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The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River above West 59th Street. In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami 59th Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan runs east-west from York Avenue to the West Side Highway, with a discontinuity

Contents

Verdi Square at the intersection of Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue.  The W. 72nd Street subway station is in the center of the square.
Verdi Square at the intersection of Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. The W. 72nd Street subway station is in the center of the square.

Like the Upper East Side, the Upper West Side is primarily a residential and shopping area, with many of its residents working in more commercial areas in Midtown and Lower Manhattan. The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the While these distinctions were never hard-and-fast rules, and now mean little, it has the reputation of being home to New York City's liberal cultural and artistic workers, in contrast to the Upper East Side, which is perceived to be traditionally home to more affluent conservative commercial and business types. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined The neighborhood is rather upscale with the median household income in many areas exceeding Manhattan average to a considerable extent.

Geography

The Upper West Side and Central Park as seen from the Rockefeller Center Observatory.
The Upper West Side and Central Park as seen from the Rockefeller Center Observatory.

The Upper West Side is bounded on the south by 59th Street, Central Park to the east, and the Hudson River to the west. 59th Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan runs east-west from York Avenue to the West Side Highway, with a discontinuity Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Its northern boundary is somewhat less obvious. Although it has historically been cited as 110th Street, which fixes the neighborhood alongside Central Park, it is now sometimes considered to be 125th Street, encompassing Morningside Heights. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard [1] This reflects demographic shifts in Morningside Heights, as well as the tendency of real estate brokers to co-opt the tony Upper West Side name when listing Morningside Heights and Harlem apartments.

From west to east, the avenues of the Upper West Side are Riverside Drive (12th Avenue), West End Avenue (11th Avenue), Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue (10th Avenue), Columbus Avenue (9th Avenue) and Central Park West (8th Avenue). Riverside Drive is a scenic north-south thoroughfare in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Eleventh Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the far West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, not far from the Hudson River Broadway, as the name implies is a wide avenue in New York City. Tenth Avenue / Amsterdam Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Ninth Avenue / Columbus Avenue is a southbound thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Central Park West (CPW is an avenue that runs north-south in the New York City borough of Manhattan, in the United States. The 66-block stretch of Broadway forms the spine of the neighborhood and moves diagonally across the avenues at the bottom of the neighborhood and above 72nd Street moves parallel to the avenues; it enters the neighborhood at its juncture with Central Park West at Columbus Circle (59th Street), crosses Columbus Ave. Columbus Circle, named for Christopher Columbus, is a major landmark and point of attraction in the New York City borough of Manhattan. at Lincoln Square (65th Street), crosses Amsterdam Ave. at Verdi Square (72nd Street), and then merges with West End at Straus Square (aka Bloomingdale Square, at 107th Street). Verdi Square is a small triangle of land enclosed by a railing located on Manhattan 's Upper West Side, between 72nd Street and 73rd Street on the south

Morningside Heights, just south of Harlem, is the site of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, Columbia University, Barnard College, Union Theological Seminary, Manhattan School of Music, Teachers College and Jewish Theological Seminary, as well as Grant's Tomb and Riverside Church. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center The Cathedral of St John the Divine, officially the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine in the City and Diocese of New York, is the Cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York is a preeminent independent graduate school of Theology, located in Manhattan between Claremont Avenue and Broadway The Manhattan School of Music is a Music conservatory located in New York City that offers degrees on the bachelors, masters, and Rankings According to US News & World Report, Teachers College Columbia University currently ranks as the #1 Graduate The Riverside Church in the City of New York is an Interdenominational ( American Baptist and United Church of Christ) interracial international church

Traditionally the neighborhood ranged from the former village of Harsenville, centered on the old Bloomingdale Road (now Broadway) and 65th Street, west to the railroad yards along the Hudson, then north to 110th Street, where the ground rises to Morningside Heights. Broadway, as the name implies is a wide avenue in New York City. With the building of Lincoln Center, its name, though perhaps not the reality, was stretched south to 59th Street. With the arrival of the corporate headquarters and expensive condos of the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle, and the Riverside South apartment complex built by Donald Trump, the area from 59th Street to 65th Street is increasingly referred to as Lincoln Square by realtors who acknowledge a different tone and ambiance than that typically associated with the Upper West Side. The Time Warner Center is a mixed-use skyscraper developed by The Related Companies in New York City. Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American Business magnate, Socialite, Television personality, and

History

A typical midblock view on the Upper West Side consisting of 4-5 story brownstones.
A typical midblock view on the Upper West Side consisting of 4-5 story brownstones.

Originally the name Bloomingdale (from the Dutch "Bloemendaal"), or the Bloomingdale District, applied to the west side of Manhattan from about 23rd Street up to the Hollow Way (modern 125th Street), and it contained numerous farms and country residences of many of the city's well-off. 23rd Street is a large thoroughfare across the New York City borough of Manhattan. The main artery of this area was the Bloomingdale Road, which began north of where Broadway and the Bowery Lane join (at modern Union Square) and wended its way northward up to about modern 116th Street in Morningside Heights, where the road further north was known as the Kingsbridge Road. Union Square Park (also known as Union Square) is an important and historic intersection in New York City, located where Broadway and the Bowery Within the confines of the modern-day Upper West Side, the road passed through areas known as Harsenville, Strycker's Bay, and Bloomingdale Village.

In the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Upper West Side-to-be contained some of colonial New York's most ambitious houses, spaced along Bloomingdale Road. It became increasingly infilled with smaller, more suburban villas in the first half of the nineteenth century, and in the middle of the century, parts had become decidedly lower class.

Much of the riverfront of the Upper West Side was a shipping, transportation, and manufacturing corridor. The Hudson River Railroad line right-of-way was granted in the late 1830s to connect New York City to Albany, and soon ran along the riverbank. The New York Central Railroad, known simply as the New York Central in its publicity was a Railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. A right-of-way is a strip of land that is granted – through an Easement or other mechanism – for Transportation purposes such as for a Rail line or One major non-industrial development, the creation of the Central Park in the 1850s and 60s caused many squatters to move their shacks into the UWS. Parts of the neighborhood became a ragtag collection of squatters' housing, boarding houses, and rowdy taverns.

As this development occurred, the old name of Bloomingdale Road was being chopped away and the name Broadway was progressively being applied further northward to include what had been lower Bloomingdale Road. In 1868, the city began straightening and grading the section of the Bloomingdale Road from Harsenville north, and it became known as "The Boulevard". It retained that name until the end of the century, when the name Broadway finally supplanted it.

Development of the neighborhood lagged even while Central Park was being laid out in the 1860s and 70s, then was stymied by the Panic of 1873. The Panic of 1873 was the start of the Long Depression, a severe nationwide economic depression in the United States that lasted until 1879 Things turned around when the elevated train's rapid transit was extended up Ninth Avenue (renamed Columbus Avenue in 1890), and with Columbia University's relocation to Morningside Heights in the 1890s, using lands once held by the Bloomingdale Asylum. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard The Upper West Side was built in a boom from 1885 to 1910, thanks in large part to the arrival of IRT subway stations at 72nd, 79th, 86th and 96th Street after 1904.

In the early part of the 1900s, the Upper West Side area south of 67th Street was heavily populated by African-Americans and supposedly gained its nickname of "San Juan Hill" in commemoration of African-American soldiers who were a major part of the assault on Cuba's San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa San Juan Hill was a predominantly African American Neighborhood of Tenements on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la But by 1960, the area was a rough neighborhood of tenement housing and was used for exterior shots in the movie musical West Side Story. West Side Story is a 1961 film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. Urban renewal then swept through with the construction of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Lincoln Towers apartments during 1962–1968. Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U Lincoln Towers is an apartment complex on the Upper West Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan that consists of six buildings with eight

Riverside Park was conceived in 1866 and formally approved by the state legislature through the efforts of city parks commissioner Andrew Haswell Green. Andrew Green ( 1820 - November 13, 1903) was a New York lawyer city planner civic leader and agitator for reform The first segment of park was acquired through condemnation in 1872, and construction soon began following a design created by the firm of Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed the adjacent, gracefully curving Riverside Drive. Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American A number of cities around the world have a Riverside Drive. In the United States: Riverside Drive (Anderson California Riverside In 1937, under the administration of commissioner Robert Moses, 132 acres of land were added to the park, primarily by creating a promenade that covered the tracks of the Hudson River Railroad. Robert Moses ( December 18 1888 – July 29 1981) was the "master builder" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Moses, working with landscape architect Gilmore D. Clarke also added playgrounds, and distinctive stonework and the 79th Street boat basin, but also cut pedestrians off from direct access to most of the riverfront by building the Henry Hudson Parkway by the river's edge. Gilmore David Clarke ( July 12, 1892 &ndash August 8, 1982) was an American Civil engineer and Landscape architect The Henry Hudson Parkway is an long Parkway in New York City. According to Robert Caro's book, The Power Broker on Moses, Riverside Park was designed with most of the amenities located in predominately white neighborhoods, with the neighborhoods closer to Harlem getting shorter shrift. Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is a Biographer most noted for his studies of United States political figures Robert Moses Riverside Park, like Central Park, has undergone a revival in the last 30 years, largely through the efforts of The Riverside Park Fund, a citizen's group. Largely through their efforts and the support of the city, much of the park has been improved. The Hudson River greenway, that borders the river-edge of the park is a popular route for pedestrians and bicylcle commuters, and offers spectacular vistas. A dramatic new improvement to the greenway is the $13. 3 million "Riverwalk" extension to the park's greenway being constructed between 83rd and 91st Streets on a promenade in the river itself. Riverwalk is due to be completed in the spring of 2009.

From the post-WWII years until the AIDS epidemic the neighborhood, especially below 86th Street had a substantial gay population. Theater people had been attracted to the neighborhood because of its proximity and easy transportation to the Theater District, and among these were many gay men. As the neighborhood had deteriorated it was affordable to working class gay men, and those just arriving in NYC and looking for their first white collar jobs. Its ethnically mixed gay population, mostly Hispanic and white, with a mixture of income levels and occupations patronized the same gay bars in the neighborhood, making it markedly different from most gay enclaves elsewhere in the city. The influx of white gay men in the Fifties and Sixties is often credited with accelerating the gentrification of the Upper West Side, and by the mid and late 70's the gay male population had become predominantly white.

Another component that brought about the eventual gentrification of the neighborhood were the recent college graduates in the late '70s and early '80s who moved in, drawn to the neighborhood's large apartments and cheap housing.

The Upper West Side is also a largely Jewish neighborhood, populated with both German Jews who moved in at the turn of the century, and Jewish refugees escaping Hitler's Europe in the 1930's. Today the area between 85th Street and 100th Street is home to the largest community of young Modern Orthodox singles outside of Israel.

In a subsequent phase of urban renewal, the rail yards which had formed the Upper West Side's southwest corner were replaced by the Riverside South residential project and a southward extension of Riverside Park. Trump Place (also known as Riverside South and Trump City and Television City) is an Apartment complex originated by Donald Trump The evolution of Riverside South had a 40-year history, often extremely bitter, beginning in 1962 with the first proposal made by the Penn Railroad itself. The most ambitious proposal, and the one generating the most opposition was Donald Trump's "Television City" concept of 1985, which would have included a 152-story tower. Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American Business magnate, Socialite, Television personality, and In 1991, civic groups signaled that they were willing to accept a development about 40% smaller in scope than Trump proposed, and things finally started moving. As of 2005 construction is well underway, but still to be resolved is the future of the West Side Highway viaduct over the park area. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The Bloomingdale district was the site for several long-established charitable institutions: their unbroken parcels of land have provided suitably-scaled sites for Columbia University and the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, as well as for some vanished landmarks, such as the Schwab Mansion on Riverside Drive, the most ambitious free-standing private house ever built in Manhattan. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Cathedral of St John the Divine, officially the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine in the City and Diocese of New York, is the Cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese Riverside was the name of an extravagant private residence on the Upper West Side of New York City that existed in the first half of the 20th century Riverside Drive is a scenic north-south thoroughfare in the New York City borough of Manhattan.

The name Bloomingdale is still used in reference to a part of the Upper West Side, essentially the location of old Bloomingdale Village, the area from about 96th Street up to 110th Street and from Riverside Park east to Amsterdam Ave. The triangular block bound by Broadway, West End Avenue, 106th Street and 107th Street, although generally known as Straus Park (named for Isidor Straus and his wife Ida), was officially designated Bloomingdale Square in 1907. Isidor Straus ( February 6, 1845 &ndash April 15, 1912)—also known as Isadore Strauss — a German Jewish American The neighborhood also includes the Bloomingdale School of Music and Bloomingdale neighborhood branch of the New York Public Library. Bloomingdale School of Music (BSM is a nonprofit community music school on the Upper West Side of New York City. The New York Public Library ( NYPL) is one of the leading public libraries of the world and is one of America's most significant Research libraries. Adjacent to the Bloomingdale neighborhood is a more diverse and less affluent subsection of the Upper West Side called Manhattan Valley, focused on the downslope of Columbus Avenue and Manhattan Avenue from about 102nd Street up to 110th Street. Manhattan Valley is a neighborhood on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, bounded by West 110th Street to the north Manhattan Avenue is the name of two streets in New York City Brooklyn Manhattan Avenue is the major shopping street in Greenpoint Brooklyn.

Transportation

Two subway lines serve the Upper West Side. The 1,2,3, (2 & 3 are express) run along the Broadway line making stops at 59th Street, 66th Street, 72nd Street (express stop), 79th Street, 86th Street, 96th Street (express stop), 103rd Street and 110th Street. The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (also known as the Seventh Avenue Line) is a New York City Subway line The B & C trains run along the Central Park West line stopping at 59th Street, 72nd Street, 81st Street, 96th Street, 103rd Street and 110th Street. There are five different bus routes that go up and down the Upper West Side, as well as crosstown buses at every major intersection.

Landmarks and institutions

Springtime in Riverside Park.
Springtime in Riverside Park. Riverside Park is a scenic waterfront public park on the Upper West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, operated and maintained

Corporate

Cultural

Education

Food and gourmet

A sidewalk cafe on Broadway and 112th St.
A sidewalk cafe on Broadway and 112th St. Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor St Hilda's & St Hugh's School is an independent Episcopal Day school in New York City. Rankings According to US News & World Report, Teachers College Columbia University currently ranks as the #1 Graduate Trinity School is a private, preparatory, Co-educational Day school for grades K-12 located in New York City, USA Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York is a preeminent independent graduate school of Theology, located in Manhattan between Claremont Avenue and Broadway York Preparatory School is an independent prestigious University-preparatory school in the Lincoln Center area New York City. Fiorello H LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, also officially known as "H

Amsterdam Avenue from 67th Street up to 96th Street is lined with restaurants and bars. Columbus Avenue is as well, to a slightly lesser extent. The following lists a few neighborhood institutions and famous places.

Restaurants

Other historical sites

Isidor and Ida Straus Memorial, W. 106th and West End Ave.
Isidor and Ida Straus Memorial, W. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Abilities Kumonga can shoot a thick webbing and a stinger from his mouth 106th and West End Ave.

Religious

Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity, 213 West 82nd Street
Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity, 213 West 82nd Street
St Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 180 West 82d Street
St Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 180 West 82d Street

Residences

The apartment buildings along Central Park West, facing the park, are some of the most desirable apartments in New York. Central Park West (CPW is an avenue that runs north-south in the New York City borough of Manhattan, in the United States. The Dakota at 72nd St. The Dakota, constructed from October 25, 1880 to October 27, 1884, is an Apartment building located on the northwest corner of has been home to numerous celebrities including John Lennon. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born Other famous buildings on CPW include the Art Deco Century Apartments (Irwin Chanin, 1931) and the Majestic also by Chanin. The San Remo, Eldorado (300 C. The San Remo (145 and 146 Central Park West) is a luxury co-operative Apartment building in New York City located between 74th and 75th streets about 1/10 P. W. , with the highest sum of Democratic presidential campaign contributions by address in 2004) was the home of Herman Wouk's fictional Marjorie Morningstar, and The Beresford, were all built by Emery Roth as was 41 West 96th Street (completed in 1926). Marjorie Morningstar is a 1955 novel by Herman Wouk, about a woman who wants to become an actress The Beresford (211 Central Park West) (between 81st and 82nd Streets is an upscale Apartment building in New York City. Emery Roth (born Róth Imre, 1871 &ndash August 20, 1948) was a Hungarian-American Architect who built many of the definitive New York Along Broadway are several Beaux-Arts apartment houses: the Belnord (1908), the Apthorp (1908), the Ansonia Hotel (1902) and the Dorilton. Beaux Arts architecture denotes the academic classical Architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. The Ansonia is a building in the Upper West Side of New York, New York in the United States, located at 2109 Broadway between 73rd Riverside Drive also has many beautiful pre-war houses and larger buildings, including the graceful curving apartment buildings—The Paterno and The Colosseum by Schwartz & Gross—at 116th St and Riverside Drive. The Paterno is a Manhattan apartment building located at 116th Street and Riverside Drive and also known as 440 Riverside Drive Schwartz and Gross was a New York City architectural firm active from at least 1901 to 1963 and which designed numerous Apartment buildings in the city The northern stretches of Columbus Avenue are graced by the post-modern landmarks, The Westmont and its sister building, the Key West. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Between Broadway and Riverside, West End Avenue is a grand residential boulevard. It is lined with pre-war Beaux-Arts apartment buildings and townhouses dating from the late-19th and early 20th centuries and is closed to commercial traffic.

In film, television, and the arts

The Upper West Side has been a setting for many movies and television shows because of its pre-War architecture, colorful community and rich cultural life. Ever since Edward R. Murrow went "Person-to-Person" live, the length of Central Park West in the 1950s, West Siders scarcely pause to gape at on-site trailers, and jump their skateboards over coaxial cables and it seems that one or another of the various Law & Order shows is taking up all the available parking spaces in the neighborhood. Edward R Murrow (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25 1908 &ndash April 27 1965) was an American journalist Law & Order is an American Police procedural and Legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf. Woody Allen's film Hannah and Her Sisters captures that quintessential Upper West Side flavor of rambling high-ceilinged apartments bursting at the seams with books and other cultural artifacts. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 Comedy film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family told mostly during a year that begins and ends with

Movies

Television

Music

Famous comedian George Carlin grew up on 121st, and has drawn heavily upon his New York City roots on a number of his comedy albums, perhaps most memorably on Occupation: Foole, where he says he and his friends called their neighborhood "White Harlem. George Denis Patrick Carlin (May 12 1937 – June 22 2008 was an American stand-up comedian, often considered one of the best of all time Occupation Foole is the fourth album released by United States comedian George Carlin. . . because it sounded tough. Its real name was Morningside Heights. "

Electronic music pioneer Wendy Carlos made her classic 1968 album Switched-On Bach in her West End Avenue apartment, which she had converted into a makeshift home recording studio. Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production Wendy Carlos (born Walter Carlos, November 14 1939 is an American Composer and electronic Musician. Switched-On Bach is a musical album by Wendy Carlos (then Walter Carlos and Benjamin Folkman, released in 1968 by CBS Records. Eleventh Avenue is a north-south thoroughfare on the far West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, not far from the Hudson River A recording studio is a facility for sound recording. Ideally the space is specially designed by an acoustician to achieve the desired acoustic properties (sound

Jazz legend Lynn Oliver had his recording studio sandwiched next to the New Yorker Bookshop [6] and Benny's [7] on 89th and B'way. The likes of Sonny Rollins, Chet Baker, and Stan Getz could be seen ducking into his alley-like studio to practice and hangout. An arranger and drummer, Oliver's credits are found on more than a few classic cuts from the 60's.

Notes

  1. ^ [Waxman, Sarah. "The History of the Upper West Side", NY. com. Acecssed July 7, 2007. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Home to such venerable New York landmarks as Lincoln Center, Columbia University, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, the Dakota Apartments, and Zabar's food emporium, the Upper West Side stretches from 59th Street to 125th Street, including Morningside Heights. It is bounded by Central Park on the east and the Hudson River on the west. "
  2. ^ Published January 1845. West 84th Street west of Amersterdam is named Edgar Allan Poe Street. The Brennan cottage where the Poes rented the upstairs rooms stood east of the Bloomingdale Road (Broadway) and south of the present 84th Street. It was razed in 1888; a plaque has been affixed to the wrong address. (Salwen 1989:212)
  3. ^ [1] Tom's Diner @ The Rusty Pipe

External links

References


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