USB Universal Serial Bus
Original USB Logo
Year created:	January 1996
Width:	1 bit
Number of devices:	127 per host controller
Capacity	12 or 480 Mbit/s (1. A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1 Binary digits are a basic unit of Information storage and communication 5 to 60 MByte/s)
Style:	Serial
Hotplugging?	Yes
External?	Yes

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. In Telecommunication and Computer science, serial communication is the process of sending data one Bit at one time sequentially over a Communication In Telecommunication and Computer science, serial communication is the process of sending data one Bit at one time sequentially over a Communication In Computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a Computer or between computers An electrical connector is a conductive device for joining Electrical circuits together USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket and to improve the plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer (hot swapping). Plug-and-play is a computer feature that allows the addition of a new device normally a Peripheral, without requiring reconfiguration or manual installation of Device ReBoot is a Canadian CGI - animated action-adventure Television series that originally aired from 1994 to 2001 Hot swapping and hot plugging are terms used to separately describe the functions of replacing system components hot swapping describes changing components like fans and Other convenient features include providing power to low-consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer specific, individual device drivers to be installed. In computing a device driver or software driver is a Computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a Hardware device

USB is intended to help retire all legacy varieties of serial and parallel ports. In Computing, a serial port is a Serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one Bit at a time (contrast A parallel port is a type of interface found on Computers ( personal and otherwise for connecting various peripherals USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, and flash drives. For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys A gamepad, also called joypad or control pad, is a type of Game controller held in the hand where the digits (especially thumbs are used to provide input A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. For many of those devices USB has become the standard connection method. USB was originally designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as PDAs and video game consoles. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated As of 2008, there are about 2 billion USB devices in the world. ^[1]

The design of USB is standardized by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), an industry standards body incorporating leading companies from the computer and electronics industries. The USB Implementers Forum, USB-IF is a non-profit organisation to promote and support the Universal Serial Bus. Notable members have included Agere (now merged with LSI Corporation), Apple Inc., Hewlett-Packard, Intel, NEC, and Microsoft. Agere Systems Inc was an Integrated circuit components company based in Allentown Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania LSI Corporation is an electronics company based in Milpitas California that designs ASICs Host bus adapters RAID adapters Storage Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer

Contents 1 History 2 Overview 3 Host controllers 4 Device classes 4.1 USB mass-storage 4.2 Human-interface devices (HIDs) 5 USB signalling 6 USB protocol analyzers 7 USB connector properties 7.1 Usability 7.2 Durability 7.3 Compatibility 8 Types of USB connector 8.1 Proprietary connectors and formats 9 USB cables 9.1 Maximum Useful Signalling Distance 10 Power 10.1 Non-standard devices 10.2 PoweredUSB 11 USB compared with FireWire 12 Version history 12.1 Prereleases 12.2 USB 1.0 12.3 USB 2.0 12.4 USB 3.0 13 Related technologies 14 See also 15 References 16 External links 16.1 USB 3.0

History

The USB 1. 0 specification was introduced in November 1995. USB was promoted by Intel (UHCI and open software stack), Microsoft (Windows software stack), Philips (Hub, USB-Audio), and US Robotics. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. US Robotics (often referred to by its abbreviation USR and not to be confused with U Originally USB was intended to replace the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, as well as to simplify software configuration of communication devices. USB was also the primary connector on the original Apple iMac introduced 6 May 1998, including the connector for its new keyboard and mouse. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) ^[2] USB 1. 1 came out in September 1998 to help rectify the adoption problems that occurred with earlier iterations of USB. ^[3]

As of 2008, the USB specification is at version 2. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 0 (with revisions). Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent (now Alcatel-Lucent), Microsoft, NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate than the 1. 1 specification. The USB 2. 0 specification was released in April 2000 and was standardized by the USB-IF at the end of 2001. Equipment conforming with any version of the standard will also work with devices designed to any previous specification (known as backward compatibility). In Technology, especially Computing (irrespective of platform a product is said to be backward compatible when it is able to take the place of an older product

Smaller USB plugs and receptacles for use in handheld and mobile devices, called Mini-B, were added to USB specification in the first engineering change notice. A new variant of smaller USB plugs and receptacles, Micro-USB, was announced by the USB Implementers Forum on January 4, 2007. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[4]

Overview

A USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. A USB hub is a device that allows many USB devices to be connected to a single USB port on the host computer or another hub Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance such that it reflects beauty or A server is a Computer dedicated to providing one or more services over a computer network typically through a request-response routine In Computer hardware, a peripheral device is any device attached to a computer in order to expand its functionality (basically input and output devices together are known Star networks are one of the most common Computer network topologies. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure, subject to a limit of 5 levels of tiers. A USB hub is a device that allows many USB devices to be connected to a single USB port on the host computer or another hub USB host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller.

USB devices are linked in series through hubs. There always exists one hub known as the root hub, which is built-in to the host controller. So-called "sharing hubs", which allow multiple computers to access the same peripheral device(s), also exist and work by either switching access between PCs automatically or manually. They are popular in small-office environments. In network terms, they converge rather than diverge branches.

A single physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions, because each individual device may provide several functions, such as a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). Webcams ( web cameras) are small cameras (usually though not always Video cameras, whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant

USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). Pipes are connections from the host controller to a logical entity on the device named an endpoint. The term endpoint is also occasionally used to refer to the pipe. A USB device can have up to 32 active pipes, 16 into the host controller and 16 out of the controller. Each endpoint can transfer data in one direction only, either into or out of the device, so each pipe is uni-directional. Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and which is not associated with any interface.

When a new USB device is connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration process first sends a reset signal to the USB device. The speed of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, USB device setup information is read from the device by the host and the device is assigned a unique host-controller-specific 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

The host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. Round-robin (RR is one of the simplest Scheduling algorithms for processes in an Operating system, which assigns time slices to each process in equal portions

Host controllers

The computer hardware that contains the host controller and the root hub has an interface geared toward the programmer which is called Host Controller Device (HCD) and is defined by the hardware implementer. Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard

In the version 1. x age, there were two competing HCD implementations, Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) and Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI). A host controller interface (HCI is a register level Interface which allows a Host controller for USB or FireWire to communicate with the A host controller interface (HCI is a register level Interface which allows a Host controller for USB or FireWire to communicate with the OHCI was developed by Compaq, Microsoft and National Semiconductor; UHCI was by Intel. Compaq Computer Corporation was an American Personal computer company founded in 1982 and is now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer National Semiconductor ( is a Semiconductor manufacturer specializing in analog devices and subsystems headquartered in Santa Clara, California,

VIA Technologies licensed the UHCI standard from Intel; all other chipset implementers use OHCI. VIA Technologies ( is a Taiwanese manufacturer of Integrated circuits mainly Motherboard Chipsets CPUs, and memory, and UHCI is more software-driven, making UHCI slightly more processor-intensive than OHCI but cheaper to implement. The dueling implementations forced operating system vendors and hardware vendors to develop and test on both implementations, which increased cost.

HCD standards are out of the USB specification's scope, and the USB specification does not specify any HCD interfaces. In other words, USB defines the format of data transfer through the port, but not the system by which the USB hardware communicates with the computer it sits in.

During the design phase of USB 2. 0, the USB-IF insisted on only one implementation. The USB 2. 0 HCD implementation is called the Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI). Only EHCI can support hi-speed transfers. Most of PCI-based EHCI controllers contain other HCD implementations called 'companion host controller' to support Full Speed and Low Speed devices. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers.

Device classes

Devices that attach to the bus can be full-custom devices requiring a full-custom device driver to be used, or may belong to a device class. These classes define an expected behavior in terms of device and interface descriptors so that the same device driver may be used for any device that claims to be a member of a certain class. An operating system is supposed to implement all device classes so as to provide generic drivers for any USB device. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Device classes are decided upon by the Device Working Group of the USB Implementers Forum.

Device classes include:^[5]

Class	Usage	Description	Examples
00h	Device	Unspecifiedclass 0	(Device class is unspecified. Interface descriptors are used for determining the required drivers. )
01h	Interface	Audio	speaker, microphone, sound card
02h	Both	Communications and CDC Control	ethernet adapter, modem, serial port adapter
03h	Interface	Human Interface Device (HID)	keyboard, mouse, joystick
05h	Interface	Physical Interface Device (PID)	force feedback joystick
06h	Interface	Image	Digital Camera (Most cameras function as Mass Storage for direct access to storage media). For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical A sound card (also known as an audio card is a Computer Expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to/from a computer under USB communications device class (or "USB CDC" is a composite Universal Serial Bus device class A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card is a piece of Computer hardware designed to allow computers Modem (from mo dulator- dem odulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Digital information In Computing, a serial port is a Serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one Bit at a time (contrast The USB human interface device class ("USB HID class" is a USB device class that describes Human interface devices such as keyboards In Computing, a keyboard is an Input device partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph.
07h	Interface	Printer	laser printer, Inkjet printer
08h	Interface	Mass Storage	USB flash drive, memory card reader, digital audio player
09h	Device	USB hub	full speed hub, hi-speed hub
0Ah	Interface	CDC-Data	(This class is used together with class 02h - Communications and CDC Control. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page The USB mass storage device class or USB MSC or UMS is a set of computing communications protocols defined by the USB Implementers Forum that A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic Flash memory Data storage device used with Digital A memory card reader is a device used for communication with a Smart card or a flash Memory card. A digital audio player, more commonly referred to as an MP3 player, is a Consumer electronics device that stores organizes and plays audio files Some A USB hub is a device that allows many USB devices to be connected to a single USB port on the host computer or another hub )
0Bh	Interface	Smart Card	USB smart card reader
0Dh	Interface	Content Security	-
0Eh	Interface	Video	webcam
0Fh	Interface	Personal Healthcare	-
DCh	Both	Diagnostic Device	USB compliance testing device
E0h	Interface	Wireless Controller	Wi-Fi adapter, Bluetooth adapter
EFh	Both	Miscellaneous	ActiveSync device
FEh	Interface	Application Specific	IrDA Bridge
FFh	Both	Vendor Specific	(This class code indicates that the device needs vendor specific drivers. A smart card, chip card, or Integrated circuit card ( ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated The USB video device class (also USB video class or UVC) is a USB device class that describes devices capable of streaming video like webcams Webcams ( web cameras) are small cameras (usually though not always Video cameras, whose images can be accessed using the World Wide Web, instant Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless ActiveSync is a Data synchronization program developed by Microsoft for use with its Microsoft Windows line of Operating systems Originally The Infrared Data Association ( IrDA) defines physical specifications Communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of Data )

Note class 0: Use class information in the Interface Descriptors. This base class is defined to be used in Device Descriptors to indicate that class information should be determined from the Interface Descriptors in the device.

USB mass-storage

USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (referred to as MSC or UMS). The USB mass storage device class or USB MSC or UMS is a set of computing communications protocols defined by the USB Implementers Forum that This was initially intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives, but has been extended to support a wide variety of devices, particularly flash drives. This generality is because many systems can be controlled with the familiar idiom of file manipulation within directories (The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension).

Though most computers are capable of booting off USB Mass Storage devices, USB is not intended to be a primary bus for a computer's internal storage: buses such as ATA (IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), and SCSI fulfill that role. AT Attachment with Packet Interface ( ATA/ATAPI) is a standard interface used to connect storage devices such as Hard disks Solid-state However, USB has one important advantage in that it is possible to install and remove devices without opening the computer case, making it useful for external drives. Originally conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc. Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW is a rewritable Optical disc format DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is ), a number of manufacturers offer external portable USB hard drives, or empty enclosures for drives, that offer performance comparable to internal drives. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale These external drives usually contain a translating device that interfaces a drive of conventional technology (IDE, ATA, SATA, ATAPI, or even SCSI) to a USB port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user just like another internal drive. Other competing standards that allow for external connectivity are eSATA and FireWire. The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus Interface standard for high-speed communications and Isochronous real-time data transfer frequently

Human-interface devices (HIDs)

Mice and keyboards are frequently fitted with USB connectors, but because most PC motherboards still retain PS/2 connectors for the keyboard and mouse as of 2007, they are often supplied with a small USB-to-PS/2 adaptor, allowing usage with either USB or PS/2 interface. The PS/2 connector is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. There is no logic inside these adaptors: they make use of the fact that such HID interfaces are equipped with controllers that are capable of serving both the USB and the PS/2 protocol, and automatically detect which type of port they are plugged into. An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow Joysticks, keypads, tablets and other human-interface devices are also progressively migrating from MIDI, PC game port, and PS/2 connectors to USB. MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers The game port is the traditional connector for Video game input devices on X86 -based PCs.

Apple Macintosh computers have been using USB exclusively for all external wired mice and keyboards since January 1999 (Powerbooks used ADB keyboards until 2005). Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc The PowerBook is a line of Macintosh Laptop Computers that was designed manufactured and sold by Apple Computer Inc Apple Desktop Bus (or ADB) is an obsolete bit-serial Computer bus connecting low-speed devices to computers The original iMac raised public awareness of USB considerably in August 1998, as it discarded legacy ports to use only USB. The iMac is a desktop Macintosh computer designed and built by Apple Inc PCs had USB ports prior to the iMac's introduction, but they were included with a full complement of traditional ports which limited USB's adoption. The iMac's influence can be seen in the number of USB peripherals with matching translucent, colored plastic enclosures that were available in the late '90s and early '00s.

USB signalling

USB supports three data rates:

• A Low Speed (1. In Telecommunication, data signaling rate (DSR also known as Gross bit rate, is the aggregate rate at which Data pass a point in the transmission 1, 2. 0) rate of 1. 5 Mbit/s (187. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission 5 kB/s) that is mostly used for Human Interface Devices (HID) such as keyboards, mice, and joysticks. A kilobyte (derived from the SI prefix Kilo -, meaning 1000 is a unit of Information or Computer storage equal to either 1024
• A Full Speed (1. 1, 2. 0) rate of 12 Mbit/s (1. 5 MB/s). A megabyte is a unit of Information or Computer storage equal to either 106 (1000000 Bytes or 220 (1048576 bytes depending on Full Speed was the fastest rate before the USB 2. 0 specification and many devices fall back to Full Speed. Full Speed devices divide the USB bandwidth between them in a first-come first-served basis and it is not uncommon to run out of bandwidth with several isochronous devices. Isochronous: From Greek iso, equal + Chronos, time It literally means to occur at the same time or at equal time intervals All USB Hubs support Full Speed.
• A Hi-Speed (2. 0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s).

Experimental data rate:

• A Super-Speed (3. In Telecommunication, data signaling rate (DSR also known as Gross bit rate, is the aggregate rate at which Data pass a point in the transmission 0) rate of 4. 8 Gbit/s (600 MB/s). The USB 3. 0 specification will be released by Intel and its partners in mid 2008 according to early reports from CNET news. CNET Networks Inc is a media company based in San Francisco California, United States, and is part of CBS Interactive, owned According to Intel, bus speeds will be 10 times faster than USB 2. 0 due to the inclusion of a fiber optic link that works with traditional copper connectors. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Products using the 3. 0 specification are likely to arrive in 2009 or 2010.

USB signals are transmitted on a twisted pair data cable with 90Ω ±15% impedance,^[6] labeled D+ and D−. Twisted pair Cabling is a form of wiring in which two conductors (two halves of a single circuit) are wound together for the purposes of canceling out The ohm (symbol Ω) is the SI unit of Electrical impedance or in the Direct current case Electrical resistance, These collectively use half-duplex differential signaling to combat the effects of electromagnetic noise on longer lines. A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions Differential signaling is a method of transmitting Information electrically by means of two complementary Signals sent on two separate wires D+ and D− usually operate together; they are not separate simplex connections. Simplex communication is a name for a type of communication circuit Transmitted signal levels are 0. 0–0. 3 volts for low and 2. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. 8–3. 6 volts for high in Full Speed and Low Speed modes, and ±400mV in High Speed (HS) mode. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. In FS mode the cable wires are not terminated, but the HS mode has termination of 45Ω to ground, or 90Ω differential to match the data cable impedance.

USB uses a special protocol to negotiate the High Speed mode called "chirping". In simplified terms, a device that is HS capable always connects as an FS device first, but after receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D- are driven LOW by host) it tries to pull the D- line high. If the host (or hub) is also HS capable, it returns alternating signals on D- and D+ lines letting the device know that the tier will operate at High Speed.

Clock tolerance is 480. 00 Mbit/s ±500ppm, 12. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly 000 Mbit/s ±2500ppm, 1. 50 Mbit/s ±15000ppm.

The USB standard uses the NRZI system to encode data, and uses "bit stuffing" by always injecting one artificial "zero" bit if the stream of data contains six consecutive "ones" before converting the bit stream to NRZI. In Telecommunication, a non-return-to-zero ( NRZ) Line code is a binary code in which "1s" are represented by one Significant In Data transmission and Telecommunication, bit stuffing (also known—uncommonly—as positive justification) is the insertion of noninformation bits

Though Hi-Speed devices are commonly referred to as "USB 2. 0" and advertised as "up to 480 Mbit/s", not all USB 2. 0 devices are Hi-Speed. The USB-IF certifies devices and provides licenses to use special marketing logos for either "Basic-Speed" (low and full) or Hi-Speed after passing a compliance test and paying a licensing fee. The USB Implementers Forum, USB-IF is a non-profit organisation to promote and support the Universal Serial Bus. All devices are tested according to the latest spec, so recently-compliant Low-Speed devices are also 2. 0 devices.

The actual throughput currently (2006) attained with real devices is about two thirds of the maximum theoretical bulk data transfer rate of 53. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 248 MB/s. Typical hi-speed USB devices operate at lower speeds, often about 3 MB/s overall, sometimes up to 10-20 MB/s. ^[7]

USB protocol analyzers

Due to the complexities of the USB protocol, USB protocol analyzers are invaluable tools to people developing USB devices. USB analyzers are able to capture the data on USB and display information from low-level bus states to high-level data packets and class-level information.

Analyzer	USB Speeds	Owner	OS Supported
Advisor Protocol Analyzer	High/Full/Low	LeCroy	Windows
Beagle USB 12 Protocol Analyzer	Full/Low	Total Phase	Linux,Windows,Mac
Beagle USB 480 Protocol Analyzer	High/Full/Low	Total Phase	Linux,Windows,Mac
USB Explorer 200 USB 2.0 Protocol Analyzer	High/Full/Low	Ellysis	Windows
USB Tracker 110 USB 1.1 Protocol Analyzer	Full/Low	Ellysis	Windows
USBTracer/Trainer Protocol Verification System	High/Full/Low	LeCroy	Windows

USB connector properties

The connectors specified by the USB committee were designed to support a number of USB's underlying goals, and to reflect lessons learned from the varied menagerie of connectors then in service.

Usability

• It is difficult to incorrectly attach a USB connector. Connectors cannot be plugged-in upside down, and it is clear from the appearance and kinesthetic sensation of making a connection when the plug and socket are correctly mated. Proprioception (ˌproʊpriːəˈsɛpʃən PRO -pree-o-SEP-shun from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own" and perception is the Sense However, it is not obvious at a glance to the inexperienced user (or to a user without sight of the installation) which way around the connector goes, so it is often necessary to try both ways. More often than not, however, the side of the connector with the "trident" logo is the top.
• Only a moderate insertion/removal force is needed (by specification). USB cables and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle (without the need for the screws, clips, or thumbturns that other connectors require). The force needed to make or break a connection is modest, allowing connections to be made in awkward circumstances or by those with motor disabilities.
• The connectors enforce the directed topology of a USB network. Topology ( Greek topos, "place" and logos, "study" is the branch of Mathematics that studies the properties of USB does not support cyclical networks, so the connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible. Unlike other communications systems (e. g. RJ-45 cabling) gender-changers are almost never used, making it difficult to create a cyclic USB network.

Durability

• The connectors are designed to be robust. Many previous connector designs were fragile, with pins or other delicate components prone to bending or breaking, even with the application of only very modest force. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually further protected by an enclosing metal sheath. As a result USB connectors can safely be handled, inserted, and removed, even by a small child.
• The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug contacts with its counterpart in the receptacle before the four connectors within are connected. This sheath is typically connected to the system ground, allowing otherwise damaging static charges to be safely discharged by this route (rather than via delicate electronic components). This means of enclosure also means that there is a (moderate) degree of protection from electromagnetic interference afforded to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (this is the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair must travel a distance in parallel). In addition, the power and common connections are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for safe hot-swapping and has long been common practice in the design of connectors in the aerospace industry.

Compatibility

• The USB standard specifies relatively low tolerances for compliant USB connectors, intending to minimize incompatibilities in connectors produced by different vendors (a goal that has been very successfully achieved). Unlike most other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to avoid circumstances where a device complies with the connector specification but its large size blocks adjacent ports. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable which does.
• Two-way communication is also possible. In general, cables have only plugs, and hosts and devices have only receptacles: hosts having type-A receptacles and devices type-B. Type-A plugs only mate with type-A receptacles, and type-B with type-B. However, an extension to USB called USB On-The-Go allows a single port to act as either a host or a device — chosen by which end of the cable plugs into the socket on the unit. USB On-The-Go, normally abbreviated USB OTG, is a supplement to the USB 2 Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are talking, the two units may "swap" ends under program control. This facility targets units such as PDAs where the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance.

Types of USB connector

There are several types of USB connectors, and some have been added as the specification has progressed. The original USB specification detailed Standard-A and Standard-B plugs and receptacles. The first engineering change notice to the USB 2. 0 specification added Mini-B plugs and receptacles. The data slots in the A - Plug are actually farther in the plug than the outside power wires to prevent data errors by powering the device first, then transferring data.

The Mini-B, Micro-A, Micro-B , and Micro-AB connectors are used for smaller devices such as PDAs, mobile phones or digital cameras. The Standard-A plug is approximately 4 by 12 mm, the Standard-B approximately 7 by 8 mm, and the Micro-A and Micro-B plugs approximately 2 by 7 mm.

Micro-USB is a further connector, that was announced by the USB-IF on January 4, 2007. The USB Implementers Forum, USB-IF is a non-profit organisation to promote and support the Universal Serial Bus. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[8] It is intended to replace the Mini-USB plugs used in many new smartphones and Personal digital assistants. A smartphone is a Mobile phone offering advanced capabilities beyond a typical mobile phone often with PC -like functionality This Micro-USB plug is rated for 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles. It is about half the height of the mini-USB connector, but features a similar width. In the Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification, details have been laid down for Micro-A plugs, Micro-AB receptacles, and Micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a Standard-A receptacle to Micro-A plug adapter. The carrier led group OMTP have recently endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices. The Open Mobile Terminal Platform ( OMTP) is a forum created by mobile network operators to discuss standards with manufacturers of cell phones and other mobile devices ^[9]

Proprietary connectors and formats

Microsoft's original Xbox game console uses standard USB 1. The Xbox is a sixth-generation Video game console produced by Microsoft Corporation. 1 signaling in its controllers and memory cards, but features proprietary connectors and ports. Similarly, IBM UltraPort uses standard USB signaling, but via a proprietary connection format. IBM UltraPort was a nonstandard USB 11 port used by IBM on its range of ThinkPad Laptop computers American Power Conversion uses USB signaling and HID device class on its uninterruptible power supplies using 10P10C connectors. An uninterruptible power supply ( UPS) also known as a continuous power supply ( CPS) or a battery backup is a device which maintains a continuous HTC, a company which makes Windows Mobile-based Communicators, has a proprietary connector called HTC ExtUSB, which combines mini-USB with audio input and output. Nokia includes a USB connection as part of the Pop-Port connector on their mobile phones. Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/),,) is a Finnish multinational Communications Corporation, headquartered Pop-Port interface (originally code-named "Tomahawk" is a plug-in port available with many Nokia Mobile phones The port consists of one metal pin on either The second-generation iPod Shuffle uses a TRS connector to carry USB, audio, or power signals. The iPod Shuffle is a Digital audio player designed and marketed by Apple Inc (as iPod shuffle) A TRS connector, also called an audio jack, phone plug, jack plug, stereo plug, mini-jack, or mini-stereo, is a common Many digital cameras have a tiny 8 pin connector that combines USB with video and audio out.

USB cables

Pin	Name	Cable colour	Description
1	VCC	Red	+5V
2	D−	White	Data −
3	D+	Green	Data +
4	GND	Black	Ground

The maximum length of a standard USB cable is 5. 0 meters (16. 4 ft). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1500 ns. If a USB device does not answer to host commands within the allowed time, the host considers the command to be lost. When USB device response time, delays from using the maximum number of hubs and delays from cables connecting the hubs, host and device are summed, the maximum delay caused by a single cable turns out to be 26 ns. ^[10] The USB 2. 0 specification states that the cable delay must be less than 5. 2 ns per meter, which means that maximum length USB cable is 5 meters long. However, this is also very close to the maximum possible length when using a standard copper cable.

Miniplug/Microplug

Pin	Name	Color	Description
1	VCC	Red	+5 V
2	D-	White	Data -
3	D+	Green	Data +
4	ID	none	permits distinction of Micro-A- and Micro-B-Plug Type A: connected to Ground Type B: not connected
5	GND	Black	Signal Ground

The data cables are a twisted pair to reduce noise and crosstalk.

Maximum Useful Signalling Distance

Although a single cable is limited to 5 meters, the USB specification permits up to five USB hubs in a long chain of cables and hubs. Consequently the maximum possible signalling distance is 30 meters, using six 5-meter cables and five hubs. In actual use, the last hub is a more convenient endpoint since some USB devices include built-in cables intended to directly connect to a hub, setting the maximum useful signalling distance at 25 meters.

Because USB is able to provide power for additional devices connected to the bus, a special type of USB extender cable was created which consists of a miniature one-port USB hub molded into one end of a 5 meter cable. These mini-hubs are fully self-contained within the cable, requiring no separate bulky hub device, and are as simple to use as plugging cables together, with each hub drawing power through all the previous single-port hubs in the chain.

The bus power is limited however, so the most practical application is to use four single-port hub extender cables, one plain 5 meter cable, and then a powered multiport hub at the very end to support multiple additional USB devices. This is especially useful where a cool and quiet work area is needed, permitting a keyboard, mouse, flash drive, printer, etc to be used 25 meters from a loud heat-generating computer.

Power

The USB specification provides a 5 V supply on a single wire from which connected USB devices may draw power. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. The specification provides for no more than 5. 25 V and no less than 4. 75 V (5 V±5%) between the positive and negative bus power lines. ^[11] Initially, a device is only allowed to draw 100 mA. It may request more current from the upstream device in units of 2 mA up to a maximum of 500 mA.

If a bus-powered hub is used, the devices downstream may only use a total of four units — 400 mA — of current. This limits compliant bus-powered hubs to 4 ports. The host operating system typically keeps track of the power requirements of the USB network and may warn the computer's operator when a given segment requires more power than is available.

On-The-Go and Battery Charging Specification both add new powering modes to the USB specification. The latter specification allows USB devices to draw up to 1. 5 A from hubs and hosts that follow the Battery Charging Specification.

As of June 14, 2007, all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use the USB port as a power port. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[12][13]

In September, 2007 the Open Mobile Terminal Platform—a forum dominated by mobile network operators but including manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson and LG—announced that its members had agreed on micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices. The Open Mobile Terminal Platform ( OMTP) is a forum created by mobile network operators to discuss standards with manufacturers of cell phones and other mobile devices ^[14][15]

Non-standard devices

A number of USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is a common requirement of external hard and optical disc drives and other devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can be used with an external power supply of adequate rating, which is allowed by the standard, or by means of a dual input USB cable, one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some external hubs may, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard compliant device must not depend on this.

Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network. These are usually referred to as USB decorations. A USB decoration is a device that uses the Universal Serial Bus (USB protocol on a Computer or other host and is primarily a decorative device (using The typical example is a USB-powered reading light; fans, mug heaters, battery chargers (particularly for mobile telephones) and even miniature vacuum cleaners are available. A vacuum cleaner (in colloquial British English also hoover) is a device that uses an air Pump to create a partial Vacuum to Suck In most cases, these items contain no digitally based circuitry, and thus are not proper USB devices at all. This can cause problems with some computers — the USB specification requires that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and state how much current they need, before switching, with the host's permission, into high-power mode.

In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (to charge decoupling and bulk capacitors) when the device is first connected; otherwise, connecting a device could cause glitches in the host's internal power. Also, USB devices are required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended; many USB hosts do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended since resuming from the suspended state would become a lot more complicated if they did.

There are also devices at the host end that do not support negotiation, such as battery packs that can power USB powered devices; some provide power, while others pass through the data lines to a host PC. USB Power adapters convert utility power and/or power from a car's electrical system to run attached devices. Some of these devices can supply up to 1 A of current. Without negotiation, the powered USB device is unable to inquire if it is allowed to draw 100 mA, 500 mA, or 1 A.

The Apple SuperDrive uses a non-standard extension to USB to negotiate with the MacBook Air to draw 1. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics SuperDrive is a trademark used by Apple Inc for two different storage drives from 1988–1999 to refer to a high-density Floppy disk drive capable of reading all The MacBook Air is a thin lightweight Macintosh Notebook computer designed by Apple. 5 A from the USB port. ^[16] Due to the proprietary protocol, the SuperDrive only functions when connected directly to the Air, and cannot be operated with an external supply or through a USB hub, even if the hub can source the current specified on the package. ^[17]

PoweredUSB

Main article: PoweredUSB

PoweredUSB uses standard USB signaling with the addition of extra power lines. It uses 4 additional pins to supply up to 6A at either 5V, 12V, or 24V (depending on keying) to peripheral devices. The wires and contacts on the USB portion have been upgraded to support higher current on the 5V line, as well. This is commonly used in retail systems and provides enough power to operate stationary barcode scanners, printers, pin pads, signature capture devices, etc. Point of sale or point of service ( POS or PoS) can mean a retail shop, a checkout counter in a shop or the location where a transaction This standard was developed by IBM, NCR, and FCI/Berg. It is essentially two connectors stacked such that the bottom connector accepts a standard USB plug and the top connector takes a power connector.

USB compared with FireWire

USB was originally seen as a complement to FireWire (IEEE 1394), which was designed as a high-speed serial bus which could efficiently interconnect peripherals such as hard disks, audio interfaces, and video equipment. The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus Interface standard for high-speed communications and Isochronous real-time data transfer frequently USB originally operated at a far lower data rate and used much simpler hardware, and was suitable for small peripherals such as keyboards and mice.

The most significant technical differences between FireWire and USB include the following:

• USB networks use a tiered-star topology, while FireWire networks use a repeater-based topology.
• USB uses a "speak-when-spoken-to" protocol; peripherals cannot communicate with the host unless the host specifically requests communication. A FireWire device can communicate with any other node at any time, subject to network conditions.
• A USB network relies on a single host at the top of the tree to control the network. In a FireWire network, any capable node can control the network.
• USB runs with a 5 V power line, whereas Firewire can supply up to 30 V. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force.

These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, in real-world use, especially for high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives, FireWire 400 generally, but not always, has a significantly higher throughput than USB 2. 0 Hi-Speed. ^{[18][19][20][21]} The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and outperforms USB 2. 0 Hi-Speed both theoretically and practically. ^[22] The chipset and drivers used to implement USB and Firewire have a crucial impact on how much of bandwidth prescribed by the specification is achieved in the real world, along with compatibility with peripherals. ^[23] Audio peripherals in particular are affected by the USB driver implementation. ^[24]

One reason USB supplanted FireWire, and became far more widespread, is cost; FireWire is more expensive to implement, producing more expensive hardware.

Version history

Prereleases

• USB 0. USB On-The-Go, normally abbreviated USB OTG, is a supplement to the USB 2 7: Released in November 1994.
• USB 0. 8: Released in December 1994.
• USB 0. 9: Released in April 1995.
• USB 0. 99: Released in August 1995.
• USB 1. 0 Release Candidate: Released in November 1995.

USB 1. 0

• USB 1. 0: Released in January 1996.
  Specified data rates of 1. 5 Mbit/s (Low-Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Speed). Did not anticipate or pass-through monitors. Few such devices actually made it to market.
• USB 1. 1: Released in September 1998.
  Fixed problems identified in 1. 0, mostly relating to hubs. Earliest revision to be widely adopted.

USB 2. 0

• USB 2. 0: Released in April 2000.
  Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s (now called Hi-Speed). Further modifications to the USB specification have been done via Engineering Change Notices (ECN). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2. 0 specification package available from USB. org:
  • Mini-B Connector ECN: Released in October 2000.
    Specifications for Mini-B plug and receptacle. These should not be confused with Micro-B plug and receptacle.
  • Errata as of December 2000: Released in December 2000.
  • Pull-up/Pull-down Resistors ECN: Released in May 2002.
  • Errata as of May 2002: Released in May 2002.
  • Interface Associations ECN: Released in May 2003.
    New standard descriptor was added that allows multiple interfaces to be associated with a single device function.
  • Rounded Chamfer ECN: Released in October 2003.
    A recommended, compatible change to Mini-B plugs that results in longer lasting connectors.
  • Unicode ECN: Released in February 2005.
    This ECN specifies that strings are encoded using UTF-16LE. In Computing, UTF-16 (16- Bit Unicode Transformation Format is a variable-length Character encoding for Unicode, capable of encoding USB 2. 0 did specify that Unicode is to be used but it did not specify the encoding. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's
  • Inter-Chip USB Supplement: Released in March 2006.
  • On-The-Go Supplement 1. 3: Released in December 2006.
    USB On-The-Go makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate USB host. USB On-The-Go, normally abbreviated USB OTG, is a supplement to the USB 2 In practice, one of the USB devices acts as a host for the other device.
  • Battery Charging Specification 1. 0: Released in March 2007.
    Adds support for dedicated chargers (power supplies with USB connectors), host chargers (USB hosts that can act as chargers) and the No Dead Battery provision which allows devices to temporarily draw 100 mA current after they have been attached. If a USB device is connected to dedicated charger or host charger, maximum current drawn by the device may be as high as 1. 5 A. (Note that this document is not distributed with USB 2. 0 specification package. )
  • Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification 1. 01: Released in April 2007.
  • Link Power Management Addendum ECN: Released in July 2007.
    This adds a new power state between enabled and suspended states. Device in this state is not required to reduce its power consumption. However, switching between enabled and sleep states is much faster than switching between enabled and suspended states, which allows devices to sleep while idle.
  • High-Speed Inter-Chip USB Electrical Specification Revision 1. 0: Released in September 2007.

USB 3. 0

• USB 3. 0 (Future version): On September 18, 2007, Pat Gelsinger demonstrated USB 3. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Pat Gelsinger was the first Chief Technology Officer of Intel Corporation. 0 at the Intel Developer Forum. Intel Developer Forum (IDF is a gathering of technologists to discuss Intel products and products based around Intel products USB 3. 0 is targeted at ten times the current bandwidth, reaching roughly 4. 8 Gbit/s (600MB/s) by utilizing two additional high-speed differential pairs for "Superspeed" mode, and with the possibility for optical interconnect. In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission In telecommunications Bit rate or Data transfer rate is the average number of Bits characters or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission ^[25][26] The USB 3. 0 specification is planned to be released early in the second half of 2008^[27], and commercial products are expected to arrive in 2009 or 2010. ^[28]

• Backwards-Compatibility and Efficiency: USB 3. 0 is designed to be backwards-compatible with USB 2. 0 and USB 1. 1 and employs more efficient protocols to conserve power. ^[29]

Related technologies

The PictBridge standard allows for interconnecting consumer imaging devices. PictBridge is an Industry standard from the Camera & Imaging Products Association (CIPA for direct printing It typically uses USB as the underlying communication layer.

The USB Implementers Forum is working on a wireless networking standard based on the USB protocol. Wireless network refers to any type of Computer network that is Wireless, and is commonly associated with a Telecommunications network whose interconnections Wireless USB is intended as a cable-replacement technology, and will use ultra-wideband wireless technology for data rates of up to 480 Mbit/s. Wireless USB is a short-range high-bandwidth Wireless radio communication protocol created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group. Ultra-wideband (aka UWB, ultra-wide band, ultraband, etc is a radio technology that can be used at very low energy levels for short-range high-bandwidth Wireless USB is well suited to wireless connection of PC centric devices, just as Bluetooth is now widely used for mobile phone centric personal networks (at much lower data rates). Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless

See also

References

Link three should probably be http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/power/library/pa-spec7.html I looked at the link it is currently set at, and although it has to iMacs, it has little to do with USB. U3 is a company producing a proprietary method of auto-launching applications from specially formatted USB flash drives Flash drives adhering to the U3 specification Streaming multimedia is Multimedia that is constantly received by and normally presented to an end-user while it is being delivered by a streaming provider (the CEA-936-A ( USB Carkit Specification) is a CEA standard to allow the use of a mini- USB connector for UART and analog audio ACCESSbus (or Ab) is a peripheral-interconnect Computer bus developed by Philips in the early 1990s A serial cable is a Cable that can be used to transfer information between two devices using Serial communication, often using the RS-232 standard Wireless USB is a short-range high-bandwidth Wireless radio communication protocol created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group. Ethernet over USB has two meanings Ethernet devices via USB and USB as an Ethernet network This is a list of device bandwidths: the Net bit rate (or more informally Digital bandwidth) of some computer devices employing methods of data transport is quantified The HP-IL ( Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop) was a short-range interconnection bus or network introduced by Hewlett-Packard in the early 1980s Apple Desktop Bus (or ADB) is an obsolete bit-serial Computer bus connecting low-speed devices to computers The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus Interface standard for high-speed communications and Isochronous real-time data transfer frequently The PS/2 connector is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system The D-subminiature or D-sub is a common type of Electrical connector used particularly in Computers Calling them "subminiature" was appropriate

External links

• USB Connector Manufacturers & Suppliers
• MINI USB Connector Manufacturers & Suppliers
• Micro USB Connector Manufacturers & Suppliers
• Overview comparison between FW and USB
• Home of USB Implementers Forum, Inc.
  • USB Specification
• Intel Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI)

USB 3. 0

• USB Promoter Group - Mission Statement USB. org
• USB 3.0 brings optical connection in 2008 CNET 2007-09-18
• Intel announces, demonstrates USB 3.0 Ars Technica 2007-09-18
• USB 3.0 guns for Firewire eeTimes 2007-09-18

CNET Networks Inc is a media company based in San Francisco California, United States, and is part of CBS Interactive, owned Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Ars Technica (ˌɑrz ˈtɛknɨkə Latin for "Art of Technology" is a Technology -related Website that caters to PC enthusiasts covering technology Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Electronic Engineering Times is a weekly Magazine of the Electronic industry published in the USA by CMP Media LLC. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated

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