University of California, Berkeley
Motto:	Fiat lux (Latin)
Motto in English:	Let there be light
Established:	March 23, 1868
Type:	Public
Endowment:	$2. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Let there be light is an English translation of the Hebrew יְהִי אוֹר (or yehiy 'or) The date of establishment or date of founding of an Institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. A financial endowment is a Transfer of Money or Property donated to an Institution, usually with the stipulation that it be invested The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 894 billion[1]
Chancellor:	Robert J. Birgeneau
Faculty:	2,156[2]
Undergraduates:	24,636[3]
Postgraduates:	10,317[4]
Location:	Berkeley, CA, U.S.
Campus:	Urban, 6,651 acres (27 km²)[5]
Newspaper:	The Daily Californian
Colors:	Yale Blue and Golden Yellow[6]
Mascot:	Oski
Athletics:	NCAA Division I California Golden Bears
Affiliations:	University of California, Pacific-10, IARU, AAU
Website:	berkeley.edu

Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. A Chancellor is the head of a University. Other titles are sometimes used such as President or Rector. A faculty is a division within a University. The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University, which had In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Daily Californian (or Daily Cal) is an independent student-run Newspaper that serves the University of California Berkeley School colors are the Colors chosen by a School to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification Yale Blue – the dark Blue Color used in association with Yale University – varies with use and history In Heraldry, or (from the French word for gold) is the tincture of gold, and belongs to the class of light tinctures called "metals" The term mascot – defined as a term for any person animal or object thought to bring Luck – colloquially includes anything used to represent a group with a common Oski is also another name for the god Odin from Norse mythology The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States The California Golden Bears is the nickname used for 27 varsity athletic programs of the University of California Berkeley. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. The Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10) is a college athletic conference which operates in the western United States. The International Alliance of Research Universities ( IARU) was launched in January 2006 as a leading co-operative network of 10 leading international research-intensive universities The Association of American Universities (AAU is an Organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic Research A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages San Francisco Bay is a shallow productive Estuary through which water draining from approximately forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento Mount Tamalpais (tæməlˈpaɪəs MWCD, known locally as "Mount Tam" is a peak in Marin County, California, USA, often

The University of California, Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley, California, United States. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the UC Berkeley is the oldest of the ten campuses affiliated with the University of California. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies 6,651 acres (27 km²)^[7] with the central campus resting on approximately 200 acres (0. 8 km²).

The University was founded in 1868 in a merger of the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College. The College of California was the predecessor of the University of California. By the 1930s, Berkeley had established itself as a premier research university, and today counts sixty-one Nobel Laureates among its faculty, researchers and alumni. Berkeley physicists led and hand-picked the team of scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb during World War II and the hydrogen bomb soon afterwards. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the The University has managed Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ever since. The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL) is a U Until 2006-06-01, the University also managed the nation's two principal nuclear weapons labs at Livermore, California, and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Livermore is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. Los Alamos (Los Álamos meaning "The Cottonwoods quot is a Townsite and Census-designated place (CDP in Los Alamos County, Management of those labs is now handled by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and Los Alamos National Security, LLC, respectively. Los Alamos National Security LLC (LANS LLC is a private Limited liability company (LLC formed by the University of California, Bechtel, BWX Technologies

Berkeley student-athletes compete intercollegiately as the California Golden Bears. The California Golden Bears is the nickname used for 27 varsity athletic programs of the University of California Berkeley. A member of both the Pacific-10 Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA, Cal students have won national titles in many sports, including football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, water polo, rugby and crew. The Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10) is a college athletic conference which operates in the western United States. The Mountain Pacific Sports Federation is a College athletic conference whose member teams are located in the western United States. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations In addition, they have won over 100 Olympic medals. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are Yale blue and California gold.

UC Berkeley campus circa 1940

History

Founding

In 1866, the land that comprises the current Berkeley campus was purchased by the private College of California. The College of California was the predecessor of the University of California. Because it lacked sufficient funds to operate, it eventually merged with the state-run Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College to form the University of California. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. The university's charter was signed by California Governor Henry H. Haight on March 23, 1868. Henry Huntly Haight ( May 20, 1825 September 2, 1878) was Governor of California from December 5, 1867 to Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Professor John Le Conte was appointed interim president, serving until 1870 when the Board of regents elected Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California. John Le Conte (December 4 1818 – April 29 1891 in Berkeley California) was an American Scientist and academic Henry Durant ( Acton Massachusetts, June 18, 1802 – Oakland California, January 22, 1875) was the first president of

The university opened in September of 1869 using the former College of California's buildings in Oakland as a temporary home while the new campus underwent construction. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U ^[8] In 1871, the Board of Regents stated that women should be admitted on an equal basis with men. ^[9] With the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 222 female students. South Hall, built in 1873 is the oldest building on the University of California Berkeley campus and the only remaining building of the original campus ^[10]

Early development

Starting in 1891, Phoebe Apperson Hearst made several large gifts to Berkeley, endowing a number of programs, sponsoring an international architectural competition, and funding the construction of Hearst Memorial Mining Building and Hearst Hall. In 1899, the University came of age under the direction of Benjamin Ide Wheeler, the University's President until 1919. Benjamin Ide Wheeler ( Randolph Massachusetts, 1854 &ndash 1927 was a Greek and comparative philology professor at Cornell University Its reputation grew as President Wheeler succeeded in attracting renowned faculty to the campus and procuring research and scholarship funds. ^[8] The campus began to take on the look of a contemporary university with Beaux-Arts and neoclassical buildings, including California Memorial Stadium (1923) designed by architect John Galen Howard;^[11] these buildings form the core of UC Berkeley's present campus architecture. Beaux Arts architecture denotes the academic classical Architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California in Berkeley. John Galen Howard (b May 8 1864, Chelmsford Massachusetts &ndash d

Robert Gordon Sproul assumed the presidency in 1930 and during his tenure of 28 years, UC Berkeley gained international recognition as a major research university. Robert Gordon Sproul ( May 22 1891 &ndash Sept 10 1975 was eleventh President of the University of California serving from 1930 to 1958 Prior to taking office, Sproul took a six month tour of other universities and colleges to study their educational and administrative methods and to establish connections through which he could draw talented faculty in the future. ^[12] The Great Depression and World War II led to funding cutbacks, but Sproul was able to maintain academic and research standards by campaigning for private funds. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including By 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. ^[13]

World War II

During World War II, Ernest Orlando Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory in the hills above Berkeley began to contract with the U.S. Army to develop the atomic bomb, which would involve Berkeley's cutting-edge research in nuclear physics, including Glenn Seaborg's then-secret discovery of plutonium (Room 307 of Gilman Hall, where Seaborg discovered plutonium, would later be a National Historic Landmark). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ernest Orlando Lawrence ( August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel Laureate best known for his The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL) is a U The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Gilman Hall is a building on the campus of the University of California Berkeley. A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb ^[14][15] Along with the descendant of the Radiation Lab, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of California originally managed and is now a partner in managing two other labs of similar age, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which were established in 1943 and 1952, respectively. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL) in Livermore California is a scientific research laboratory founded by the University of California in 1952

1950s and 1960s political influences

During the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees. McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s The Regents of the University of California make up the governing board of the University of California. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A number of faculty members objected to the oath requirement and were dismissed;^[16] ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay. ^[17] One of them, Edward C. Tolman—the noted comparative psychologist— has a building on campus named after him housing the departments of psychology and education. Edward Chace Tolman (1886 - 1959 was an American psychologist. Psychologists and scientists do not always agree on what should be considered Comparative Psychology. An oath to "support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies, foreign and domestic" is still required of all UC employees. ^[18][19]

In 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus as part of a major restructuring of the UC system. Each campus was given relative autonomy and its own Chancellor. Sproul assumed the presidency of the entire University of California system, and Clark Kerr became the first Chancellor of UC Berkeley. Clark Kerr ( May 17, 1911 &ndash December 1, 2003) was the first Chancellor of the University of California Berkeley ^[20]

1960s and the Free Speech Movement

Memorial Glade, at the center of the Berkeley campus.

UC Berkeley’s reputation for student activism was forged in the 1960s, beginning with the Free Speech Movement in 1964. The Free Speech Movement (FSM was a Student protest which took place during the 1964-1965 school year on the campus of the University of California Berkeley under ^[21] An impromptu response to the university’s ban on campus political activity, the Free Speech Movement led to the formal establishment of students’ freedom of expression. Student protests continued through the Vietnam War era in the 1960s, as campuses across the nation spoke out against American involvement in the war.

Perhaps the most publicized event in Berkeley was the People's Park protest in 1969, which was a conflict between the university and a number of Berkeley students and city residents over a plot of land on which the university intended to construct athletic fields. People's Park in Berkeley California, USA is a park off Telegraph Avenue, bounded by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way near the University A grassroots effort by students and residents turned it into a community park, but after a few weeks, the university decided to reclaim control over the property. Law enforcement was sent in and the park was bulldozed, setting off a protest. California governor Ronald Reagan — who had said in his gubernatorial election campaign that he would clean up the perceived unruliness at Berkeley and other university campuses — called in National Guard troops and more violence erupted, resulting in over a dozen people hospitalized, a police officer stabbed, a bystander blinded, and the death of one student. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. ^[22] The university ultimately decided not to develop People’s Park, though it remains the owner of the property.

Present day

Today, students at UC Berkeley are generally considered to be less politically active than their predecessors. ^[23] In a poll conducted in 2005, 51% of Berkeley freshmen considered themselves liberal, 37% considered themselves moderate, and 12% identified as conservative. 43. 8% have no religious preference compared to a national average of 17. 6%. In 1982, 20. 8% identified as conservative, 32. 9% identified as liberals, and 46. 4% identified as moderate. ^[24] Although Republicans are in the minority, the Berkeley College Republicans is the largest student organization on campus. ^[25] Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one, leading to some conservative student criticism of the faculty for teaching with a liberal bias. ^[26]

Tightwad Hill

Although considered a liberal institution by some, various human and animal rights groups have protested the research conducted at Berkeley. Native American groups contend that the university's dismantling of the Phoebe A. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Hearst Museum of Anthropology's repatriation unit demonstrates unwillingness to comply with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, while Berkeley officials say the museum's reorganization complies with the law and will involve all museum staff in the repatriation process. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ( NAGPRA),, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring ^[27] Animal-rights activists have taken to committing various acts of vandalism and intimidation against faculty members whose research involves the use of animals. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. ^[28] Additionally, the university's response to a group of tree sitters protesting the construction of a new athletic center has galvanized some members of the local community, including the city council, against the university. Tree sitting is a form of environmentalist Civil disobedience in which a Protester sits in a Tree, usually on a small platform built for the purpose ^[29] Plans to renovate Memorial Stadium in a way that would eliminate a view of the field from the surrounding hills also have encountered opposition from alumni and others who have regularly watched Cal football games for free. ^[30]

As of 2006, the 32,347-student university needed more capital investment just to maintain current infrastructure than any other campus in the UC system, but as its enrollment is at capacity, it often receives less state money for improvement projects than other, growing campuses in the system. ^[31] As state funding for higher education declines, Berkeley has increasingly turned to private sources to maintain basic research programs. In 2007, the oil giant BP donated $500 million to Berkeley and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to establish a joint research laboratory to develop biofuels, the Hewlett Foundation gave $113 million to endow 100 faculty chairs, and Dow Chemical gave $10 million for a research program in sustainability to be overseen by a Dow executive. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies The Dow Chemical Company () is an American Multinational corporation headquartered in Midland Michigan. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely ^[32][33]

British Petroleum / BP Deal

The $500 million ten-year contract between UC Berkeley, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and BP (formerly British Petroleum), one of the world’s largest energy production companies, officially went into effect Wednesday November 14, 2007 following approval by a majority of the faculty. BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL) is a U This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[34] The grant is the largest in the University’s history. The deal has garnered criticism from some students and faculty who claim the agreement was negotiated in secret, and that it threatens Berkeley’s reputation as an autonomous and democratic institution of higher learning. The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" ^[35] Supporters of the deal, on the other hand, assert that the infusion of capital from the venture will benefit the campus as a whole at a time when public universities are dealing with increasing cuts in State and Federal funding. They also point out that the BP deal focuses on developing alternative energy, an important issue in today's world. ^[36]

Nuclear physicist and BP Chief Scientist Steve Koonin began the process that led to BP’s selection of Berkeley as a co-recipient of the grant. Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices ^[34] Berkeley faculty and graduate students will aid BP scientists in designing and implementing genetically modified plants and microbes which can be used in the Bio-fuel industry. This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually The deal is controversial among some UC Berkeley faculty, with some professors including Ignacio Chapela and Miguel Altieri who claim that the project will displace farmland needed for food crops in poor nations and replace them with patented crops owned by multinational corporations, and others including Randy Schekman speaking out in support of the deal. Ignacio Chapela is an microbial ecologist and mycologist at the University of California Berkeley, and an outspoken critic of the University's Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Randy Schekman is an American cell biologist at the University of California Berkeley and Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ^[37]

In March of 2007 the UC Regents, who signed the deal, voted to build a new research facility to house the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), BP’s chosen name for the project. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI formally announced on February 1 2007, is an organization that will pursue research "to develop new sources of energy University officials describe it as “the first public-private institution of this scale in the world. ” ^[34][38]

Campus

View of the Berkeley Campus from the Big C on the foothills to the east

The Berkeley campus encompasses approximately 1,232 acres (5 km²), though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178 acres (0. 7 km²) of this area. Of the remaining 1000 acres (4 km²), approximately 200 acres (0. 8 km²) are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the Lawrence Hall of Science and several research units, notably the Space Sciences Laboratory, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, an undeveloped 800 acres (3. The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL) is a U The Lawrence Hall of Science (LHS is a public science center featuring hands-on exhibits and activities The Samuel Silver Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL is an Organized Research Unit of the University of California The Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI, founded in 1982, is a mathematical research institution whose funding sources include the National 2 km²) ecological preserve, the University of California Botanical Garden and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. The University of California Botanical Garden is a 34 acre (13 To the west of the central campus is the downtown business district of Berkeley; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called Gourmet Ghetto, a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as Chez Panisse. Downtown Berkeley is the Central business district of the city of Berkeley California, United States centered around the intersection of Shattuck Avenue and Center The Gourmet Ghetto is the Colloquial name for a neighborhood in the city of Berkeley California. Chez Panisse is a Berkeley, California restaurant known as the birthplace of California cuisine, a style credited to its co-founder Alice Waters Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as Northside with a large graduate student population; situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the Berkeley Hills, where many faculty members live. Northside is a principally residential Neighborhood in Berkeley California, located north of the University of California Berkeley campus east of Oxford The Berkeley Hills are a range of the Pacific Coast Ranges which overlook the northeast side of the Valley in which San Francisco Bay Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row, and beyond that the Clark Kerr Campus and an upscale residential area named Claremont. The University of California Berkeley has various student housing facilities some run by the office of Residential and Student Service Programs and others by off-campus entities The Claremont district is a neighborhood straddling the city limits of Oakland and Berkeley in the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay The area south of the university includes student housing and Telegraph Avenue, one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. Southside, also known by the older names South of Campus or South Campus, is a Neighborhood in Berkeley California. Telegraph Avenue is a Street that begins at its southernmost point in the midst of the historic downtown district of Oakland California and ends In addition, the University also owns some land to the northwest of the main campus, a 90-acre married student housing in nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), a field research station several miles to the north in Richmond, California. Outside of the Bay Area, the University owns various research laboratories and research forests in both northern and southern Sierra Nevada.

Architecture

Main article: University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture

South Hall (1873), one of the two original buildings of the University of California, still stands on the Berkeley campus

What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California," funded by William Randolph Hearst’s mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899. The University of California Berkeley campus and its surrounding community are home to a number of notable buildings by early 20th-century campus architect John Galen Howard South Hall, built in 1873 is the oldest building on the University of California Berkeley campus and the only remaining building of the original campus Phoebe Apperson Hearst ( December 3, 1842 &ndash April 14, 1919) was the mother of William Randolph Hearst. For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the ^[39] The winner was Frenchman Emile Bernard, however he refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor John Galen Howard. John Galen Howard (b May 8 1864, Chelmsford Massachusetts &ndash d Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s. The structures forming the “classical core” of the campus were built in the Beaux-Arts Classical style, and include Hearst Greek Theatre, Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Doe Memorial Library, California Hall, Wheeler Hall, (Old) Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, Sather Gate, and the 307-foot (94 m) Sather Tower (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, St Mark's Campanile in Venice). Beaux Arts architecture denotes the academic classical Architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. The William Randolph Hearst Greek Theatre, known locally as simply the Greek Theatre, is an 8500-seat Amphitheater owned and operated by the University The Hearst Memorial Mining Building at the University of California Berkeley is currently home to the university's Materials science department The Doe Memorial Library is the main Library of the UC Berkeley Library System on the UC Berkeley campus Sather Gate is a prominent landmark separating Sproul Plaza from the bridge over Strawberry Creek, leading to the center of the University of California Sather Tower is a Campanile (bell and clock tower on the University of California Berkeley campus St Mark's Campanile is the Bell tower of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy, located in the square (piazza of the same name Buildings he regarded as temporary, nonacademic, or not particularly "serious" were designed in shingle or Collegiate Gothic styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Many of Howard’s designs are recognized California Historical Landmarks and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. California Historical Landmarks (CHLs are buildings structures sites or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of

Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall is the oldest university building in California. South Hall, built in 1873 is the oldest building on the University of California Berkeley campus and the only remaining building of the original campus It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus, are the only remnants from the original University of California before John Galen Howard's buildings were constructed. Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American Piedmont Avenue is a Street in the city of Berkeley California. Other architects whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are Bernard Maybeck^[40] (best known for the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco), Maybeck's student Julia Morgan (Hearst Women's Gymnasium), Charles Willard Moore (Haas School of Business) and Joseph Esherick (Wurster Hall). Bernard Ralph Maybeck ( February 7, 1862 – October 3, 1957) was a prominent architect in the Arts and Crafts Movement of the For the opera house in Mexico City, see Palacio de Bellas Artes, and for the Palace of Fine Arts that was part of Chicago 's White Julia Morgan ( January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American Architect. Charles Willard Moore ( October 31, 1925 in Benton Harbor, Michigan &ndash December 16, 1993 in Austin, The Walter A Haas School of Business, better known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of Joseph Esherick (1914 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &ndash December 17, 1998) was an American Architect.

Natural features

Strawberry Creek, as seen between Dwinelle Hall and Lower Sproul Plaza.

Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. Strawberry Creek is the principal Watercourse running through the city of Berkeley California. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California in Berkeley. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of University House and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum. The University House is a building on the campus of the University of California Berkeley.

Trees in the area date from the founding of the University in the 1870s. The campus, itself, contains numerous wooded areas; including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America. On the corner of Hearst Avenue and Gayley Road in Berkeley California, lies the Founders' Rock, the spot according to college lore where the 12 Trustees of the Eucalyptus (From Greek ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered" is a diverse Genus of Trees (and a few shrubs the members of which ^[41]

The campus sits on the Hayward Fault, which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium. The Hayward Fault Zone is a Geologic fault zone capable of generating significantly destructive Earthquakes About 60 kilometers long it lies mainly along the California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California in Berkeley. ^[42]

Organization

Chancellors

The position of Chancellor was created in 1952 during the reorganization and expansion of the University of California; there have since been nine inaugurated chancellors (one was acting chancellor):

Colleges and schools

Haas School of Business

Berkeley's 130-plus academic departments and programs are organized into 14 unique colleges and schools. Ira Michael Heyman is an Emeritus Professor of Law and of City and Regional Planning at UC Berkeley Chang-lin Tien, GBM (田長霖 Pinyin: Tián Chánglín July 24, 1935 – October 29, 2002) as the 8th Chancellor Robert M Berdahl (born 1937 became president of the Association of American Universities (AAUin May 2006 "Colleges" are both undergraduate and graduate, while "Schools" are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors, minors, or courses.

Academic Centers

• Center for Middle Eastern Studies. The Walter A Haas School of Business, better known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of The University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Education is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California Berkeley. The College of Engineering is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California Berkeley. The UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism is a graduate Professional school on the campus of University of California Berkeley. The University of California Berkeley School of Law, commonly referred to as Berkeley Law and Boalt Hall, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University The UC Berkeley School of Information or iSchool is a graduate school offering both a professional master's degree as well as a research-oriented PhD The College of Letters and Science is the largest of the 14 colleges at the University of California Berkeley and encompasses the Liberal arts. The College of Natural Resources (CNR is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California Berkeley. The School of Optometry of the University of California Berkeley is housed in two buildings on the UC Berkeley campus Minor Hall and Minor Hall Addition The Richard and Rhoda Goldman School of Public Policy (GSPP is a Public policy school and one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California Berkeley The School of Social Welfare of the University of California Berkeley is located in Haviland Hall on the UC Berkeley campus Ambassador Farid Abboud and Ambassador Barbara

Bodine visit Berkeley^[43]

Labor unions representing UC Berkeley employees

• UPTE University Professional and Technical Employees — health care, technical and research workers
• CUE Coalition of University Employees — clericals
• UC-AFT University Council-American Federation of Teachers — lecturers and librarians
• UAW United Auto Workers — Academic student employees
• AFSCME American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees — service workers and patient care technical employees
• CNA California Nurses Association — Nurses

Academics

Berkeley has had 20 Nobel Laureates on its faculty and 61 affiliated with the university

Berkeley is a comprehensive university, offering over 7,000 courses in nearly 300 degree programs. Farid Abboud (فريد عبود born 1951 is the Lebanese Ambassador to Tunisia since July 2007 The American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees ( AFSCME) is the second- or third-largest labor union in the United States and one This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature The university awards over 5,500 bachelor's degrees, 2,000 master's degrees, 900 doctorates, and 200 law degrees each year. The student-faculty ratio is 15. 5 to 1, and the average class consists of 30 students (not including discussion sections led by graduate student instructors). A teaching assistant (TA is a junior Scholar employed on a temporary contract by a College or University in teaching-related responsibilities Class size ranges from introductory courses with hundreds of students and seminars with fewer than ten.

Berkeley's current faculty includes 227 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows, 2 Fields Medal winners, 83 Fulbright Scholars, 139 Guggenheim Fellows, 87 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 132 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 8 Nobel Prize winners, 3 Pulitzer Prize winners, 84 Sloan Fellows, and 7 Wolf Prize winners. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two three or four Mathematicians not over 40 years of age at each International Congress of the International Mathematical The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who The United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE is a private non-profit institution which was founded in 1964 under the same congressional act that led to the founding of the The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, The Sloan Fellows program is a mid-career Masters' degree in General Management supported by a grant from the Alfred P ^[44] 61 Nobel Laureates are associated with the university, the sixth most of any university in the world; twenty have served on its faculty. (See list of distinguished Berkeley faculty. See also:CategoryUniversity of California Berkeley faculty This page lists notable faculty (past and present of the University of California Berkeley. )

Berkeley's enrollment of National Merit Scholars was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued. The National Merit Scholarship Program is a United States academic Scholarship competition for recognition and college scholarships administered by National Merit ^[45]

Berkeley awards the following degrees^[46][47]: B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., M.F.A., M.B.A., M.F.E., M.C.P., M.Arch., M.Eng., M.F., M.I.M.S., M.J., M.L.A., M.P.H., M.P.P., M.S.W., M.U.D., LL.M., C. Phil., Ph.D., D.Eng., Ed.D., O.D., Dr.P.H., J.D., J.S.D.

Rankings

Sather gate and Sather tower (the Campanile) from Sproul Plaza on the UC Berkeley campus

According to the National Research Council, Berkeley ranks first nationally in the number of graduate programs in the top ten in their fields (97%, 35 of 36 programs) and first nationally in the number of "distinguished" programs for the scholarship of the faculty (32 programs). A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large A Master of Science ( Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated MSc, M In the United States, a Master of Fine Arts ( MFA) is a Graduate degree typically requiring two to three years of study beyond the Bachelor's degree The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines The Master of Financial Engineering is a Master's degree deploying the knowledge of theoretical finance, Mathematical finance and computer modeling skills The Master of Urban Planning (MUP is a one- to two-year academic/ professional Master's degree that qualifies graduates to work as urban planners. The Master of Architecture (MArch degree is the degree earned through several possible paths of study depending on both a particular program's construction and the candidate's previous A Master of Engineering ( Magister in Ingeniaria) often abbreviated M Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Information management ( IM) is the collection and management of Information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people The Master of Landscape Architecture is a professional /academic degree dealing with the shaping and management of landscapes The Master of Public Health ( MPH or MPH) is a professional Master's degree awarded for studies in areas related to Public health. The Master of Public Policy (MPP, one of several Public policy degrees, is a master's level Professional degree that provides training in Policy The Master of Social Work ( MSW) is a Master's degree in Social work received from a Graduate school that has been approved by the Council Urban design concerns the arrangement appearance and functionality of towns and cities and in particular the shaping and uses of urban Public space. The Master of Laws is an advanced Academic degree, or research degree and is commonly abbreviated LL Candidate of Philosophy is any of the following academic degrees a Bachelor's level Master's level higher than Master's level or Doctorate level degree depending on the country "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The Doctor of Engineering ( DEng or EngD or Dr Eng) is an Academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and Research in The Doctor of Education degree ( EdD or DEd) is a discipline-based doctorate that prepares the student for academic administrative clinical or research positions Optometry is a health care profession concerned with Eyes and related structures as well as vision, Visual systems and vision information The Doctor of Public Health ( DrPH) is an advanced Professional degree for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional practice career in Public Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. In Higher education, college and university rankings are listings of Universities and Liberal arts colleges in an order determined by any combination of USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D The Academic Ranking of World Universities is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ’s Institute of Higher Education and includes major institutes of higher education ranked Times Higher Education ( THE) formerly The Times Higher Education Supplement ( THES) is a magazine based The Center for Measuring University Performance (CMUP is a research center at Arizona State University. The Washington Monthly is a monthly Magazine of United States Politics and Government that is based in Washington D The National Research Council (NRC of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the United States National Academy of ^[64] Berkeley is the only university in the nation to achieve top 5 rankings for all of its PhD programs in those disciplines covered by the US News and World Report graduate school survey. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D In a survey of "Top American Research Universities" released by The Center for Measuring University Performance at Arizona State University, Berkeley ranked seventh overall and first among public institutions. Arizona State University ( ASU) is the largest public Research university in the United States under a single administration with total student ^[65]

In addition to its distinguished post-graduate programs, US News also consistently ranks Berkeley as the nation’s top undergraduate public university and within the top three overall for both Undergraduate Business and Undergraduate Engineering. A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. U.S. News & World Report recently ranked Berkeley's undergraduate program twenty-first nationally in terms of "academic excellence. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D " In its 2007 annual college rankings, The Washington Monthly ranks Berkeley third nationally with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility. The Washington Monthly is a monthly Magazine of United States Politics and Government that is based in Washington D ^[66] 31% of admitted students receive federal Pell grants. The Pell Grant program is a type of post-secondary educational Federal grant program sponsored by the U ^[67]

The THES - QS World University Rankings^[68] ranked Berkeley eighth in the world in 2006 top 200 universities, and the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute for Higher Education ranked Berkeley third in the world in its 2007 rankings. The THES - QS World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings around the world published by The Times Higher Education Supplement (THES ^[69] Those rankings were based upon alumni and faculty quality defined by academic reputation, as well as awards won, papers published, international presence, student to faculty ratio, frequency of citation by peers, and performance relative to size. In the 2006 international edition of Newsweek, Berkeley was the fifth-ranked global university. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. [3]

The Princeton Review ranks Berkeley as college with a conscience^[70] and the 5th best value in public colleges. The Princeton Review (TPR is an American educational preparation company ^[71]

According to a May 2008 Forbes magazine article, Berkeley ranks 9th among universities that have produced the largest number of living billionaires. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly ^[72]

Admissions

Main article: University of California, Berkeley Student Admissions

Berkeley is perennially the most selective of the institutions affiliated with the University of California, and one of the most selective universities in the United States. UC Berkeley is one of the most selective universities in the United States and is the most selective among campuses in the University of California system For the 2007-08 academic year, approximately 4387 freshman (including U. S. and international students) matriculated from an applicant pool of 44,127. The average person admitted as a freshman in 2007 had a weighted GPA of 4. In Education, a grade (or mark is a teacher's standardized Evaluation of a Student 's work 25/4. 00, [4] and an average score of 2029 out of 2400 (approximately 94th percentile) on the SAT admissions test.

Graduate admissions vary by department, although in 2006 the university's doctoral programs admitted 1,058 students from a pool of 14,263 applicants. ^[73]

The north side of Doe Library with Memorial Glade in the foreground.

Library system

Main article: University of California, Berkeley Library System

Berkeley’s 32 libraries together tie for fourth largest academic library in the United States surpassed only by the Library of Congress, Harvard, and Yale. The University of California Berkeley's 32 constituent and affiliated libraries together make it the fifth largest academic library in the United States surpassed only by the The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress In 2003, the Association of Research Libraries ranked it as the top public and third overall university library in North America based on various statistical measures of quality. The Association of Research Libraries is an Organization of the leading Research libraries in North America. ^[74]As of 2006, Berkeley’s library system contains over 10 million volumes and maintains over 70,000 serial titles. The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a ^[75] The libraries together cover over 12 acres of land and comprise one of the largest library complexes in the world. ^[76] Doe Library serves as the library system's reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections are housed in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The Bancroft Library, with holdings of over 400,000 printed volumes, maintains a collection that documents the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America. The Bancroft Library is a library at the University of California Berkeley.

Contributions to computer science

Unix, filiation of Unix systems

Berkeley has nurtured a number of key technologies associated with the early development of the Internet and the Free software movement. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The free software movement (also known as open source movement, free and open source software movement and abbreviated FSM OSM or FOSSM) is a relatively The original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix, was assembled in 1977 by Bill Joy, then a graduate student in the computer science department. Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer William Nelson Joy (born Nov 8, 1954) commonly known as Bill Joy, is an American Computer scientist. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of vi. vi is a screen-oriented Text editor written by Bill Joy in 1976 for an early BSD release PostgreSQL emerged from faculty research begun in the late 1970s. PostgreSQL is an Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS Sendmail was developed at Berkeley in 1981. Sendmail is a Mail transfer agent (MTA that supports many kinds of mail transfer and delivery including the overwhelmingly popular SMTP. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain package) was written by a team of graduate students around the same time period. BIND ( Berkeley Internet Name Domain or "named" is the most commonly used DNS server on the Internet especially on Unix -like systems where it The Tcl programming language and the Tk GUI toolkit were developed by faculty member John Ousterhout in 1988. Tcl (originally from "Tool Command Language" but nonetheless conventionally rendered as "Tcl" rather than "TCL" pronounced as " tickle " Tk is an Open source, Cross-platform Widget toolkit, that is a library of basic elements for building a Graphical user interface (GUI John Ousterhout (ˈoʊstɚhaʊt is the chairman of Electric Cloud Inc SPICE and espresso, popular tools for IC Designers, were invented at Berkeley under the direction of Professor Donald Pederson. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive Donald O Pederson ( September 30, 1925 - December 25, 2004) was an American electrical engineer and one of the designers of SPICE, The RAID and RISC technologies were both developed at Berkeley under David Patterson. RAID — which stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks,or alternatively Redundant Array of Independent Disks (a less specific name and thus now the David Andrew Patterson (born November 16[[ 947]] is an American computer pioneer and academic who has held the position of Professor of Computer Science

Perhaps the most influential contributions to computing from UC Berkeley have been the algorithms and analysis of floating-point arithmetic, led by Professor William Kahan. In Computing, floating point describes a system for numerical representation in which a string of digits (or Bits represents a Real number. William Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Mathematician and Computer scientist They include extensive and ongoing contributions to the IEEE 754 standard. The IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic ( IEEE 754) is the most widely-used standard for floating-point computation and is followed by many

The XCF, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+, The GIMP, and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm. Founded in 1986 the eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF is an undergraduate computing-interest organization (in contrast to the Open Computing Facility and the Computer GTK+, or The GIMP Toolkit, is a Cross-platform Widget toolkit for creating Graphical user interfaces It is one of the most popular toolkits The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs The Morris worm or Internet worm was one of the first Computer worms distributed via the Internet; it is considered the first worm and was certainly the In 1992 Pei-Yuan Wei, an undergraduate at the XCF, created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical web browsers. Pei-Yuan Wei ( created ViolaWWW, one of the first graphical Web browsers Pei-Yuan Wei was born in Taiwan. ViolaWWW, first developed in the early 1990s was the first popular Web browser (though to a limited audience which until Mosaic, was the most frequently used web A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. In the spirit of Open Source, he donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring Java applets. Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services An applet is a software component that runs in the context of another program for example a Web browser. ViolaWWW would also inspire researchers at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications to create the Mosaic web browser. The National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA) is one of five original centers in the National Science Foundation 's Supercomputer Centers Program and a Mosaic is the browser which popularized the World Wide Web. It was also a browser for earlier concepts such as Ftp, Usenet, and Gopher

SETI@home was one of the first widely disseminated distributed computing projects, allowing hobbyists and enthusiasts to participate in scientific research by donating unused computer processor cycles in the form of a screen saver. SETI@home ("SETI at home" is a Distributed computing ( Grid computing) project using Internet -connected computers hosted by the Space Distributed computing deals with Hardware and Software Systems containing more than one processing element or Storage element concurrent

In an interesting example of the confluence of disparate ideas, many of the arguments for the efficacy of Open Source software development, and of the Wikipedia project itself, find parallels in writings on urban planning and architecture published in the late 1970s by Christopher Alexander, a Berkeley professor of architecture. ***************************************************************************************** * * Christopher Alexander (born October 4, 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is an architect noted for his theories about design and for more than 200 The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation At the same time, John Searle, a Berkeley professor of philosophy, introduced a critique of artificial intelligence using the metaphor of a Chinese Room. John Rogers Searle (born July 31 1932 in Denver Colorado) is an American Philosopher and the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University Philosophy of artificial intelligence The Chinese Room argument comprises a Thought experiment and associated Arguments by John Searle, who attempts

Berkeley has established partnerships with Google, Intel, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems, and Yahoo!. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services Intel Research Berkeley's small industrial lab near the main UC Berkeley campus brings together researchers from Intel and Berkeley to pursue open and collaborative research into realms including Technology and Infrastructure for Emerging Regions, Delay Tolerant Networking, rural connectivity and networks as databases. Yahoo! Research Berkeley Labs focuses on mobile media technology and social media in a facility adjacent to the campus. Sun Microsystems, Google, and Microsoft are funding a $7. 5 million dollar Reliable, Adaptive and Distributed Systems Laboratory to develop more reliable computing systems.

Distinguished Berkeley people

Nobel Prizes have been awarded to twenty past and present faculty, among the 61 Nobel laureates associated with the university. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature This is an alphabetical table of Nobel laureates associated with the University of California Berkeley, including current and former faculty members and researchers as well

• List of UC Berkeley alumni
• List of UC Berkeley faculty
• List of Nobel laureates associated with University of California, Berkeley

See also:

• List of University of California, Berkeley alumni: Turing Award laureates
• Technology alumni
• Business alumni

Student life

Athletics

Main article: California Golden Bears

Cal's sports teams compete in intercollegiate athletics as the California Golden Bears. This page lists notable alumni and students of the University of California Berkeley. See also:CategoryUniversity of California Berkeley faculty This page lists notable faculty (past and present of the University of California Berkeley. This is an alphabetical table of Nobel laureates associated with the University of California Berkeley, including current and former faculty members and researchers as well This page lists notable alumni and students of the University of California Berkeley. This page lists notable alumni and students of the University of California Berkeley. This page lists notable alumni and students of the University of California Berkeley. The California Golden Bears is the nickname used for 27 varsity athletic programs of the University of California Berkeley. The California Golden Bears is the nickname used for 27 varsity athletic programs of the University of California Berkeley. They participate in the NCAA's Division I-A as a member of the Pacific Ten Conference. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations The Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10) is a college athletic conference which operates in the western United States. The official school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, are Yale Blue and California Gold. ^[77] Yale Blue was chosen because many of the university's founders were Yale University graduates (for example Henry Durant, the first university president), while California Gold was selected to represent the Golden State of California. Cal has a long history of excellence in athletics, having won national titles in football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, men's and women's crew, men's gymnastics, men's tennis, men's and women's swimming, men's water polo, men's Judo, men's track, and men's rugby. In addition, Cal athletes have won numerous individual NCAA titles in track, gymnastics, swimming and tennis.

California-Stanford Rivalry

Main articles: Big Game (football) and Big Game

The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rivalry is with the Stanford Cardinal. The Big Game is the annual football game between Stanford University and the University of California Berkeley (known simply as "Cal" held Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football game dubbed the Big Game, and it is celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. The Big Game is the annual football game between Stanford University and the University of California Berkeley (known simply as "Cal" held Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. Origins The Stanford axe was originally a standard 15-inch lumberman's axe

"The Play"

One of the most famous moments in Big Game history occurred during the 85th Big Game on November 20, 1982. In what has become known as "the band play" or simply The Play, Cal scored the winning touchdown in the final seconds with a kickoff return that involved a series of laterals and the Stanford marching band rushing onto the field. PLEASE NOTE The Stanford team is the

Rankings

California finished in first place[5]in the 2007-2008 Fall U. S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (Formerly the Sears Cup), which measures the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. Cal finished with 370 points. California finished in ninth place[6] in the 2006-07 U. S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup. With 1030. 00 points, this is Cal's highest point value in school history. California finished in sixth place[7] in the NACDA Director's Cup standings, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. The NACDA Directors' Cup is an award given annually by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to the colleges and universities with the most With 865. 5 points, Cal's seventh place finish is the highest in the school's history.

Cal National Championships

UC Rally Committee running Cal flags across the Memorial Stadium field at the 2002 Big Game. The Big Game is the annual football game between Stanford University and the University of California Berkeley (known simply as "Cal" held (Note the Stanford visitors section on the left and the UC Berkeley alumni section on the right. )

Traditions

The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who first debuted in 1941. The College World Series or CWS is a Baseball Tournament held in Omaha Nebraska that is the culmination of the NCAA Division I Baseball Oski is also another name for the god Odin from Norse mythology Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium. California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California in Berkeley. It was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative to a live bear. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, who have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer. The Oski Yell is the University of California Berkeley spirit yell from which Cal's mascot Oski the Bear, derives his name ^[78]

The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. The University of California Marching Band usually shortened to Cal Band is the Marching band for the University of California Berkeley. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events. ^[79]

The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the five Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and Haas Pavilion, the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and The Big "C" among other duties. The Walter A Haas Jr Pavilion is the home of the University of California Berkeley 's Men's and Women's Basketball and Men's and Women's Volleyball teams The Big "C" is a giant concrete block "C" built into the Berkeley Hills overlooking the University of California Berkeley. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the Stanford Axe when it is in Cal's possession. Origins The Stanford axe was originally a standard 15-inch lumberman's axe ^[80] The Chairman of the Rally Committee holds the title "Custodian of the Axe" while it is in the Committee's care.

Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" is a giant concrete block "C" built into the Berkeley Hills overlooking the University of California Berkeley. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th century campus event called "Rush," which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. The Big "C" is a giant concrete block "C" built into the Berkeley Hills overlooking the University of California Berkeley. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build The Big "C". The Big "C" is a giant concrete block "C" built into the Berkeley Hills overlooking the University of California Berkeley. ^[81] Owing to its prominent position, the Big C is often the target of pranks by rival Stanford University students who paint the Big C red and also fraternities and sororities who paint it their organization's colors. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in One of the Rally Committee's functions is to repaint The Big "C" to its traditional color of King Alfred Yellow. The Big "C" is a giant concrete block "C" built into the Berkeley Hills overlooking the University of California Berkeley.

Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Card stunts are a pre-planned coordinated sequence of actions performed by an audience whose members raise cards that in the aggregate create a recognizable image Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. Origins The Stanford axe was originally a standard 15-inch lumberman's axe The tradition continues today in the Cal student section and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen. ^[82]

The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. Tightwad Hill is the popular name for a hill above California Memorial Stadium on the campus of the University of California Berkeley. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. Tightwad Hill is the popular name for a hill above California Memorial Stadium on the campus of the University of California Berkeley. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against Pacific in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns. The University of the Pacific is a private university in Stockton California, originally affiliated with the United Methodist Church. ^[83]

Other traditions have included events which span only a period of a few years. William (or Willie) the Polka Dot Man was a performance artist who frequented Sproul Plaza during the late 1970s and early 1980s. ^[84] The Naked Guy (now deceased^[85]) and Larry the Drummer, who performed Batman tunes, appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s. ^[86][87]

Student housing

Cunningham Hall and the newly-built Towle Hall, part of the Unit 2 residence hall complex

Bowles Hall at the 2003 Homecoming and Parents Weekend

UC Berkeley's student housing accommodates a variety of personal and academic preferences and styles. Bowles Hall is an all-male residence Dormitory at the University of California Berkeley. Presently, the university offers two years of guaranteed housing for entering freshmen, and one year for entering transfer students. The immediately surrounding community offers apartments, Greek (fraternity and sorority) housing, and student housing co-ops. The University Students' Cooperative Association or USCA is a student Housing cooperative serving primarily the University of California Berkeley

Main article: UC Berkeley student housing

There are four residence hall complexes south of campus in the City of Berkeley: Units 1, 2, 3, and Clark Kerr. The University of California Berkeley has various student housing facilities some run by the office of Residential and Student Service Programs and others by off-campus entities Units 1, 2 and 3 offer high-rise accommodations with common areas on every other floor. Dining commons and other central facilities are shared by the high-rises. Because of their communal design and location in the city, these residence halls tend to be the more social of the housing options. Units 1 and 2 also have many of the newest residence hall buildings, which are intended for continuing and transfer students. ^[88] Just outside these complexes are the Channing-Bowditch and Ida Jackson apartments, also intended for older students. ^[89][90] Farther away from campus is Clark Kerr, a residence hall complex that houses many student athletes and was once a school for the deaf and blind. This complex is considered the most spacious and luxurious accommodation south of campus.

In the foothills, east of the central campus, there are three additional residence hall complexes: Foothill, Stern, and Bowles. Foothill is a co-ed suite-style hall reminiscent of a Swiss chalet. Just south of Foothill, overlooking the Hearst Greek Theatre, is the all-girls traditional-style Stern Hall, which boasts an original mural by Diego Rivera. The William Randolph Hearst Greek Theatre, known locally as simply the Greek Theatre, is an 8500-seat Amphitheater owned and operated by the University Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez Because of their proximity to the College of Engineering and College of Chemistry, these residence halls often house science and engineering majors. The College of Engineering is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California Berkeley. They tend to be quieter than the southside complexes, but because of their location next to the theatre, often get free glimpses of concerts. Southside, also known by the older names South of Campus or South Campus, is a Neighborhood in Berkeley California. Bowles Hall, the oldest state-owned residence hall in California, is located immediately north of California Memorial Stadium. Bowles Hall is an all-male residence Dormitory at the University of California Berkeley. California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California in Berkeley. Dedicated in 1929 and on the National Register of Historic Places, this all-men’s residence hall has large quad-occupancy rooms and has the appearance of a castle. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of This residence hall is like a fraternity, with many of its residents staying all four years. However, in 2005 the university decided to limit Bowles to freshmen because of complaints that it had become too raucous and was jeopardizing the learning environment. ^[91] Bowles houses was once ranked as one of Playboy Magazine's top-10 college parties during Halloween, however the university within the past few years has cracked down on this activity. Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy Currently, the residence is being courted by the Haas School of Business to become housing for scholars and business professionals who visit Berkeley. The Walter A Haas School of Business, better known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of ^[92] There is a great deal of opposition to this plan, and no final decisions have been made.

Family student housing consists of two main groups of housing: University Village and Smyth-Fernwald. UC Village, also called University Village, is a housing community for students who are married or have dependents University Village is located three miles (5 km) north-west of campus in Albany, California. Albany is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. The demolition of older buildings and their subsequent replacement with new, more expensive apartment units has prompted student protests. The Village Residents Association, a funding and advocacy group in University Village, filmed a video documentary regarding the lack of affordable student family housing in June, 2007. ^[93] Smyth-Fernwald is scheduled for demolition in 2010.

Student groups

Cal Straw Hat Band (a smaller subset of the Cal Band) playing at SeaWorld in San Diego, California. SeaWorld San Diego is a theme park located in San Diego California.

UC Berkeley has over 700 established student groups.

UC Berkeley has a reputation for student activism, stemming from the 1960s and the Free Speech Movement. Student activism is work done by students to effect political environmental economic or social change The Free Speech Movement (FSM was a Student protest which took place during the 1964-1965 school year on the campus of the University of California Berkeley under Today, Berkeley is known as a lively campus with activism in many forms, from email petitions, presentations on Sproul Plaza and volunteering, to the occasional protest. Political student groups on campus numbered 94 in 2006-2007 school year, including Berkeley MEChA, Berkeley ACLU, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Berkeley sends the most students to the Peace Corps of any university in the nation. The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. ^[94]

The IDEAL Scholars Fund was established by four alumni to increase the number of underrepresented minorities at UC Berkeley. The Initiative for Diversity in Education and Leadership (IDEAL Scholars Fund, a program of the Level Playing Field Institute, was founded in 2001 by a group of The Fund tries to counter the perceived effects of California Proposition 209, which ended Affirmative Action in California and in the University of California system. Proposition 209 was a 1996 California ballot proposition which amended the state constitution to prohibit public institutions from considering Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Some claimed there was a reduction in the numbers of Latino, African American and Native American students and rekindled their activism on campus concerning issues of race. However, supporters of Proposition 209 have noted that the number of Asian American students, a small minority group, has dramatically increased following its passage. Proposition 209 was a 1996 California ballot proposition which amended the state constitution to prohibit public institutions from considering Racial preferences remain a controversial topic, with some students supporting them while many others are opposed to what they see as reverse racism.

The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the student government organization that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. See also University of California Students Association (UCSA A students' union, student government, student senate, students' association, or guild of students is a Student Organization It is considered one of the most autonomous student governments at any public university in the U. A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. S.

UC Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is The Daily Californian. The Daily Californian (or Daily Cal) is an independent student-run Newspaper that serves the University of California Berkeley Founded in 1871, The Daily Cal became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park. People's Park in Berkeley California, USA is a park off Telegraph Avenue, bounded by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way near the University

Berkeley's FM radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90. KALX (907 FM) is a freeform FM Radio station that broadcasts from the University of California Berkeley in Berkeley California 7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members.

Berkeley Model United Nations is the oldest running high school Model United Nations conference in the nation holding an annual conference on campus with over 1500 high school students participating.

Berkeley's student-run television station, CalTV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. CalTV is the University of California at Berkeley 's online television station It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors.

Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes through the Special Studies 98/198 program. DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The Free Speech Movement (FSM was a Student protest which took place during the 1964-1965 school year on the campus of the University of California Berkeley under The program offers some 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the Berkeley student community, including classes on The Simpsons, Poker, South Park, Superman, Batman, The Iranian Revolution, conspiracy theories, political debate, meditation and DJing. Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into South Park is an animated American television comedy series created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional Comic book Superhero co-created A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience [8]

UC Berkeley's anime club, Cal Animage Alpha, founded in 1989 is one of the oldest in the west coast, and achieved distinction for having the most members of all clubs outside of Japan in its 1994 year with over 300 members.

Ethnic enrollment

The plurality of Asian American students at Berkeley vis a vis the population of California was featured in an New York Times article. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically Chicano (feminine Chicana) is a politically-loaded word for a Mexican American (in the sense of native-born Americans of Mexican ancestry as opposed to Mexican Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States ^[96]

A Cappella

A Cappella music holds a strong tradition at Cal. The two most renowned small performance groups on campus are the UC Men's Octet and the California Golden Overtones. The UC Men's Octet is an eight-member a cappella group founded in 1948. They are the only multiple time champions of the ICCA, having won the championship in both 1998 and 2000. The International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella, originally the National Championship of Collegiate A Cappella ("NCCA" a play on NCAA) is an international The Octet has entertained audiences around the world with its unique mesh of close harmonies and zany stage antics. Dazzling fans with wide repertoire of barbershop, doo-wop, contemporary pop, modern alternative, and of course, fight songs, the group has released dozens of recordings over the years. The eight men can be seen performing every Wednesday outside Sather Gate at 1 o'clock.

The California Golden Overtones, founded in 1993, are a female a cappella group. Founded in 1993 as the Decibelles, the California Golden Overtones, sometimes called the Golden Overtones or the Tones, is six-to-ten member female In 2001 the group placed second in the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA). The International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella, originally the National Championship of Collegiate A Cappella ("NCCA" a play on NCAA) is an international The Overtones can be seen performing every Friday outside Sather Gate at 1 o'clock.

Both groups have performed for audiences all around the world, having toured all throughout the United States, Europe, Australia, and China.

Fraternities and sororities

Main article: List of fraternities and sororities at University of California, Berkeley

Names

At the time of its founding, Berkeley was the first full-curriculum public university in the state of California and thus was known as the University of California. As occurred in other states with only a single major public university, University of California was frequently shortened to California or Cal, for ease of identification. Because the school's long sports tradition stretches back to an era before the founding of the other University of California branches, its athletic teams continue to be designated as California Golden Bears, Cal Bears, or simply, Cal.

As a reflection of the University of California's development into a multi-institutional university system, the term University of California is no longer applied to the campus outside of varsity sports; the official name is University of California, Berkeley. Informally, the campus is called UC Berkeley, Berkeley, or Cal, which are all official variations. The term University of California has come to refer to the entire University of California system. The campus office for trademarks disallows the use of Cal Berkeley,^[97] though it is occasionally used colloquially. Unlike most University of California campuses, which are commonly known by their initials, usage of UCB is discouraged (as is University of California at Berkeley), and the domain name is berkeley. edu. While ucb. edu and ucberkeley. edu are also registered by the school, they are not actively used.

Berkeley is sometimes confused with Berklee College of Music, a private music school in Boston, Massachusetts, or Berkeley College, a private college with campuses in New York and New Jersey; it is not affiliated with either. Berklee College of Music, founded in 1945 is an independent music College in Boston Massachusetts. Berkeley College is a private college specializing in business with seven locations in New York and New Jersey, plus Berkeley College Online New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

Relationship with the United States military

The military has been and continues to be an integral part of UC Berkeley's history since the university's birth. In fact, military training was compulsory at the university from 1870 to 1962.

The University of California came into being in 1868 as a merger between the College of California (a private institution incorporated in 1855 that was constrained by its limited finances) and the Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College (a public institution formed in 1866). The latter was created by the state legislature after it took advantage of the federal Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, which offered states a grant of public land if they would establish a public college teaching agriculture, mechanical arts, and military tactics.

Thus the precursor to the army's Reserve Officer Training Corps was born. ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches In exchange for California's share of 150,000 acres (600 km²), the first male undergraduates at the new University of California were required to serve two hours per week for four years being trained in tactics, dismounted drill, marksmanship, camp duty, military engineering, and fortifications. North Hall, which no longer exists, housed an armory.

The university president's report from 1902 states that "The University Cadets from last year numbered no less than 866. Appointments as second lieutenants in the regular army have been conferred upon several men who have distinguished themselves as officers in the University Cadets. It is very much to be hoped that the War Department will establish permanently the policy of offering such appointments to the graduates of each year who show the highest ability in military pursuits. "

In 1904, the service requirement was dropped to two years, and in 1917, Cal's ROTC was established more or less as it exists today with ROTC programs for the four main branches of the military.

Commander Chester W. Nimitz established the Naval ROTC at Cal in the fall of 1926. Fleet Admiral Chester William Nimitz, USN, GCB ( February 24, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1966) held the dual command Transferred in June 1929, Captain Nimitz left a unit of 150 midshipmen enrolled with a staff of six commissioned and six petty officers. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz never lost his admiration of Cal, and he retired in Berkeley. Many artifacts and documents from that time were lost when peace activists burned the NROTC's Callahan Hall to the ground one night in 1984. War correspondent Cork Graham was a midshipman here in 1983, just before he was held by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on charges of spying for the CIA the same year. A war correspondent is a Journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. Cork Graham (born November 29, 1964) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Film producer, director, Actor, Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all

During World War II, the military increased its presence on campus to churn out recruits from the officer training corps. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The army program took over Bowles Hall, a dormitory, and the naval program took over the International House and several fraternities for its trainees. Bowles Hall is an all-male residence Dormitory at the University of California Berkeley. The History of I-House Berkeley International House Berkeley was part of a larger "International House movement" founded by Harry Edmonds By 1944, more than 1,000 navy personnel were studying at Cal, roughly one out of every four male Berkeley students.

With the end of the war and the subsequent rise of student activism, the California Board of Regents succumbed to pressure from the student government and ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962.

Former secretary of defense Robert McNamara and former Army chief of staff Frederick C. Weyand are both graduates of Cal's ROTC program. Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense Frederick Carlton Weyand (born in Arbuckle California, September 15, 1916) is a former U

Notes

References

• Owens, Eric (2004). America's Best Value Colleges. The Princeton Review. ISBN 0-375-76373-2.  
• A Brief History of the University of California, Berkeley
• Brief History of the University from official website
• Berkeley: Historical Overview from University of California Digital Archives
• Atomicarchive.com
• Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association
• Cal Traditions 101
• Cal Band
• University of California Rally Committee
• Cal Athletics
• UC Berkeley Residential and Student Programs
• Landscape plan

Further reading

• Brechin, Gray (1999). Imperial San Francisco. UC Press Ltd. ISBN 0-520-21568-0.  
• Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2001). Berkeley Landmarks: An Illustrated Guide to Berkeley, California's Architectural Heritage. Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association. ISBN 0-9706676-0-4.  
• Freeman, Jo (2003). At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961-1965. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21622-2.  
• Helfand, Harvey (2001). University of California, Berkeley. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-293-3.  
• Rorabaugh, W. J. (1990). Berkeley at War: The 1960s. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506667-7.  
• Wong, Geoffrey (May 2001). A Golden State of Mind. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55212-635-8.  

Partnerships

University of California, Berkeley, is a member of the Consortium of Academic Stewards for The Scholar Ship. '''The Scholar Ship''' was a recognized academic program aboard a transformed passenger ship hosting both undergraduate and postgraduate students on semester-long voyages around the world

Films shot at Berkeley University

• 1969 Strawberry Statement directed by Stuart Hagmann

See also

• University of California Museum of Paleontology
• Ethnic Studies Library
• Pacific Film Archive

External links

• Official website
• University of California, Berkeley at the Open Directory Project

• University of California, Berkeley is at coordinates 37°52′12″N 122°15′32″W / 37.870, -122.259 (University of California, Berkeley)Coordinates: 37°52′12″N 122°15′32″W / 37.870, -122.259 (University of California, Berkeley)