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Hidden messages

Subliminal messages

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Various observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on consciousness from other parts of the mind. A hidden message is information that is not immediately noticeable and that must be discovered or uncovered and interpreted before it can be known A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another medium designed to pass below the normal limits of the human Mind 's perception Backmasking (also known as Backward masking) is a recording technique in which a sound or message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be Reverse speech is a Hypothesis first put forward by David John Oates The spectrogram is the result of calculating the Frequency spectrum of Windowed frames of a compound signal. Numerology is any of many Systems Traditions or Beliefs in a mystical or Esoteric relationship between Numbers and physical Theomatics is a numerological study of the Greek and Hebrew text of the Christian Bible, based upon Gematria and Isopsephia A Bible code (also Torah code) is the notion that there are information patterns encrypted or Coded form in the text of the Bible, or more specifically Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" Fnord is the typographic representation of Disinformation or irrelevant information intending to misdirect with the implication of a conspiracy. The Paranoiac-critical method is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s The term pareidolia (pæraɪˈdoʊliə describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound being perceived as significant Psychorama (or "The Precon Process" is the act of communicating subliminal information through Film by flashing images on the screen so quickly that they Sacred geometry is Geometry used in the design of Sacred architecture and Sacred art. Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes there is a hidden message An anagram ( Greek anagramma 'letters written anew' passive participle of ana- 'again' + gramma 'letter' is a type of Word play A virtual Easter egg is an intentional Hidden message or feature in an object such as a movie, Book The clustering illusion refers to the tendency to erroneously perceive small samples from random distributions as having significant "streaks" or "clusters" caused The observer-expectancy effect (also called the experimenter-expectancy effect, observer effect, or experimenter effect) is a form of reactivity Pattern recognition involves identification of faces objects words melodies etc A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely A palindrome is a word phrase number or other sequence of units that can be read the same way in either direction (the adjustment of punctuation and spaces between words Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. These observers differ in the use of related terms, including: unconsciousness as a personal habit; being unaware and intuition. See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is Habits are habituated routines of behavior that are repeated regularly tend to occur Subconsciously and tend to occur without directly thinking consciously Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. Intuition is apparent ability to acquire knowledge without a clear inference or the use of reason Terms related to semi-consciousness include: awakening, implicit memory, the subconscious, subliminal messages, trance, and hypnosis. Implicit memory is a type of memory in which previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences The term subconscious is defined as existing or operating in the Mind beneath or beyond Conscious Awareness. A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another medium designed to pass below the normal limits of the human Mind 's perception Trance denotes a variety of processes techniques modalities and states of mind awareness and consciousness Hypnosis is often thought to be a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility with diminished peripheral awareness Whilst sleep, sleep walking, delirium and coma may signal the presence of unconscious processes, these processes are not the unconscious mind. Sleep is a Natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom Sleepwalking (also called somnambulism or noctambulism) is a Parasomnia or Sleep disorder where the sufferer engages in Delirium is an acute and relatively sudden (developing over hours to days decline in attention-focus perception and Cognition. In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. Science is also in its infancy in exploring the limits of consciousness. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the

Contents

Historical overview

The idea of an unconscious mind originated in antiquity [1] and has been explored across cultures. Cross-cultural communication (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds It was recorded between 2500 and 600 B. C in the Hindu texts known as the Vedas, found today in Ayurvedic medicine[2] [3] [4] [5]. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other In the Vedic worldview, consciousness is the basis of physiology [6] [7] and pure consciousness is "an abstract, silent, completely unified field of consciousness" [8] within "an architecture of increasingly abstract, functionally integrated faculties or levels of mind" [9].

Paracelsus is credited as providing the first scientific mention of the unconscious in his work Von den Krankeiten (1567) and his clinical methodology created an entire system that is regarded as the beginning of modern scientific psychology[10]. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, Shakespeare explored the role of the unconscious [11] in many of his plays, without naming it as such [12] [13] [14]. William Shakespeare ( baptised Western philosophers such as Spinoza, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche, developed a western view of mind which foreshadowed those of Freud though. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Schopenhauer was also influenced by his reading of the Vedas and the Jewish mysticism of the Kabbalah. Freud drew on his own Jewish roots to develop an interpersonal examination of the unconscious mind [15] [16] [17] into an apparently new therapeutic intervention and its associated rationale, known as psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior As part of his contribution to psychology, Nicole Oresme "discovered" the unconscious; his 14th century viewpoint was essentially equivalent to the 20th century's knowledge. Nicole Oresme, also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme (c

Articulating the idea of something not conscious or actively denied to awareness with the symbolic constructs of language has been a process of human thought and interpersonal influence for millennia. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Freud and his followers popularized unconscious motivation in a culture of the individual, of a self viewed as both separate and sufficient, which is a uniquely western world view akin to the survival of the fittest. "Survival of the fittest" is a Phrase which is shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance

The resultant status of the unconscious mind may be viewed as a social construction - that the unconscious exists because people agree to behave as if it exists [18]. A social construction or social construct is any phenomenon "invented" or "constructed" by participants in a particular Culture or Society Symbolic interactionism goes further and argues that people's selves (conscious and unconscious) though purposeful and creative are nevertheless social products [19]. Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the discipline

Unconscious processes and the unconscious mind

Neuroscience is an unlikely place to find support for a proposition as adaptable as the unconscious mind. In Logic and Philosophy, proposition refers to either (a the content or Meaning of a meaningful Declarative sentence [20] For example, researchers at Columbia University Medical Center have found that fleeting images of fearful faces - images that appear and disappear so quickly that they escape conscious awareness - produce unconscious anxiety that can be detected in the brain with the latest neuroimaging machines. [21] The conscious mind is hundreds of milliseconds behind the unconscious processes. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the

To understand this type of research a distinction has to be made between unconscious processes and the unconscious mind. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena They are not the same. Neuroscience is more likely to examine the former than the latter. The unconscious mind and its expected psychoanalytic contents [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] are also different from unconsciousness, coma and a minimally conscious state. See also Unconscious mind. Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of Consciousness or lack of consciousness is In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. A minimally conscious state (MCS is a condition distinct from Coma or the vegetative state, in which a patient exhibits deliberate, or cognitively The differences in the uses of the term can be explained, to a degree, by different narratives about what we know. A narrative or story is a construct created in a suitable format (written spoken poetry prose images song Theater, or Dance) that describes a sequence of This is called epistemology - the study of knowledge - of how we know what we know. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Science is as much a narrative as psychoanalysis and both rely on their own paradigm. The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" One such paradigm is psychoanalytic theory [28]

The psychoanalytic unconscious

Probably the most detailed and precise of the various notions of 'unconscious mind' — and the one which most people will immediately think of upon hearing the term — is that developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers. Psychoanalytic theory is a general term for approaches to Psychoanalysis which attempt to provide a conceptual framework more-or-less independent of clinical practice rather Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded It lies at the heart of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior

Consciousness, in Freud's topographical view (which was his first of several psychological models of the mind) was a relatively thin perceptual aspect of the mind, whereas the subconscious was that merely autonomic function of the brain. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. &trade The autonomic nervous system ( ANS) (or visceral nervous system) is the part of the Peripheral nervous system that acts as a Control The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The unconscious was considered by Freud throughout the evolution of his psychoanalytic theory a sentient force of will influenced by human drive and yet operating well below the perceptual conscious mind. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Sentience is the ability to feel or perceive subjectively. It is an important concept in the philosophy of Animal rights, in buddhist philosophy and in This article is about the radio and television stations For other uses see Will. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the For Freud, the unconscious is the storehouse of instinctual desires, needs, and psychic actions. While past thoughts and memories may be deleted from immediate consciousness, they direct the thoughts and feelings of the individual from the realm of the unconscious.

Freud divided mind into the conscious mind or Ego and two parts of the Unconscious: the Id or instincts and the Superego. Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living Organism toward a particular Behavior. Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of He used the idea of the unconscious in order to explain certain kinds of neurotic behavior. This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band.

In this theory, the unconscious refers to that part of mental functioning of which subjects make themselves unaware [29]. Not to be confused with the subiectum or Hypokeimenon in Aristotelianism

Freud proposed a vertical and hierarchical architecture of human consciousness: the conscious mind, the preconscious, and the unconscious mind - each lying beneath the other. @@@ main@@@ - title Hierarchy@@@ keywords structure; sociology; information@@@ review@@@ - Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the See also Consciousness Jacques Lacan Philosophy of mind Rapid eye movement sleep MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He believed that significant psychic events take place "below the surface" in the unconscious mind. [30], like hidden messages from the unconscious - a form of intrapersonal communication out of awareness. Intrapersonal communication is language use or Thought internal to the communicator In Biological psychology, awareness comprises a human's or an animal's perception and Cognitive reaction to a condition or event He interpreted these events as having both symbolic and actual significance. In Logic an interpretation gives meaning to an artificial or Formal language or to a sentence of such a language by assigning a denotation (extension

For psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all that is not conscious, rather only what is actively repressed from conscious thought or what the person is averse to knowing consciously. In a sense this view places the self in relationship to their unconscious as an adversary, warring with itself to keep what is unconscious hidden. The therapist is then a mediator trying to allow the unspoken or unspeakable to reveal itself using the tools of psychoanalysis. Messages arising from a conflict between conscious and unconscious are likely to be cryptic. Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" The psychoanalyst is presented as an expert in interpreting those messages. An "expert" ( is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or Skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly justly

For Freud, the unconscious was a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression. Psychological repression, or simply repression, is the psychological act of excluding desires and Impulses (wishes Fantasies or feelings However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects — it expresses itself in the symptom. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from

Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary introspection, but are supposed to be capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and techniques such as random association, dream analysis, and verbal slips (commonly known as a Freudian slip), examined and conducted during psychoanalysis. Introspection is the self-observation and reporting of Conscious inner Thoughts desires and Sensations It is a conscious mental and usually Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of Sounds used in Spoken language. A Freudian slip, or parapraxis, is an error in speech, Memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the Subconscious mind. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior

Freud's theory of the unconscious was substantially transformed by some of his followers, among them Carl Jung and Jacques Lacan. Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst

Jung's collective unconscious

Main articles: Collective unconscious and Carl Jung

Carl Jung developed the concept further. Collective Unconscious or known to laymen as Collective Subconscious is a term of Analytical psychology, Coined by Carl Jung. He divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed.

The collective unconscious is the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences. There is a considerable two way traffic between the ego and the personal unconscious. For example, our attention can wander from this printed page to a memory of something we did yesterday.

Lacan's linguistic unconscious

Main article: Jacques Lacan

Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic theory contends that the unconscious is structured like a language. Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst

The unconscious, Lacan argued, was not a more primitive or archetypal part of the mind separate from the conscious, linguistic ego, but rather, a formation every bit as complex and linguistically sophisticated as consciousness itself.

If the unconscious is structured like a language, Lacan argues, then the self is denied any point of reference to which to be 'restored' following trauma or 'identity crisis'. Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a traumatic event. Erik Erikson, the psychologist who coined the term identity crisis, believes that the identity crisis is the most important conflict human beings encounter when they go through In this way, Lacan's thesis of the structurally dynamic unconscious is also a challenge to the ego psychology of Anna Freud and her American followers. Ego psychology is a school of Psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud 's structural -- id-ego-superego -- model of the mind Anna Freud ( December 3, 1895 – October 9, 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud

Lacan's idea of how language is structured is largely taken from the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and Roman Jakobson, based on the function of the signifier and signified in signifying chains. For the use of structuralism in biology see Structuralism (biology Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist Roman Osipovich Jakobson, (Russian Роман Осипович Якобсон) ( 11 October 1896 – 18 July 1982) was a Russian In Semiotics, a sign is "something that stands for something else to someone in some capacity" In Semiotics, a sign is "something that stands for something else to someone in some capacity" This may leave Lacan's entire model of mental functioning open to severe critique, since in mainstream linguistics, Saussurean models have largely been replaced.

The starting point for the linguistic theory of the unconscious was a re-reading of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams. The Interpretation of Dreams is a book by Sigmund Freud. The first edition was first published in German in November 1899 as Die Traumdeutung There, Freud identifies two mechanisms at work in the formation of unconscious fantasies: condensation and displacement. Under Lacan's linguistic reading, condensation is identified with the linguistic trope of metonymy, and displacement with metaphor. In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects

Lacan applied the ideas of de Saussure and Jakobson to psychoanalytic practice. For example, while de Saussure described the linguistic sign as a relationship between a signified and an arbitrary signifier, Lacan inverted the relationship, putting in first place the signifier as determining the signified, and so being closer to Freud's position that human beings know what they say only as a result of a chain of signifiers, a-posteriori. Lacan began this work with the case of Emma (1895) from Freud, whose symptoms were disenchained in a two-phase temporal process. Lacan allowed many young people, by this bias, to begin re-reading Freud as more akin to modernity than cognitive psychology. For Lacan, modernity is the era when humans begin to grasp their essential dependence on language.

Controversy

Today, there are still fundamental disagreements within psychology about the nature of the unconscious mind. It may simply stand as a metaphor that ought not to be reified. Outside formal psychology, a whole world of pop-psychological speculation has grown up in which the unconscious mind is held to have any number of properties and abilities, from animalistic and innocent, child-like aspects to savant-like, all-perceiving, mystical and occultic properties. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden"

There is a great controversy over the concept of an unconscious in regard to its scientific or rational validity and whether the unconscious mind exists at all. Among philosophers, Karl Popper was one of Freud's most notable contemporary opponents. Sir Karl Raimund Popper ( July 28 1902  &ndash September 17 1994) was an Austrian and British Philosopher and a professor Popper argued that Freud's theory of the unconscious was not falsifiable, and therefore not scientific. Falsifiability (or "refutability" is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding He objected not so much to the idea that things happened in our minds that we are unconscious of; he objected to investigations of mind that were not falsifiable. If one could connect every imaginable experimental outcome with Freud's theory of the unconscious mind, then no experiment could refute the theory. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or

In the social sciences, John Watson, considered to be the first American behaviourist, criticizes the idea of an "unconscious mind," for similar line of reasoning, and instead focused on observable behaviors rather than on introspection. John Broadus Watson ( January 9, 1878 &ndash September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological

Unlike Popper, the epistemologist Adolf Grunbaum argues that psychoanalysis could be falsifiable, but its evidence has serious epistemological problems. Adolf Grünbaum (born 1923 in Cologne, Germany) is a philosopher of science and a critic of Psychoanalysis and Karl Popper. David Holmes [31] examined sixty years of research about the Freudian concept of “repression”, and concluded that there is no positive evidence for this concept. Given the lack of evidence of many Freudian hypotheses, some scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones. They speak of a “cognitive unconscious” John Kihlstrom [32] [33], an “adaptive unconscious” Timothy Wilson [34], or a “dumb unconscious” Loftus & Klinger [35], which executes automatic processes but lacks the complex mechanisms of repression and symbolic return of the repressed. Timothy D Wilson is the Sherrell J Aston Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia and a researcher of self-knowledge and Affective forecasting

Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jacques Bouveresse argued that Freudian thought exhibits a systemic confusion between reasons and causes: the method of interpretation can give reasons for new meanings, but are useless to find causal relations (which require experimental research). Jacques Bouveresse (born August 20, 1940 in Épenoy) is a philosopher who has written on subjects including Ludwig Wittgenstein, Robert Wittgenstein gave the following example (in his Conversations with Rush Rhees): if we throw objects on a table, and we give free associations and interpretations about those objects, we’ll find a meaning for each object and its place, but we won’t find the causes.

Other critics of Freudian unconscious were Hans Eysenck, Jacques Van Rillaer, Frank Cioffi, Marshal Edelson, Edward Erwin. Hans Jürgen Eysenck ( March 4, 1916 in Berlin, Germany - September 4, 1997 in London, UK) was a

Some stress, however, that these critics did not grasp the real importance of Freud conceptions, and rather tried to criticize Freud on the basis of other fields. The first who really grasped this was Bertrand Russell (see for example: "The impact of science in society, 1952). But in modern times, many other thinkers, as for example Althusser, and Bernard-Henri-Levy, managed to grasp the "falsification theory" from Popper, and the critics from Eysenck, as another expression of Master's discourse: the aspiration to a so-called scientific society leaded by evaluation. For this side of the controversy, cf the works of Jean Claude Milner in France.

In modern cognitive psychology, many researchers have sought to strip the notion of the unconscious from its Freudian heritage, and alternative terms such as 'implicit' or 'automatic' have come into currency. These traditions emphasize the degree to which cognitive processing happens outside the scope of cognitive awareness, and show that things we are unaware of can nonetheless influence other cognitive processes as well as behavior [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]. Active research traditions related to the unconscious include implicit memory (see priming, implicit attitudes), and nonconscious acquisition of knowledge (see Lewicki, see also the section on cognitive perspective, below. Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for an item Pawel Lewicki is a cognitive psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Tulsa

Unconscious mind in contemporary cognitive psychology

Research

While, historically, the psychoanalytic research tradition was the first to focus on the phenomenon of unconscious mental activity (and still the term "unconsciousness" or "the subconscious", for many, appears to be not only deeply rooted in, but almost synonymous with psychoanalytic tradition), there is an extensive body of conclusive research and knowledge in the contemporary cognitive psychology devoted to the mental activity that is not mediated by conscious awareness. Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language

Most of that (cognitive) research on unconscious processes has been done in the mainstream, academic tradition of the information processing paradigm. As opposed to the psychoanalytic tradition, driven by the relatively speculative (in the sense of being hard to empirically verify), theoretical concepts such as Oedipus complex or Electra complex, the cognitive tradition of research on unconscious processes is based on relatively few theoretical assumptions and is very empirically oriented (i. The Oedipus complex, in Freudian Psychoanalysis, is named after the Greek mythical character Oedipus, who unknowingly kills his father The Electra complex (colloquially Daddy issues or the Bernfeld factor) is a concept found in psychoanalytic theory regarding female psycho-sexual development e. , it is mostly data driven). Cognitive research has revealed that automatically, and clearly outside of conscious awareness, individuals register and acquire more information than what they can experience through their conscious thoughts.

Unconscious processing of information about frequency

For example, an extensive line of research conducted by Hasher and Zacks[41] has demonstrated that automatically (i. e. , outside of conscious awareness and without engaging conscious information processing resources), individuals register information about the frequency of events. Moreover, that research demonstrates that perceivers do that unintentionally, truly "automatically," regardless of the instructions they receive, and regardless the information processing goals they have. Interestingly, their ability to unconsciously, and relatively accurately tally frequency of events appear to have little or no relation to the individual's age, education, intelligence, or personality, thus it may represent one of the fundamental building blocks of human orientation in the environment and possibly the acquisition of procedural knowledge and experience, in general. Procedural knowledge is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task

Artificial grammars

Another line of (non-psychoanalytic) early research on unconscious processes was initiated by Arthur Reber, using so-called "artificial grammar" methodology. That research revealed that individuals exposed to novel words created by complex set of artificial, synthetic "grammatical" rules (e. g. , GKHAH, KHABT…), quickly develop some sort of a "feel" for that grammar and subsequent working knowledge of that grammar, as demonstrated by their ability to differentiate between, new grammatically "correct" (i. e. , consistent with the rules) and "incorrect" (inconsistent) words. Interestingly, that ability does not appear to be mediated, or even accompanied by the declarative knowledge of the rules (i. Descriptive knowledge, also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the species of Knowledge that is by its very nature expressed in e. , individuals' ability to articulate how they distinguish between the correct and incorrect words).

Unconscious acquisition of procedural knowledge

The gist of these early findings (from the seventies) has been significantly extended in the eighties and nineties by further research showing that outside of conscious awareness individuals not only acquire information about frequencies (i. e. , "occurrences" of features or events) but also co-occurrences (i. e. , correlations or, technically speaking, covariations) between features or events. Extensive research on nonconscious acquisition of information about covariations was conducted by Pawel Lewicki, followed by research of D. Pawel Lewicki is a cognitive psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Tulsa L. Schachter (who is known for introducing the concept of implicit memory), L. Implicit memory is a type of memory in which previous experiences aid in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences R. Squire, and others.

In the learning phase of a typical study, participants were exposed to a stream of stimuli (trials or events, such as strings of letters, digits, pictures, or descriptions of stimulus persons) containing some consistent but non-salient (hidden) covariation between features or events. For example, every stimulus person presented as "fair" would also have a slightly elongated face. It turned out that even if the manipulated covariations were non-salient and inaccessible to subjects' conscious awareness, the perceivers would still acquire a nonconscious working knowledge about those covariations. For example, if in the testing phase of the study, participants were asked to make intuitive judgments about the personalities of new stimulus persons presented only as pictures (with no personality descriptions), and judge the "fairness" of the depicted individuals, they tend to follow the rules nonconsciously acquired in the learning phase and if the stimulus person had a slightly elongated face, they would report an intuitive feeling that this person was "fair. "

Nonconscious acquisition of information about covariations appears to be one of the fundamental and ubiquitous processes involved in the acquisition of knowledge (skills, experience) or even preferences or personality dispositions, including disorders or symptoms of disorders.

A note on terminology: "unconscious" vs. "nonconscious"

Unlike in the psychoanalytic research tradition that uses the terms "unconscious" or "subconscious," in the cognitive tradition, the processes that are not mediated by conscious awareness are sometimes referred to as "nonconscious. " This term (rarely used in psychoanalysis) stresses the empirical and purely descriptive nature of that phenomenon (a qualification as simply "not being conscious") in the tradition of cognitive research.

Specifically, the process is non-conscious when even highly motivated individuals fail to report it, and few theoretical assumptions are made about the process (unlike in psychoanalysis where, for example, it is postulated that some of these processes are being repressed in order to achieve certain goals. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior

References

  1. ^ Its more modern history is detailed in Henri F. Ellenberger's Discovery of the Unconscious (Basic Books 1970)
  2. ^ Alexander, C. N. 1990. Growth of Higher Stages of Consciousness: Maharishi's Vedic Psychology of Human Development. C. N. Alexander and E. J. Langer (eds. ). Higher Stages of Human Development. Perspectives on Human Growth. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Meyer-Dinkgräfe, D. 1996 Consciousness and the Actor. A Reassessment of Western and Indian Approaches to the Actor's Emotional Involvement from the Perspective of Vedic Psychology. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang
  4. ^ Haney, W. S. II. 1991. Unity in Vedic aesthetics: the self-interacting dynamics of the knower, the known, and the process of knowing. Analecta Husserliana 233, pp. 295-319
  5. ^ Geraldine Coster 'Yoga and Western Psychology: A comparison' 1934
  6. ^ WALLACE, R. K. ; FAGAN, J. B. ; and PASCO, D. S. Vedic physiology. Modern Science and Vedic Science 2(1): 3-59, 1988
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Notes

See also

Transdisciplinary topics

External links

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Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the The phrase " mind's eye " refers to the human ability for visual Perception, Imagination, Visualization, and Memory, or in other words Unconscious (or intuitive) communication is the transfer of information unconsciously between humans The term subconscious is defined as existing or operating in the Mind beneath or beyond Conscious Awareness. Transpersonal psychology is a school of Psychology that studies the Transpersonal, self- transcendent or spiritual aspects of the human experience Cell signaling is part of a Complex system of Communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions Key goals of studies in the field of molecular cellular cognition (MCC include the derivation of explanations of cognitive processes that integrate molecular cellular and behavioral Philosophy of mind is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of the Mind, Mental events Mental functions mental properties This is a list of thinking styles, methods of thinking (thinking skills and types of Thought. Donald Olding Hebb ( July 22, 1904 &ndash August 20, 1985) was a Canadian Psychologist who was influential in the area of Neuropsychology
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