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An underground film is a film that is out of the mainstream either in its style, genre, or financing. The first use of the term "underground film" occurs in a 1957 essay by American film critic Manny Farber, "Underground Films. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Film review redirects here for the similar sounding Film revue please visit Revue#Film revues. Emanuel "Manny" Farber ( February 20 1917 – 18 August 2008) was an American painter and Film critic. " Farber uses it to refer to the work of directors who "played an anti-art role in Hollywood. " He contrasts "such soldier-cowboy-gangster directors as Raoul Walsh, Howard Hawks, William Wellman," and others with the "less talented De Sicas and Zinnemanns [who] continue to fascinate the critics. Raoul Walsh (born March 11, 1887 in New York City, died December 31, 1980 in Simi Valley CA) was an American Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30, 1896 &ndash December 26, 1977) was an American Film director, producer and William Augustus Wellman (29 February &ndash19 December) was an American Movie director, noted for directing the film which received the first Academy Award Vittorio De Sica ( 7 July 1901 or 1902&ndash 13 November 1974) was a critically acclaimed Italian neorealist director Fred Zinnemann ( April 29, 1907 &ndash March 14, 1997) was an Academy Award -winning Austrian American "[1] However, as in "Underground Press", the term developed as a metaphorical reference to a clandestine and subversive culture beneath the legitimate and official media.

In the late 1950s, "underground film" began to be used to describe early independent film makers operating first in San Francisco, California and New York City, New York, and soon in other cities around the world as well, including the London Film-Makers' Co-op in Britain and Ubu Films in Sydney, Australia. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The London Film-makers' Co-op, or LFMC was a British film-making workshop founded in 1966 The movement was typified by more experimental filmmakers working at the time like Stan Brakhage, Harry Everett Smith, Maya Deren, Andy Warhol, Jonas Mekas, Ken Jacobs, Ron Rice, Jack Smith, George Kuchar, Mike Kuchar, and Bruce Conner. This article is on the variety of film For information on the They Might Be Giants song see " Experimental Film (song " Stan Brakhage ( January 14, 1933 – March 9, 2003) was an American non-narrative Filmmaker Harry Everett Smith ( 29 May 1923, Portland Oregon &ndash 27 November 1991, New York City Maya Deren ( April 29, 1917, Kiev – October 13, 1961, New York City) born Eleanora Derenkowsky, was an For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Jonas Mekas (jonɐs mækɐs born December 24, 1922 in the village of Semeniškiai, near Biržai) is a Lithuanian Filmmaker, writer Ken Jacobs (born May 25 1933) is an American Experimental filmmaker. For the American football player see Ron Rice (American football Ron Rice ( 1935, New York City - 1964, Mexico Jack Smith ( 14 November 1932 in Columbus Ohio - 25 September 1989 in New York City) George Kuchar (born 31 August 1942, New York City) is an American Film director, known for his "low-fi" aesthetic playful use Bruce Conner ( November 18 1933 - July 7 2008) was an American Artist renowned for his work in film, drawing

By the late 1960s, the movement represented by these filmmakers had matured, and some began to distance themselves from the countercultural, psychedelic connotations of the word, preferring terms like avant-garde or experimental to describe their work. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or Modern psychedelia For "psychedelics" see Psychedelic drug. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard

Through 1970s and 1980s, however, "underground film" would still be used to refer to the more countercultural fringe of independent cinema. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The term was embraced most emphatically by Nick Zedd and the other filmmakers associated with the New York based Cinema of Transgression and No Wave Cinema of the late 1970s to early 1990s. Nick Zedd ( born Jan 25, 1958 or May 8, 1959 in Takoma Park Maryland) is a New York City based filmmaker and author The Cinema of Transgression is a term coined by Nick Zedd in 1985 to describe a New York City, United States based Underground film No Wave Cinema was a Colab sponsored boom (1976-1985 in underground filmmaking on the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999

In the early 1990s, the legacy of the Cinema of Transgression carried over into a new generation, who would equate "underground cinema" with transgressive art, ultra-low-budget filmmaking created in defiance of both the commercialized versions of independent film offered by newly wealthy distributors like Miramax and New Line, as well as the institutionalized experimental film canonized at major museums. Transgressive art refers to Art forms that aim to transgress i A no budget film is a produced film made with very little or no money An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several A distributor is a device in the Ignition system of an Internal combustion engine that routes High voltage from the Ignition coil to the New Line Cinema, founded in 1967 is one of the major American Film studios Though it initially began as an independent film studio it became a This spirit defined the early years of underground film festivals (like the New York Underground Film Festival, Chicago Underground Film Festival, Melbourne Underground Film Festival, Toronto's Images Festival, and others), zines like Film Threat, as well as the works of filmmakers like Craig Baldwin, Jon Moritsugu, Sarah Jacobson and Bruce La Bruce. A film festival is the presentation or showcasing of Films in one or more Movie theaters or screening venues Founded in 1994 by filmmakers Todd Phillips (Road Trip Old School and Andrew Gurland the New York Underground Film Festival occurs each March at Anthology Film Archives The Chicago Underground Film Festival, ( CUFF) founded in 1994, occurs each August at various venues in Chicago, Illinois in the USA The Melbourne Underground Film Festival (also known as MUFF) was formed out of disagreements over the content and running of the Melbourne International Film Festival Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario A zine (an abbreviation of the word Fanzine, or magazine ziːn "zeen" is most commonly a small circulation non-commercial Publication Film Threat is a Magazine and a Webzine about Independent film, published and edited by Chris Gore. Craig Baldwin (born 1952 is an American experimental Filmmaker. Jon Moritsugu (born 1965 is an American underground filmmaker Sarah Jacobson (born August 25 1971, Norwalk Connecticut - died February 13 2004 New York City)was an independent filmmaker Bruce LaBruce (born 3 January 1964) is a Canadian writer Film -maker Photographer and underground gay porn star based In London the Underground resurgence emerged as a movement of Underground cinema clubs which included the radical open access group the Exploding Cinema.

By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the term had become blurred again, as the work at underground festivals began to blend with more formal experimentation, and the divisions that had been stark ones less than a decade earlier now seemed much less so. If the term is used at all, it connotes a form of very low budget independent filmmaking, with perhaps trangressive content, or a lo-fi analog to post-punk music and cultures. "Lo-fi" redirects here For the music genre see Lo-fi music Lo-fidelity redirects here

Contents

Underground versus cult

The term "underground film" is occasionally used as a synonym for cult film. A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. Though there are important distinctions between the two, a significant overlap between these categories is undeniable. The films of Kenneth Anger, for example, could arguably be described as underground, experimental and cult. Kenneth Anger (born February 3, 1927) is an American underground avant-garde film-maker Underground culture, or just underground, is a term to describe various Alternative cultures which either consider themselves different from the Mainstream This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice However, a studio film like Heathers may have a cult following, but could not be accurately described as an underground film. Heathers is a 1989 Black comedy film starring Winona Ryder, Christian Slater, and Shannen Doherty. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice

Further reading

See also

References

  1. ^ Manny Farber, "Underground Films" (1957), in Negative Space: Manny Farber on the Movies (New York: Da Capo, 1998), 12–24; 12. The term Microcinema can have two meanings It can describe low-budget or amateur films shot mostly on Digital video, edited on a computer and then distributed via videotape No Wave Cinema was a Colab sponsored boom (1976-1985 in underground filmmaking on the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. Remodernist film developed in the United States and the United Kingdom in the late 1990s and early 21st century and is related to the British art movement Stuckism The Cinema of Transgression is a term coined by Nick Zedd in 1985 to describe a New York City, United States based Underground film The Grupo Cine Liberación (The Liberation Film Group was an Argentine film movement that took place during the end of the sixties A no budget film is a produced film made with very little or no money The Chicago Underground Film Festival, ( CUFF) founded in 1994, occurs each August at various venues in Chicago, Illinois in the USA Founded in 1994 by filmmakers Todd Phillips (Road Trip Old School and Andrew Gurland the New York Underground Film Festival occurs each March at Anthology Film Archives The Lausanne Underground Film and Music Festival, or LUFF, is a Film festival and Music festival devoted to Underground culture. The Boston Underground Film Festival is an annual event held in the Boston Massachusetts, area that specializes in alternative film and video The New Haven Underground Film Festival is an annual Film festival held in Connecticut, USA.

External links

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