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The Upanishads (Devanagari: उपनिषद्, IAST: upaniṣad) are regarded as part of the Vedas and as such form part of the Hindu scriptures. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Samaveda ( Sanskrit: सामवेद sāmaveda, from sāman "melody" + veda "knowledge") is third (in the usual The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi The oral tradition of the Vedas ( Śrauta) consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic Mantras Such traditions The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक āraṇyaka) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas these religious texts were composed in The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Aitareya Upanishad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya The Isha Upanishad ( īśa upaniṣad, otherwise Ishopanishad īśopaniṣad or īśāvāsya upaniṣad) is one of the shortest of the Upanishads The Taittiriya Upanishad is one of the older " primary " Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads Together with the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka The Kena Upanishad (kenopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Muṇḍaka Upanishad is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Māndūkya Upanishad is the shortest Upanishads - the scriptures of Hindu Vedanta. The Kaṭha Upanishad is one of the older Mukhya "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Prashna Upanishad ( IAST praṣnopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Sanskrit Śvetāśvatara) (400 - 200 BCE is one of the older "primary" Upanishads It is associated with the Black The Vedanga ( vedāṅga, "member of the Veda" are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. See Shiksha (NGO for the Indian non-governmental organization The main principle of Vedic meter is measurement by the number of syllables The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines Nirukta ("explanation etymological interpretation" is one of the six {{IAST|Vedānga}} disciplines of Hinduism, treating Etymology, particularly Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Kalpa is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating Ritual. Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" Darśana ( Darshan, दर्शन is a Sanskrit term meaning "sight" (in the sense of an instance of seeing or beholding from a root Pāñcarātra are Vaishnavite devotional texts dedicated to a single deity Sriman Narayana who manifests in different forms Tantras (" Looms " or " Weavings " refers to numerous and varied scriptures pertaining to any of several esoteric traditions In Hinduism a Stotra is a hymn of praise These hymns praise aspects of the divine such as Devi, Siva, or Vishnu. Dharmaśāstra is a genre of Sanskrit texts and refers to the śāstra, or Indic branch of learning pertaining to Hindu Dharma, religious The Nalayira Divya Prabandha (or Nalayira Divya Prabhandham) is a collection of 4000 verses (Naalayira in Tamil means 'four thousand' composed before 8th century The Tevaram ( Tamil: தேவாரம் Teva means "God" aram means "garland") denotes the first seven volumes of the Śrī Rāmacaritamānas ( Devanāgarī: hi श्री राम चरित मानस ( Hindi / Avadhi) is an Epic poem composed by the The Shikshapatri ( Devanagari: शिक्षापत्री is a text of two hundred and twelve verses written in Sanskrit by Bhagwan Swaminarayan The Vachanamrut of Bhagwan Swaminarayan is the most sacred and foundational scripture of the Swaminarayan faith. Ananda Sutram is the basic scripture of modern Yoga composed in Sanskrit by Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (1921-1990 in the year 1961 The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic They form the core spiritual thought of Vedanta. The Upanishads are known as Vedānta ("the end/culmination of the Vedas"). Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation The Upanishads do not belong to a particular period of Sanskrit literature. Literature in Sanskrit begins with the Vedas, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India; the golden age of Classical The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka, Chandogya Upanishads and Jaiminiya Upanisadbrahmana, date to the late Brahmana period (roughly around the mid first millennium BCE, that is well before the Gita was composed), while the youngest were composed in the medieval or even the early modern period. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads Together with the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature

Contents

Etymology

The Sanskrit term upaniṣad literally means "sitting down beside"[1] or rather, sitting close, laying siege to (the teacher; as per St. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Schayer [2]

Monier-Williams notes that "according to some the sitting down at the feet of another to listen to his words (and hence, secret knowledge given in this manner); but according to native authorities upanishad means 'setting at rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit . . "[3] It derives from upa- (near), ni- (down) and sad (to sit), referring to the "sitting down near" a spiritual teacher (guru) in order to receive instruction in the Guru-shishya tradition. A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others The guru-shishya tradition lineage or Parampara, is a spiritual relationship in traditional Hinduism where teachings are transmitted from a

Упъни сa де/Upӑni sa de (synonyms in other dialects are: Opni se de (western bg), izpӑni se de (modern bg)) means order to stretch when lying on a floor or bed in middle age (eastern) BULGARIAN.

Other dictionary meanings include "esoteric doctrine" and "secret doctrine".

A gloss of the term upaniṣad based on Shankara's commentary on the Kaṭha and Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishads equates it with Ātmavidyā, that is "knowledge of the Self", or Brahmavidyā "knowledge of Brahma". The Kaṭha Upanishad is one of the older Mukhya "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya The Ātman ( IAST: Ātman Sanskrit: आत्मन्‍ is a philosophical term used within Hinduism and Vedanta to identify the Soul

Place in the Hindu canon

Scholars of the Vedic books consider the four Vedas as poetic liturgy, collectively called mantra or samhitā, that is as adoration and supplication to the deities of Vedic religion, in parts melded with henotheist notions, and an overarching order (Rta) that transcended even the gods. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions A mantra ( Devanāgarī मन्त्र (or mantram is a religious or mystical syllable or poem typically from the Sanskrit language This article discusses the historical religious practices in the Vedic time period see Hinduism and Indian religions for details Henotheism ( Greek heis theos "one god" is a term coined by Max Müller, to mean devotion to a Single god while accepting Sanskrit ṛtá (sa ऋत as used in Vedic Sanskrit literally means the "order or course of things" cognate to Avestan Aša

The Brāhmanas are a collection of ritual discussions, detailing the meaning of the mantras, ritual actions, priestly functions as well as that of complete rituals. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature They are later than the Mantras.

Vedanta, is chiefly composed of Āranyakas and Upanishads. Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक āraṇyaka) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas these religious texts were composed in The Aranyakas ("of the wilderness") are composed in Brahmana style and deal with the more secret Vedic Shrauta rituals. Śrauta ( Devanagari sa श्रौत traditions are conservative Ritualistic traditions of Historical Vedic religion in Hinduism, based on The Upanishads realized monist, some of which are hinted at in earlier texts, and have exerted an important influence on the rest of Hindu and Indian philosophy. Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The term Indian philosophy (Sanskrit Darshanas) may refer to any of several traditions of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent

The philosopher and commentator Shankara (8th century) is thought to have composed commentaries on eleven Upanishads. Adi Shankara ( Malayalam: ആദി ശങ്കരന്‍ Devanāgarī: आदि शङ्कर Ādi Śaṅkara, aːd̪i ɕaŋkərə (see below These mukhya Upanishads are generally regarded as the oldest ones, spanning the late Vedic and the Mauryan periods. The Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads is headed by 10 Mukhya Upanishads The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military By the 17th century, there were a large number of Upanishads: The Muktika Upanishad (predates 1656) lists 108 Upanishads. The Muktikā ("deliverance" see Mukti) Upanishad is the final Upanishad of the Hindu canon of 108 texts of the Advaita The number of Upanishads translated into Persian by Dara Shikoh (d. Dara Shikoh ( Persian: داراشكوه)(March 20 1615 - August 30 1659 was the eldest son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife 1659) is 50. There are also counts that give a total number of Upanishads in excess of 108: Max Müller (1879) is aware of 170, and there are other counts in excess of 200 or even 300. For the Danish Colonel Max Müller see Second War of Schleswig. The category of Upanishads has remained somewhat permeable, with the later additions being highly sectarian, perhaps representing "one of the strategies used by sectarian movements to legitimate their own texts through granting them the nominal status of Śruti. If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. "[4]

Contents

The Taittiriya Upanishad says this in the Ninth Chapter:

He who knows the Bliss of Brahman, whence words together with the mind turn away, unable to reach It? He is not afraid of anything whatsoever. The Taittiriya Upanishad is one of the older " primary " Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Brahman ( bráhman-, Nominative bráhma sa ब्रह्म is a concept of Hinduism. He does not distress himself with the thought: "Why did I not do what is good? Why did I do what is evil?". Whosoever knows this regards both these as Atman; indeed he cherishes both these as Atman. Such, indeed, is the Upanishad, the secret knowledge of Brahman.

– Taittiriya Upanishad Chpt 9 (II-9-1)

The Upanishads hold information on basic Hindu beliefs, including belief in a world soul, a universal spirit, Brahman, and an individual soul, Atman (Smith 10). In Sanskrit, the word Brahman has two genders (masculine, Brahmâ, the creator-god or Brahma, neuter, the Absolute). Tradition sees a variety of lesser gods as aspects of this one divine ground, Brahman (different from Brahma). Brahma is the Hindu god ( deva) of creation and one of the Trimurti, the others being Vishnu and Shiva. Brahman is the ultimate, both transcendent and immanent, the absolute infinite existence, the sum total of all that ever is, was, or ever shall be. Shankara's exegesis of the Upanishads describes Brahman not as God in the monotheistic sense; he ascribes to it no limiting characteristics, not even those of being and non-being. Thus, Shankara's philosophy is named advaita, "not two. Advaita Vedanta ( IAST Advaita Vedānta; Sanskrit अद्वैत वेदान्त əd̪vait̪ə veːd̪ɑːnt̪ə is a sub-school of the " Dvaita philosophy is a very different interpretation. Dvaita ( Kannada: ದ್ವೈತ Devanagari:द्बैत is a dualist school of Vedanta Hindu philosophy. Founded by Madhvacharya, this school holds that Brahman is ultimately a personal God, Vishnu, or Krishna (brahmano hi pratisthaham, I am the Foundation of Brahman Bhagavad Gita 14. For Madhavacharya the Advaita saint see Madhava Vidyaranya. Shri Madhvacharya (ಶ್ರೀ ಮಧ್ವಾಚಾರ್ಯರು For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism 27). Vishishtadvaita, founded by Ramanujacharya is the third major school of Vedanta, and it has some aspects in common with the other two. VishishtAdvaita Vedanta ( IAST Viśishṭādvaita Vedanta; Sanskrit: विशिष्टाद्वैत is a sub-school of the Vedānta Ramanuja ( traditionally 1017&ndash1137 also known as Ramanujacharya, was a Theologian, Philosopher, and Scriptural Exegete.

Who is the Knower?
What makes my mind think?
Does life have a purpose, or is it governed by chance?
What is the cause of the Cosmos?

– Upanishads

The sages of the Upanishad try to solve these mysteries and seek knowledge of a Reality beyond ordinary knowing. They also show a preoccupation with states of consciousness, and observed and analysed dreams as well as dreamless sleep.

Philosophy

Due to their mystical nature and intense philosophical bent that does away with all ritual and completely embraces principals of One Brahman and the inner Atman (Self), the Upanishads have a universal feel that has led to their explication in numerous manners, giving birth to the three schools of Vedanta. Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation

The Upanishads are summed up in one phrase तत् त्वं अिस "Tat Tvam Asi" (That thou art) by the Advaita Vedanta. Tat Tvam Asi ( Sanskrit: तत् त्वम् असि or तत्त्वमसि a Sanskrit sentence translating variously to "Thou art that" "That Advaita Vedanta ( IAST Advaita Vedānta; Sanskrit अद्वैत वेदान्त əd̪vait̪ə veːd̪ɑːnt̪ə is a sub-school of the However, Vedic interpretation of this phrase differs [5]. Vedantins believe that in the end, the ultimate, formless, inconceivable Brahman is the same as our soul, Atman. We only have to realize it through discrimination.

The Upanishads also contain the first and most definitive explications of aum (om) as the divine word, the cosmic vibration that underlies all existence and contains multiple trinities of being and principles subsumed into its One Self. Aum (also Om) ॐ is a mystical or sacred Syllable in the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religions The Isha says of the Self (Verses 6, 7 & 8 of Isha Upanishad):

Whoever sees all beings in the soul
and the soul in all beings
does not shrink away from this. The Isha Upanishad ( īśa upaniṣad, otherwise Ishopanishad īśopaniṣad or īśāvāsya upaniṣad) is one of the shortest of the Upanishads
In whom all beings have become one with the knowing soul
what delusion or sorrow is there for the one who sees unity?
It has filled all.
It is radiant, incorporeal, invulnerable,
without tendons, pure, untouched by evil.
Wise, intelligent, encompassing, self-existent,
it organizes objects throughout eternity.

– Isha Upanishad Verses 6, 7, & 8

"Aum Shanti Shanti Shanti" This, too, is found first in the Upanishads, the call for tranquility, for divine stillness, for Peace everlasting.

Dara Shikoh, the Muslim sufi, and son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, translated the Upanishads in Persian in order to find in it elements of monotheism that might pave the way for a common mystical bond between Islam and Hinduism. Dara Shikoh ( Persian: داراشكوه)(March 20 1615 - August 30 1659 was the eldest son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent.

List of Upanishads

"Principal" Upanishads

The following list includes the eleven "principal" (mukhya) Upanishads that were commented upon[2] by Shankara, and that are accepted as shruti by most Hindus. The Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads is headed by 10 Mukhya Upanishads If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. They are listed with their associated Veda (Rigveda (ṚV), Samaveda (SV), White Yajurveda (ŚYV), Black Yajurveda (KYV), Atharvaveda (AV)). The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Samaveda ( Sanskrit: सामवेद sāmaveda, from sāman "melody" + veda "knowledge") is third (in the usual The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi

  1. Aitareya (ṚV)
  2. Kauṣītaki (ṚV)
  3. Allah Upanishad (AV)
  4. Bṛhadāraṇyaka (ŚYV)
  5. Taittirīya (KYV)
  6. Chāndogya (SV)
  7. Jaiminīya Upaniṣadbrāhmaṇa (SV)
  8. Kena (SV)
  9. Īṣa (ŚYV)
  10. Śvetāśvatara(KYV)
  11. Kaṭha (KYV)
  12. Maitrāyaṇi (KYV)
  13. Nārayaṇa (KYV)
  14. Muṇḍaka (AV)
  15. Māṇḍūkya (AV)
  16. Praśna (AV)

The Kauśītāki and Maitrāyaṇi Upanishads are sometimes added, and the Jaiminiya Upanisadbrahmana that contains the Kena Upanisad is as old as the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya The Taittiriya Upanishad is one of the older " primary " Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads Together with the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka The Kena Upanishad (kenopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Isha Upanishad ( īśa upaniṣad, otherwise Ishopanishad īśopaniṣad or īśāvāsya upaniṣad) is one of the shortest of the Upanishads The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Sanskrit Śvetāśvatara) (400 - 200 BCE is one of the older "primary" Upanishads It is associated with the Black The Muṇḍaka Upanishad is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Māndūkya Upanishad is the shortest Upanishads - the scriptures of Hindu Vedanta. Prashna Upanishad ( IAST praṣnopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Kauśītāki Upanishad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads The Maitrayaniya (Maitrāyaṇīya or Maitri Upanishad belongs to the Maitri or Maitrayaniya branch of the Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda though some texts assign it to the Sāmaveda All these 15 Upanisads are the oldest ones, all of them dating to before the Common Era. From linguistic evidence, the oldest among them are the Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya Upanishads and the Jaiminīya Upaniṣadbrāhmaṇa, belonging to the late Vedic Sanskrit period; of nearly the same age are the Aitareya, Kauṣītaki and Taittirīya Upaniṣads, while the remaining ones date to the transition from Vedic to Classical Sanskrit. Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest Shruti texts of Hinduism.

Canon by Vedic Shakha

The older Upanishads are associated with Vedic Charanas (Shakhas or schools). A shakha ( Sanskrit IAST śākhā, literally "branch" or "limb" is a Hindu theological school that specializes in learning The Aitareya Upanishad and the Kauśītāki Upanishad with the Shakala shakha; the Chāndogya Upanishad with the Kauthuma shakha, the Kena Upanishad, and the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana, with the Jaiminiya shakha; the Kaṭha Upanishad with the Caraka-Katha shakha, the Taittirīya and Śvetāśvatara with the Taittiriya shakha; the Maitrāyaṇi Upanishad with the Maitrayani shakha; the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Īṣa Upanishads with the Vajasaneyi Madhyandina shakha, and the Māṇḍūkya and Muṇḍaka Upanishads with the Shaunaka shakha. The Kauśītāki Upanishad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads The Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana (JUB is a Vedic text associated with the Jaiminiya Shakha of the Samaveda. The Samaveda ( Sanskrit: सामवेद sāmaveda, from sāman "melody" + veda "knowledge") is third (in the usual The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Sanskrit Śvetāśvatara) (400 - 200 BCE is one of the older "primary" Upanishads It is associated with the Black The Taittiriya Shakha is a notable Shakha ("rescension" of the Black Yajurveda. Shaunaka is the name applied to teachers and to a Shakha of the Atharvaveda. Additionally, parts of earlier texts, of Brahmanas or passages of the Vedas themselves, are sometimes considered Upanishads. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature

The Muktika canon

See also: Muktika Upanishad

The Muktika Upanishad contains a list of the 108 canonical Upanishads,[6] and lists itself as the final one. The Muktikā ("deliverance" see Mukti) Upanishad is the final Upanishad of the Hindu canon of 108 texts of the Advaita The Muktikā ("deliverance" see Mukti) Upanishad is the final Upanishad of the Hindu canon of 108 texts of the Advaita The first 10 are grouped as mukhya "principal". The Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads is headed by 10 Mukhya Upanishads 21 are grouped as Sāmānya Vedānta "common Vedanta", 23 as Sannyāsa, 9 as Shākta, 13 as Vaishnava, 14 as Shaiva and 17 as Yoga Upanishads. Of the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads 21 are considered Sāmānya ("common" or "general" Vedānta Upanishads Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation "Sanyasi" redirects here For the motion picture see Sanyasi (1975 film Sannyasa, ( Devanagari: संन्यास Shaktism ( Sanskrit: Śāktaṃ sa शाक्तं lit "doctrine of power" or "doctrine of the Goddess") is a denomination of Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism. The History of Yoga is often emphasized to derive from prehistoric roots and develops out of Vedic asceticism ( Tapas) [7] [8]

Shakta Upanishads

For the most part, the canonical Shakta Upanishads are sectarian tracts reflecting doctrinal and interpretative differences between the two principal sects of Srividya upasana (a major Tantric form of Shaktism). Shaktism ( Sanskrit: Śāktaṃ sa शाक्तं lit "doctrine of power" or "doctrine of the Goddess") is a denomination of Śrī Vidyā (also spelled "Shri Vidya" is the name of a Hindu religious system devoted to the goddess Lalitā Tripurasundarī or simply Tripurasundarī Uapasana in Sanskrit literally means "Sitting near" but normally the term is used in Hinduism to denote a prescribed method for approaching a Deity or God As a result, the many extant listings of "authentic" Shakta Upanisads are highly variable as to content, inevitably reflecting the sectarian bias of their compilers:

"Past efforts to construct lists of Shakta Upanisads have left us no closer to understanding either their 'location' in Tantric tradition or their place within the Vedic corpus. Shaktism ( Sanskrit: Śāktaṃ sa शाक्तं lit "doctrine of power" or "doctrine of the Goddess") is a denomination of [. . . ] At stake for the Tantric is not the authority of sruti per se, which remains largely undisputed, but rather its correct interpretation. If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. For non-Tantrics, [it is a text's] Tantric contents that brings into question its identity as an Upanisad. At issue is the text's classification as sruti and thus its inherent authority as Veda. " [9]

Of the Upanishads listed in the Muktika only nine are classified as Shakta Upanisads. The Muktikā ("deliverance" see Mukti) Upanishad is the final Upanishad of the Hindu canon of 108 texts of the Advaita They are here listed with their associated Vedas:

  1. Sītā (AV)
  2. Annapūrṇa (AV)
  3. Devī (AV)
  4. Tripurātapani (AV)
  5. Tripura (RV)
  6. Bhāvana (AV)
  7. Saubhāgya (RV)
  8. Sarasvatīrahasya (KYV)
  9. Bahvṛca (RV)

The list excludes several notable and widely used Shakta Upanisads, including the Kaula Upaniṣad, the Śrīvidyā Upaniṣad and the Śrichakra Upaniṣad.

Other lists

There are numerous other lists and compilations of Upanishads, all of which have different contents. In his massive verse index, Upaniṣad-vākya-mahā-kośa, Sadhale has drawn on 223 different extant texts that call themselves by this name. [10]

Notes

  1. ^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 53.
  2. ^ Stanislaw Schayer. Die Bedeutung des Wortes Upanisad. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 3,1925, 57-67)
  3. ^ Monier-Williams. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. p. 201. [1] Web version accessed 1 April 2007.
  4. ^ Holdrege 1996, p.  7,426n
  5. ^ Tat tvam asi in Context. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 136, 1986, 98-109
  6. ^ Sris Chandra Sen (1937). The Mystic Philosophy of the Upanishads. General Printers \& Publishers.  Chapter: VEDIC LITERATURE AND UPANISHADS. p. 19: ". . according to the Vedas to which they are supposed to belong, . . . The muktika list of 108 upanishad is as follows:"
  7. ^ .:SAKSIVC: Vedic Literature: Upanishads: 108 Upanishads:.. www. vedah. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  8. ^ Translated by Dr. A. G. Krishna Warrier. Muktika Upanishad. TheTheosophicalPublishingHouse,Chennai. Retrieved on 2008-04-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  9. ^ Brooks, Douglas Renfrew, The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism, The University of Chicago Press (Chicago, 1990), pp. 13-14.
  10. ^ S. Gajanan Shambhu Sadhale, Sri Garibdass Oriental Series, no. 44. (Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1987).

References

External links

Original text

Translations

Dictionary

Upanishad

-proper noun

  1. a collection of Hindu religious and philosophical texts
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