hyder (Qurat-ul-Ain Haider), Munshi Premchand, Ismat Chughtai, Krishan Chander, Ghulam Abbas, Banu Qudsia and Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi. Saadat Hasan Manto ( Urdu: ‏‏سعادت حسن منٹو) ( May 11, 1912 – January 18, 1955) was a South Asian Qurrat-ul-Ain Haider ( January 20, 1926, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh &ndash August 21, 2007, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh Ismat Chughtai ( Hindi: इस्मत चुगताई 1 (15 August Krishan Chander ( November 23, 1914 – March 8, 1977) was an Urdu and Hindi afsaana nigaar, or short story writer Ghulam Abbas ( Urdu: غلام عباس) was a Short story writer Bano Qudsia ( Urdu: بانو قدسیه) Sitara-e-Imtiaz (born 1928 is a Writer, Intellectual, Playwright Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, PP, SI ( Urdu: احمد ندیم قاسمی) ( November 20, 1916 – July 10, 2006 Munshi Premchand, became known as a pioneer in the afsāna, though some contend that his were not technically the first as Sir Ross Masood had already written many short stories in Urdu.

Novels form a genre of their own, in the tradition of the English novel. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story

Other genres include saférnāma (travel story), mazmoon (essay), sarguzisht(account/narrative), inshaeya(satirical essay), murasela(editorial), and khud navvisht (autobiography).

Poetry

Main article: Urdu poetry

Urdu has been the premier language of poetry in South Asia for two centuries, and has developed a rich tradition in a variety of poetic genres. The 'Ghazal' in Urdu represents the most popular form of subjective poetry, while the 'Nazm' exemplifies the objective kind, often reserved for narrative, descriptive, didactic or satirical purposes. A Nazm (نظم is an Urdu Poetic form that is normally written in Rhymed verse Under the broad head of the Nazm we may also include the classical forms of poems known by specific names such as 'Masnavi' (a long narrative poem in rhyming couplets on any theme: romantic, religious, or didactic), 'Marsia' (an elegy traditionally meant to commemorate the martyrdom of Hazrat Imam Hussain, grandson of Prophet Muhammad (P. This article is about the Masnavi-i Ma'navi of Rumi for the masnavi poetic form see Masnavi (poetic form. Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina B. U. H. ), and his comrades of the Karbala fame), or 'Qasida' (a panegyric written in praise of a king or a nobleman), for all these poems have a single presiding subject, logically developed and concluded. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at However, these poetic species have an old world aura about their subject and style, and are different from the modern Nazm, supposed to have come into vogue in the later part of the nineteenth century.

Urdu poetry forms itself with following basic ingredients:

• Bait (بیت)
• Bait-ul-Ghazal
• Beher
• Diwan (دیوان)
• Husn-E-Matla
• Kalam (کلام)
• Kulyat (کلیات)
• Maqta
• Matla
• Mavra
• Misra
• Mushaira
• Qaafiyaa
• Radif
• Sher
• Shayar
• Shayari
• Tah-Tul-Lafz
• Takhallus
• Tarannum
• Triveni

The major genres of poetry found in Urdu are:

• Doha (دوہا)
• Fard
• Geet (گیت)
• Ghazal (غزل), as practiced by many poets in the Arab tradition. In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Beher in Urdu poetry is the meter of a Sher (a form of poetry in Urdu essentially a couplet Diwan ( Persian دیوان also transliterated as Deewan or Divan, is a Persian word used also into Arabic (الدیوان and Turkish In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Kalam (کلام in Arabic means "talk" In Persian and Urdu Poetry, Kalam refers to total poetic work of a Poet. Kulyat (کلیات is a collection Poetry of a poet The Kulyat of Urdu poets are published The maqta is the last Sher (couplet of a Ghazal, a collection of Urdu poems in which the poet's Takhallus, or pen name The Matla (Arabic مطلع is the first Sher, or couplet of a Ghazal, a collection of poems in Urdu poetry Mavra is a collection of poems written in the poetic style Free verse by the Urdu poet Noon Meem Rashid. In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Mushaira (مشاعره mušā’ira) is a term in Urdu used to describe an event (called mehfil, ur محفل where poets gather to perform their works Qaafiyaa is a device employed in a form of Urdu poetry known as Ghazal Radif (Arabic رديف is a rule in Urdu poetry which states that in the form of poetry known as a Ghazal In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher A Shayar is a poet who composes Sher in the Urdu language. Shayar is not restricted to write only in Urdu but can write in Hindi, Urdu and In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Urdu poetry ( Urdu: اردو شاعری, Urdu Shayari) is one of the most dominant and prominent poetries of times and has many different colours & types In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Triveni is a form of Hindi/Urdu poetry initiated by the poet Gulzar. For the town in Kuwait, see Doha and For the town in Qatar, see Doha Doha ( Hindi: दोहा In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Mir, Ghalib, Daagh,Jaun and Nasir Kazmi are well-known composers of ghazal. Khuda-e-Sukhan Mir Taqi Mir ( Urdu: میر تقی میر) (b 1723 - d Dabeer-ul-Mulk Najm-ud-daulah Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan ( Urdu / Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ بیگ خان) Pen-name Nawab Mirza Khan ( Urdu: نواب مرزا خان) (1831 – 1905 commonly known as Daagh Dehelvi ( Urdu: داغ دہلوی) was an Jaun is a municipality in the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.
• Hamd (حمد)
• Hazal
• Hijv
• Kafi
• Madah
• Manqabat
• Marsia (مرثیہ)
• Masnavi (مثنوی)
• Munajat
• Musaddas (مسدس)
• Mukhammas
• Naat (نعت)
• Nazm (نظم),Faiz and Rashid are known as great poets of this form. A Hamd (حمد is a poem or song in praise of Allah. A hamd is usually written in either Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, or Urdu. In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Kafi ( Urdu: کافی) is a classical form of Sufi poetry originating from the Sindh, Pakistan. In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher A manqabat is a Qawwali or Sufi devotional song in praise of the final Rightly Guided Caliph and Commander of the Faithful ' Ali ibn Abi Talib a famous Companion Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala This article is about the Masnavi-i Ma'navi of Rumi for the masnavi poetic form see Masnavi (poetic form. In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Musaddas (مسدس is a genre of Urdu poetry in which each unit consists of 6 lines- Sestain - ( misra) Mukhammas (cinquain or pentastich refers to a type of Persian or Urdu poetry with Sufi connections based on a Pentameter. A Na`at (نعت is a Poetry that specifically praises the Islamic prophet Muhammad. A Nazm (نظم is an Urdu Poetic form that is normally written in Rhymed verse Faiz Ahmed Faiz ( فيض احمد فيض) (1984 - 1911 was a Pakistani poet considered to be one of the most famous modern Urdu poets Rashid is an Arabic Given name that means "rightly guided"
• Noha (نوحہ)
• Qasida (قصیدہ)
• Qat'ã (قطعہ)
• Qawwali
• Rubai (a. Noha (نوحہ is a genre of Arabic, Persian, or Urdu prose depicting the martyrdom of Imam Hussein. Qasida (also spelled qasidah) in Arabic: قصيدة, plural qasā'id, قــصــائـد; in Persian: قصیده In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi Rubai may refer to Li Rubai (1553-1620 general of the Ming Dynasty Salim Ali Rubai (1935-1978 head of state of South Yemen k. a. Rubayyat or Rubaiyat) (رباعیات)
• Salam
• Sehra (سہرا)
• Shehr a'ashob
• Soaz (سوز)
• Wasokht

Foreign forms such as the sonnet, azad nazm or (Free verse) and haiku have also been used by some modern Urdu poets. Sehra ( Urdu: سہرا Hindi: सेहरा is a headdress worn by the groom during the marriage In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher Soaz or soz ( Persian / Urdu: سوز is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. Free verse is a term describing various styles of Poetry that are written without using strict meter or Rhyme, but that still are recognizable as poetry is a form of Japanese poetry. Previously called

Probably the most widely recited, and memorised genre of contemporary Urdu poetry is nāt—panegyric poetry written in praise of the Prophet Muhammad Sal lal laho allaha wa allahe wa sallam. A Na`at (نعت is a Poetry that specifically praises the Islamic prophet Muhammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Nāt can be of any formal category, but is most commonly in the ghazal form. The language used in Urdu nāt ranges from the intensely colloquial to a highly Persianised formal language. The great early twentieth century scholar Imam Ahmad Raza Khan, who wrote many of the most well known nāts in Urdu, epitomised this range in a ghazal of nine stanzas (bayt) in which every stanza contains half a line each of Arabic, Persian, formal Urdu, and colloquial Hindi. Ahmad Raza Khan or Ahmed Rida Khan (1856-1921 was a Sunni Muslim scholar and founder of Barelwi School of thought. The same poet composed a salām—a poem of greeting to the Prophet Muhammad Sal lal laho allaha wa allahe wa sallam, derived from the unorthodox practice of qiyam, or standing, during the mawlid, or celebration of the birth of the Prophet—Mustafā Jān-e Rahmat, which, due to being recited on Fridays in some Urdu speaking mosques throughout the world, is probably the more frequently recited Urdu poems of the modern era. Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet”

Another important genre of Urdu prose are the poems commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Hussain Allah hiss salam and Battle of Karbala, called noha (نوحہ) and marsia. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Noha (نوحہ is a genre of Arabic, Persian, or Urdu prose depicting the martyrdom of Imam Hussein. Marsiya ( Marsia) (مرثیہ is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his comrades of the Karbala Anees and Dabeer are famous in this regard. Life Mir Babar Ali Anis (Urdu میر بابر علی انیس was a renowned Urdu poet. Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1800/1803-1875 Life Mirza Dabeer was born in 1803 in Delhi. Indian film industry has long history of Urdu Poetry in the songs, in fact, popularity and success is some time song dependent. The quality of language and expression is much higher than Hindi language.

Terminology

Ash'ār (اشعار) (Couplet). It consists of two lines, Misra (مصرعہ); first line is called Misra-e-oola (مصرع اولی) and the second is called 'Misra-e-sānī' (مصرعہ ثانی). Each verse embodies a single thought or subject (sing) She'r (شعر).

Urdu poetry example

As in Ghalib's famous couplet where he compares himself to his great predecessor, the master poet Mir:^[38]

Transliteration

Rekhta ke tumhiⁿ ustād nahīⁿ ho Ghālib

Kahte haiⁿ agle zamāne meiⁿ ko'ī Mīr bhī thā

Translation

You are not the only master of poetry O'Ghalib,

They say, in the past; was also someone Mir

---

Deewan-e-Ghalib =

دیوانِ غالب

نقش فریادی ہے کس کی شوخیٴ تحریر کا؟

کاغذی ہے پیرہن ہر پیکرِ تصویر کا

کاؤ کاوِ سخت جانیہائے تنہائی، نہ پوچھ

صبح کرنا شام کا، لانا ہے جوئیشِیر کا

جذبہٴ بے اختیارِ شوق دیکھا چاہیے

سینہٴ شمشیر سے باہر ہے دم شمشیر کا

آگہی دامِ شنیدن جس قدر چاہے بچھائے

مدعا عنقا ہے اپنے عالَمِ تقریر کا

بسکہ ہوں غالب اسیری میں بھی آتش زیرپا

موئے آتش دیدہ ہے حلقہ مری زنجیر کا

History

Main article: History of Urdu

Urdu developed as local Indo-Aryan dialects came under the influence of the Muslim courts that ruled South Asia from the early thirteenth century. Dabeer-ul-Mulk Najm-ud-daulah Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan ( Urdu / Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ بیگ خان) Pen-name Khuda-e-Sukhan Mir Taqi Mir ( Urdu: میر تقی میر) (b 1723 - d The history of Urdu ( اردو) is a fascinating story involving History, linguistics, Ethnicity, Religion, and The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Its Indic vocabulary has been enriched by borrowings from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, English and other Indian languages. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

The official language of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Persianised Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Chagatai language ( جغتای - Jaĝatāy; Uyghur: چاغاتاي Chaghatay; Uzbek: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي The Mughals were also from Persianized Central Asia, but spoke Turkish as their first language; however the Mughals later adopted Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of north India before the Mughals entered the scene. Babur's mother tongue was Turkish and he wrote exclusively in Turkish. His son and successor Humayun also spoke and wrote in Turkish. Muzaffar Alam, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, suggests that Persian became the lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. ^[39] The influence of these languages on Indian apabhramshas led to a vernacular that is the ancestor of today's Urdu. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Dialects of this vernacular are spoken today in cities and villages throughout Pakistan and northern India. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Cities with a particularly strong tradition of Urdu include Delhi, Hyderabad, Karachi, Lucknow and Lahore. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi.

The name Urdu

The term Urdu came into use when Shah Jahan built the Red Fort in Delhi. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" The word Urdu itself comes from a Turkic word ordu, "tent" or "army", from which English also gets the word "horde". The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Hence Urdu is sometimes called "Lashkarī zabān" or the language of the army. Furthermore, armies of India often contained soldiers with various native tongues. Hence, Urdu was the chosen language to address the soldiers as it abridged several languages.

Wherever Muslim soldiers and officials settled, they carried Urdu with them. Urdu enjoyed commanding status in the literary courts of late Muslim rulers and Nawabs, and flourished under their patronage, partially displacing Persian as the language of elite in the then Indian society. A Nawab or Nawaab ( Urdu: نواب Hindi: नवाब was originally the Subedar (provincial governor or viceroy of a

Urdu continued as one of many languages in Northwest India. In 1947, Urdu was established as the national language of Pakistan in the hope that this move would unite and homogenise the various ethnic groups of the new nation. Urdu suddenly went from a language of a minority to the language of the majority. It also became the official language of some of the various states of India. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Indian state Today, Urdu is taught throughout Pakistani schools and spoken in government positions, and it is also common in much of Northern India. Hindi, which is very similar to Urdu, is the official language of India.

Urdu and Hindi

Because of their identical grammar and nearly identical core vocabularies, most linguists do not distinguish between Hindi and Urdu as separate languages—at least not in reference to the informal spoken registers. For them, ordinary informal Urdu and Hindi can be seen as variants of the same language (Hindustani) with the difference being that Urdu is supplemented with a Perso-Arabic vocabulary and Hindi a Sanskritic vocabulary. Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Additionally, there is the convention of Urdu being written in Perso-Arabic script, and Hindi in Devanagari. The standard, "proper" grammars of both languages are based on Khariboli grammar — the dialect of the Delhi region. Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue) (/ kʰəɽiː boːliː / Hindi So, with respect to grammar, the languages are mutually intelligible when spoken, and can be thought of as two written variants of the same language.

Hindustani is the name often given to this language as it developed over hundreds of years throughout India (which formerly included what is now Pakistan). In the same way that the core vocabulary of English evolved from Old English (Anglo-Saxon) but includes a large number of words borrowed from French and other languages (whose pronunciations often changed naturally so as to become easier for speakers of English to pronounce), what may be called Hindustani can be said to have evolved from Sanskrit while borrowing many Persian and Arabic words over the years, and changing the pronunciations (and often even the meanings) of those words to make them easier for Hindustani speakers to pronounce. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering Therefore, Hindustani is the language as it evolved organically.

Linguistically speaking, Standard Hindi is a form of colloquial Hindustani, with lesser use of Persian and Arabic loanwords, while inheriting its formal vocabulary from Sanskrit; Standard Urdu is also a form of Hindustani, de-Sanskritised, with a significant part of its formal vocabulary consisting of loanwords from Persian and Arabic. Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी ہندوستانی Hindustānī, hɪn̪d̪ʊst̪aːniː also known as " Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering The difference, thus is in the vocabulary, and not the structure of the language.

The difference is also sociolinguistic: When people speak Hindustani (i. e. , when they are speaking colloquially) speakers who are Muslims will usually say that they are speaking Urdu, and those who are Hindus will typically say that they are speaking Hindi, even though they are speaking essentially the same language.

The two standardised registers of Hindustani — Hindi and Urdu — have become so entrenched as separate languages that often nationalists, both Muslim and Hindu, claim that Hindi and Urdu have always been separate languages. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical However, there are unifying forces. For example, it is said that Indian Bollywood films are made in "Hindi", but the language used in most of them is Urdu. Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India The dialogue is frequently developed in English and later translated to an intentionally neutral Hindustani which can be easily understood by speakers of most North Indian languages, both in India and in Pakistan.

Also see Hindi. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is

Urdu and Bollywood

The part of the Indian film industry based in Mumbai is often called Bollywood (بالی وڈ). Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India The language used in Bollywood movies uses a vocabulary that could be understood by Urdu and Hindi speakers alike. The film industry wants to reach the largest possible audience, and it cannot do that if the vocabulary is too one-sidedly Sanskritized or Persianized. This rule is broken only for song lyrics, which use elevated, poetic language. Often, this means using poetic Urdu words of Arabic and Persian origin. A few films, like Jodha Akbar, Umrao Jaan, Pakeezah, Heer Raanjha and Mughal-e-Azam, have used vocabulary that leans more towards Urdu, as they depict places and times when Urdu would have been used. Jodhaa-Akbar ( Hindi: जोधा-अकबर Urdu: جودھا اکبر) is a film released on February 15 2008. This article is about the 1981 film directed by Muzaffar Ali. Pakeezah ( Hindi: पाक़ीज़ा Urdu: پاکیزہ، lit Heer Raanjha is a 1970 Hindi movie produced by son Ketan Anand and directed by father Chetan Anand. Mughal-e-Azam ( Urdu: مغلِ اعظم, Hindi: मुग़ल-ए आज़म is an Indian Epic film, remniscent ^[40] From the 1950s through the 1970s, Bollywood films displayed the name of the film in Hindi, Urdu, and Roman scripts. Most Bollywood films today present film titles in the Roman alphabet along with the Devanagari script, however sometimes Nasta`liq scripts are used as well.

Footnotes

Dictionaries

• Urdu Dictionary English to Urdu Dictionary
• Urdu to English Dictionary Urdu to English Dictionary
• English to Urdu to English dictionary
• English to Urdu to English dictionary
• English to Urdu to English dictionary

References

• Ahmad, Rizwan. 2006. "Voices people write: Examining Urdu in Devanagari". http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/NWAV/Abstracts/Papr172.pdf
• Alam, Muzaffar. 1998. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics. " In Modern Asian Studies, vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.
• Asher, R. E. (Ed. ). 1994. The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
• Azad, Muhammad Husain. 2001 [1907]. Ab-e hayat (Lahore: Naval Kishor Gais Printing Works) 1907 [in Urdu]; (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001. [In English translation]
• Azim, Anwar. 1975. Urdu a victim of cultural genocide. In Z. Imam (Ed. ), Muslims in India (p. 259).
• Bhatia, Tej K. 1996. Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners. London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11087-4 (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course)
• Bhatia, Tej K. and Koul Ashok. 2000. "Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners. " London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13540-0 (Book); ISBN 0-415-13541-9 (cassette); ISBN 0-415-13542-7 (book and casseettes course)
• Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960. Indo-Aryan and Hindi (rev. 2nd ed. ). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
• Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language". In M. G. Clyne (Ed. ), Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
• Dua, Hans R. 1994a. Hindustani. In Asher, 1994; pp. 1554.
• Dua, Hans R. 1994b. Urdu. In Asher, 1994; pp. 4863–4864.
• Hassan, Nazir and Omkar N. Koul 1980. Urdu Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Kelkar, A. R. 1968. Studies in Hindi-Urdu: Introduction and word phonology. Poona: Deccan College.
• Khan, M. H. 1969. Urdu. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed. ), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 5). The Hague: Mouton.
• King, Christopher R. 1994. One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Koul, Omkar N. 1994. Hindi Phonetic Reader. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
• Narang, G. C. and D. A. Becker. 1971. Aspiration and nasalization in the generative phonology of Hindi-Urdu. Language, 47, 646–767.
• Ohala, M. 1972. Topics in Hindi-Urdu phonology. (PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
• "A Desertful of Roses", a site about Ghalib's Urdu ghazals by Dr. Frances W. Pritchett, Professor of Modern Indic Languages at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• Phukan, S. 2000. The Rustic Beloved: Ecology of Hindi in a Persianate World, The Annual of Urdu Studies, vol 15, issue 5, pp. 1–30
• Rahim, Rizwana. Urdu in India, 3-part review:
  • http://www.pakistanlink.com/Opinion/2005/Sep05/30/02.HTM

Urdu News web colaction by Maifnaz

• Rai, Amrit. 1984. A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561643-X.
• Snell, Rupert Teach yourself Hindi: A complete guide for beginners. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC
• URDU Poetry by an Eminent Poet from INDIA - Barq Kadapavi

See also

• Ghazal
• Languages of India
• Languages of Pakistan
• List of Urdu poets
• List of Urdu writers
• Persian and Urdu
• Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization
• Urdu Digest
• Urdu Informatics
• Urdu keyboard
• Urdu literature
• Urdu poetry
• Urdu phonology
• Badshah Munir Bukhari
• To write in Urdu Click http://www.minhajspain.org/atiq
• http://www.minhajspain.org/atiq اردو میں لکھنے کے لئے کلک کریں

External links

• A Guide to Urdu, BBC
• National Language Authority, Pakistan

In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a English is the Official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the National language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue List of Urdu language writersListed below are major Urdu poets sorted by date of birth The Persian language influenced the formation of many languages of the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. The Uddin and Begum Urdu-Hindustani Romanization scheme was proposed by the late Syed Fasih Uddin and the late Quader Unissa Begum for the Romanization of Urdu - The Urdu Digest is a famous periodical in Pakistan. It was started in November 1960 in Lahore on the traditions of Reader's Digest. Urdu Informatics ( Urdu: اردو اطلاعیات relates to the cutting-edge research and efforts in bringing the utilities and usage of Urdu language to the modern The Urdu keyboard is any Keyboard layout for an Urdu computer and Typewriter keyboards Since the first Urdu Typewriter was made available Urdu literature has a long and colorful history that is inextricably tied to the development of that very language Urdu, in which it is written Urdu poetry ( Urdu: اردو شاعری, Urdu Shayari) is one of the most dominant and prominent poetries of times and has many different colours & types Modern Standard Hindi is the official language of India, while Urdu is the national language of Pakistan as well as a scheduled Badshah Munir Bukhari (بادشاہ منیر بخاری) is a linguist from Northern Pakistan.

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