Unequal Treaties
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese:	不平等條約
Simplified Chinese:	不平等条约
Japanese name
Kanji:	不平等条約
Kana:	ふびょうどうじょうやく
Korean name
Hangul:	불평등 조약
Hanja:	不平等條約

Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of treaties signed by several East Asian states, including Qing Dynasty China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Joseon Korea, with Western powers and Imperial Russia and Imperial Japan, during the 19th and early 20th centuries. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku This was a period during which these Asian states were largely unable to resist the military and economic pressures from foreign powers. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area

In recent times, the term "unequal treaty" was also used by the RESPECT leader George Galloway and the Liberal Democrat leader Menzies Campbell to refer to the 2003 U. Respect – The Unity Coalition is a Left wing political party in England and Wales founded on 25 January, 2004 in London. George Galloway (born 16 August 1954 in Dundee) is a Scottish Politician, author and talkshow host noted for his Left-wing views confrontational style The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the Sir Walter Menzies Campbell CBE QC (born 22 May 1941) commonly known as Ming Campbell, is a British Politician K. -U. S. extradition treaty. Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal ^[1][2]

Contents 1 Overview 2 List of Unequal Treaties 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Overview

The earliest attempt to come to a settlement was the 1841 Convention of Chuenpeh in the wake of the First Opium War that started in 1839. Convention of Chuenpeh, Chuanbi Convention or the Ch'uenpi Convention was one of the first attempts to settle the First Opium War disputes between the The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty in China from 1839 ^[3] China and Great Britain signed the first unequal treaties under the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing signed 29 August, 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between ^[4] Following Qing China's defeat, treaties with Britain opened up several ports to foreign trade, while also allowing Christians to reside. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth In addition, the administration of justice on foreign residents in the port cities were afforded trials by their own consular authorities rather than the Chinese legal system, a concept termed extraterritoriality. Chinese Law is one of the oldest Legal traditions in the world Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations

Although the term "Unequal treaty" did not come into use until early in the 20th century, many Chinese considered the treaties unequal since the foreign powers did not reciprocate most of China's concessions with similar privileges. In many cases China was effectively forced to pay large amounts of reparations, open up ports for trade, cede or lease territories (such as Hong Kong to Great Britain), and make various other concessions of sovereignty to foreign "spheres of influence", following humiliating military defeats. War reparations refer to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders A sphere of influence ( SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural economic military or political domination

When the United States Commodore Matthew Perry forced open Japan in 1854, Japan was soon prompted to sign the "Ansei Treaties" that were similar to the ones China had signed and the same thing soon happened to Korea. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Matthew Calbraith Perry ( April 10, 1794 &ndash March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U The Ansei Treaties (Japanese安政条約 or the Ansei Five-Power Treaties (Japanese安政五カ国条約 are a series of treaties signed in 1858 during the Japanese Ironically, Korea's first unequal treaties were not with the West but with Japan, which, taking a page from Western tactics, had forced Korea to open its doors to foreign commerce in 1876. ^[5]

Such unequal treaties ended at various times for the countries involved. Japan was the first to throw off the shackles of its treaties during the mid 1890s, when its performance in the First Sino-Japanese War convinced many in the West that Japan had indeed entered among the body of "civilized nations". The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between For China and Korea, the wait was somewhat longer. Most of China's unequal treaties were abrogated during World War II, when the Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-shek emerged victorious and became a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security China's unequal treaties almost completely dissolved only following Hong Kong's 1997 handover. The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover The agreement was made in 1984 following talks between Deng Xiaoping and the British under the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Exception of territory seized were made by Imperial Russia (Outer Manchuria) in 1860. Outer Manchuria (外滿洲 known in China as Outer Northeast ' (外東北 and Priamurye' ( Cyrillic: Приаму́рье in Russia is the territory Korea's unequal treaties with European states became largely null and void in 1910, when it became a Japanese colony. Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire.

List of Unequal Treaties

Imposed on China
Treaty		Year	Imposer
English name	Chinese name
Treaty of Nanking	南京條約	1842	United Kingdom
Treaty of the Bogue	虎門條約	1843	United Kingdom
Treaty of Wanghs'ia	中美望廈條約	1844	United States
Treaty of Whampoa	黃埔條約	1844	France
Treaty of Aigun	璦琿條約	1858	Russia
Treaty of Tientsin	天津條約	1858	France, United Kingdom, Russia, United States
Convention of Peking	北京條約	1860	United Kingdom, France, Russia
Treaty of Tientsin		1861	Prussia, German Customs Union
Chefoo Convention	煙台條約	1876	United Kingdom
Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking	中葡北京條約	1887	Portugal
Treaty of Shimonoseki (Treaty of Maguan)	馬關條約	1895	Japan
Li-Lobanov Treaty		1896	Russia
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory	展拓香港界址專條	1898	United Kingdom
Boxer Protocol	辛丑條約	1901	U. The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing signed 29 August, 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Treaty of the Bogue ( was an agreement between China and the United Kingdom, which was concluded in October 1843 in order to supplement the previous Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Treaty of Whampoa ( was a commercial treaty between France and China, which was signed by Théodore de Lagrené and Qiying on Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Treaty of Aigun was the Russian Chinese treaty that established the modern borders of the Russian Far East and northern China. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Several documents titled " Treaty of Tien-tsin " ( Traditional Chinese: 天津條約 Simplified Chinese: 天津条约 Pinyin: Tiānjīn Tiáoyuē The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties which were concluded between Qing China and the Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Eulenburg Expedition was a diplomatic mission conducted by Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg on behalf of Prussia and the German Customs Union in 1859-62 Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Zollverein or German Customs Union was formed among the majority of the states of the German Confederation in 1834 during the Industrial Revolution The Chefoo Convention (烟台条约 was a treaty between the Qing and British Empires which was signed by Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Li-Lobanov Treaty or the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (中俄密约 was a treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory or the Second Convention of Peking was a Lease signed between Qing Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Boxer Protocol was an Unequal treaty signed on September 7, 1901 between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting K. , U. S. , Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, Netherlands
Twenty-One Demands	二十一條	1915	Japan
Imposed on Japan
Treaty		Year	Imposer
English name	Japanese name
Convention of Kanagawa	日米和親条約	1854	United States
Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty	日英和親条約	1854	United Kingdom
Ansei Treaties	安政条約	1858	United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Holland, France
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Harris Treaty)	日米修好通商条約	1858	United States
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce	日英修好通商条約	1858	United Kingdom
Imposed on Korea
Treaty		Year	Imposer
English name	Korean name
Treaty of Kanghwa	강화도 조약	1876	Japan
Chemulpo Treaty	조미수호통상조약	1882	United States
Taft-Katsura Agreement	가쓰라-태프트 밀약	1905	United States
Eulsa Treaty	을사조약	1905	Japan
Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty	한일 병합 조약	1910	Japan

See also

• Client state
• Puppet state
• Most favoured nation

References

External links

• Treaty Ports and Extraterritoriality in 1920s' China

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