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Stone Age
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↑ before Homo (Pliocene)

Paleolithic

Lower Paleolithic
Homo
control of fire, stone tools
Middle Paleolithic
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
out of Africa
Upper Paleolithic
behavioral modernity, atlatl, dog

Mesolithic

microliths, bow, canoes

Neolithic

Pre-Pottery Neolithic
farming, animal husbandry, polished stone tools
Pottery Neolithic
pottery
Chalcolithic
metallurgy, horse, wheel
↓ Bronze Age

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The more Anthropomorphic Primates of the Hominini tribe are placed in the Hominina subtribe The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives The control of Fire by early humans was a turning point in human cultural evolution that allowed for humans to proliferate due to the incorporation A stone tool is in the most general sense any Tool made of stone. The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from The term Archaic Homo sapiens refers generally to the earliest members of the species Homo sapiens. In Paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans is one of two hypotheses of the origin of anatomically modern humans Homo sapiens sapiens Behavioral modernity is a term used in Anthropology, Archeology and Sociology to refer to a list of traits that distinguish present day humans and their An atlatl (from Nahuatl ahtlatl; in English pronounced or) or spear-thrower is a Tool that uses Leverage to achieve greater velocity The origin of the domestic dog is the history of the ancestry and the Domestication of the Dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human technology in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age A microlith is a small stone tool typically knapped of Flint or Chert, usually about three centimetres long or less They are typically one Centimetre A bow is a Weapon that projects arrows powered by the elasticity of the bow A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (short PPNA around 9000 BC represents the early Neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals A stone tool is in the most general sense any Tool made of stone. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos ' Copper stone' period or Copper Age period known as the '''Eneolithic''' ('''Æneolithic''' is a Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Very broadly it dates to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, roughly coinciding with the appearance of "high" culture (behavioral modernity) and before the advent of agriculture. The 9th millennium BC marks the beginning of the Neolithic period Behavioral modernity is a term used in Anthropology, Archeology and Sociology to refer to a list of traits that distinguish present day humans and their The terms "Late Stone Age" and "Upper Paleolithic" refer to the same periods. For historical reasons "Late Stone Age" usually refers to the period in Africa, whereas "Upper Paleolithic" is generally used when referring to the period in Europe. In 19th century archaeology, the Upper Paleolithic was also known as the "Reindeer Age".

Contents

Overview

See also: Single origin hypothesis

Modern humans (i. In Paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans is one of two hypotheses of the origin of anatomically modern humans Homo sapiens sapiens The term Archaic Homo sapiens refers generally to the earliest members of the species Homo sapiens. e. Homo sapiens sapiens) are believed to have emerged at least 130,000 years ago in Africa. Though these humans were modern in anatomy, their lifestyle changed very little from their predecessors such as Homo erectus and the Neanderthals. Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from They used the same crude stone tools. Archaeologist Richard G. Klein, who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the stone tool kit of archaic hominids as impossible to categorize. Richard G Klein (born April 11, 1941) is a Professor of Anthropological Sciences at Stanford University. It was as if when the Neanderthals went to make a stone tool they weren't really concerned about its final form. He argues that almost everywhere, whether Asia or Africa or Europe, before 50,000 years ago all the stone tools are very much alike and unsophisticated. However after 50,000 years ago there is sharp increase in the diversity of artifacts. For the first time bone artifacts, and the first art appear in the fossil record in Africa. The first evidence of human fishing is also noted from artifact in places like Blombos cave in South Africa. Blombos Cave is a Cave in a Limestone cliff on the Southern Cape coast in South Africa. After 50,000 years ago, firstly in Africa, it was found that he could easily sort the human artifacts into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. These new stone tool types have been described as being distinctly differentiated from each other as if each tool had a specific name. 3000 to 4000 years later this technology spread to Europe resulting in a population explosion of modern humans and also the extinction of the Neanderthals. The invaders commonly referred to as the Cro-Magnons left many sophisticated stone tools, cave art and Venus figurines. Cro-Magnon ( French) is one of the main types of Homo sapiens of the European Upper Paleolithic, living approximately 40000 to 10000 years Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times [1][2][3]This shift from Middle to Upper Paleolithic is called the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. The Neanderthals continued to use Mousterian stone tool technology. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Mousterian is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly Flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis A stone tool is in the most general sense any Tool made of stone.

The earliest remains of organized settlements in the form of campsites, some with storage pits, are encountered in this period. Description The term "camp" comes from the Latin word campus, meaning field These were often located in narrow valley bottoms, possibly in order to make hunting passing herds of animals easier. A herd is a large group of animals The term is usually applied to mammals particularly Ungulates. Some sites may have been occupied year round though more generally they seem to have been used seasonally with peoples moving between them to exploit different food sources at different times of the year. A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an

Upper Paleolithic people used caves and tents like this one (reconstruction) for dwelling
Upper Paleolithic people used caves and tents like this one (reconstruction) for dwelling

Technological advances included significant developments in flint tool manufacturing with industries based on fine blades rather than simpler and shorter flakes. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Chipped stone tools were made by Stone age peoples worldwide Paleolithic tools were relatively simple repeated small flakes being struck or pressed from a cobble An archaeological industry is the name given to a consistent range of assemblages connected with a single product, such as the Langdale axe industry. In Archaeology, a prismatic blade is a long narrow specialized Lithic flake with parallel margins Archaeology, a lithic flake is a "portion of rock removed from an objective piece by percussion or pressure" and may also be referred to as a chip or spall or collectively Burins and racloirs attest to the working of bone, antler and hides. Burin from the French burin meaning "cold Chisel " has two specialised meanings for types of tools in English one meaning a Steel racloir is a name given by Archaeologists to a certain type of Flint tool made by prehistoric peoples Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Antlers are the usually large and complex horn -like appendages of most Deer species mostly worn by males only for some species such as Caribou by both Hides are Skins obtained from animals for human use Examples of animal hide sources are Deer and Cattle typically used for producing Leather, Advanced darts and harpoons also appear in this period, along with the fish hook, the oil lamp, rope, and the eyed needle. Darts are missile Weapons designed to fly such that a sharp often weighted point will strike first A harpoon is a long Spear -like instrument used in Fishing to catch fish or other large aquatic animals such as Whales It accomplishes this task by impaling

Artistic work also blossomed with Venus figurines, cave painting, petroglyphs and exotic raw materials found far from their sources suggest emergent trading links. The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Venus figurines is an Umbrella term for a number of prehistoric Statuettes of women sharing common attributes (many depicted as apparently Obese Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times Petroglyphs are Images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking carving and abrading A raw material is something that is acted upon or used by Organisms, or by human labour or Industry, for use as a Building material to create some product More complex social groupings emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity. These group identities produced distinctive symbols and rituals which are an important part of modern human behaviour. The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions

The reasons for these changes in human behavior have been attributed to the changes in climate during the period which encompasses a number of global temperature drops, meaning a worsening of the already bitter climate of the last ice age. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period These may have reduced the supply of usable timber and forced people to look at other materials while flint becomes brittle at low temperatures and may not have functioned as a tool. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or

It has also been argued that the appearance of (complex or abstract) language made these behavioural changes possible. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The complexity of the new human capabilities hints that humans were less capable of planning or foresight before 40,000 years and that speech changed that [1]. This suggestion has no wide acceptance, since human phylogenetic separation dates to the Middle Paleolithic (see Pre-language). The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, The origin of language ( glottogony) is a topic that has attracted considerable speculation throughout human history Still, it must be remembered that while the latter view is better supported by phylogenetic inference, the material evidence is hard to explain thus. Inference is the act or process of deriving a Conclusion based solely on what one already knows

Events

Map of findings of Upper Paleolithic art in Europe
Map of findings of Upper Paleolithic art in Europe

50,000–40,000 BP

40,000–30,000 BP

30,000–20,000 BP

20,000–16,000 BP

16,000–12,000 BP

12,000–11,000 BP

Main article: 10th millennium BC

Cultures

Reindeer Age articles
Reindeer Age articles
Reindeer Age (Aurignacian) Engravings & Carvings
Reindeer Age (Aurignacian) Engravings & Carvings

The Upper Paleolithic in the Franco-Cantabrian region:

From the Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures:

See also

References

  1. ^ Biological origins of modern human behavior part3
  2. ^ Biological origins of modern human behavior part 1
  3. ^ Modern' Behavior Began 40,000 Years Ago In Africa
  4. ^ McClellan, pg 11
  5. ^ Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". The synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures gives a rough picture of the relationships between the various principal cultures of Prehistory The Ahrensburg culture (11th to 10th millennia BC was a late Upper Paleolithic culture during the Younger Dryas, the last spell of cold at the end of the The Gravettian was an industry of the European Upper Palaeolithic. The Aterian industry is a name given by Archaeologists to a type of stone tool manufacturing dating to the Middle Stone Age (or Middle Palaeolithic) in the The Capsian culture (named after the town of Gafsa in Tunisia) was a Mesolithic culture of the Maghreb, which lasted from about 10000 to 6000 The Magosian is the name given by Archaeologists to an industry found in southern and eastern Africa. The Jabroudian culture is a cultural phase of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant ( Syria, Lebanon, Palestine) The Emirian culture represents the transition between the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Paleolithic in the Levant ( Syria, Lebanon, Palestine Aurignacian is the name of a culture of the Upper Palaeolithic located in Europe and southwest Asia. The Kebarian culture is the last Upper Paleolithic phase of the Levant ( Syria, Lebanon, Palestine) Homo erectus soloensis (formerly classified as Homo sapiens soloensis) is generally regarded as a subspecies of the extinct Hominin, Homo The term Hoabinhian ( Vietnamese: Văn hóa Hòa Bình) was first used by French archaeologists working in Northern Vietnam to describe Holocene The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14000 BC to 400 BC. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Neolithic Europe is the time between roughly from 7000 BC (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) to ca Hovenweep National Monument straddles the Colorado-Utah border west of Cortez Colorado, United States. Behavioral modernity is a term used in Anthropology, Archeology and Sociology to refer to a list of traits that distinguish present day humans and their See also Cro Magnon List of fossil sites (with link directory List of hominina (hominid fossils To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 1011 seconds and 1012 seconds (3200 years and 32000 years See also John Hardress Wilfred Lloyd (born 30 September 1951) is a British comedy writer and television producer For the English tenor see John Mitchinson (tenor. For the Bishop see John Mitchinson (bishop. The Book of General Ignorance is the first in a series of books based on the final round in the intellectual British Panel game QI Faber & Faber, 2006.

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