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Ä ä
Ǟ ǟ
Ë ë
Ḧ ḧ
Ï ï
Ḯ ḯ
Ö ö
Ȫ ȫ
Ṏ ṏ
ẗ
Ü ü
Ǖ ǖ
Ǘ ǘ
Ǚ ǚ
Ǜ ǜ
Ṳ ṳ
Ṻ ṻ
Ẅ ẅ
Ẍ ẍ
Ÿ ÿ

The umlaut is a diacritic consisting of a pair of dots or lines placed over a letter. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with Ë, ë ( E - umlaut or diaeresis) is a letter of Albanian and Kashubian language. Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Ï is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet. O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. ẗ is a modified letter of the Latin alphabet. It is used in the ISO 233 transliteration of Arabic to represent tāʼ marbūṭa Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation A very similar diacritic is the diaeresis (or trema). In Linguistics, diaeresis, or dieresis, is the pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels in two separate Syllables rather than as a Diphthong When the vowel is an i, the diacritic replaces the tittle. A tittle is a small distinguishing mark such as a Diacritic or the dot on a Lowercase i or j. The two diacritics are very similar in appearance, and the distinction between them is not always made. "Umlaut" is a German word roughly meaning "changed sound" or "altered sound".

The diaeresis or trema is the diacritic mark ( ¨ ), used to indicate a phonological diaeresis, or, more generally, that a vowel should be pronounced apart from the letter which precedes it. In Linguistics, diaeresis, or dieresis, is the pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels in two separate Syllables rather than as a Diphthong That preceding letter is usually another vowel, but in Spanish it is a consonant (a g). For example, in the spelling coöperate, it reminds the reader that the word has four syllables [koʊˈɔpəreɪt], not three [ˈkuːpəreɪt]. In English, the trema is rare, and not mandatory, but other languages like Dutch, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese and French make regular use of it. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Brazilian Portuguese ( Language code pt-BR Portuguese: português brasileiro or português do Brasil) is a group of Portuguese French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people By extension, the words trema and diaeresis also designate the same diacritic when used to denote other kinds of sound changes, such as marking the schwa ë in Albanian. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco -

The umlaut is a usually similar-looking diacritic ( ¨ ) which indicates a phonological umlaut in German. In Linguistics, umlaut (from German um - "around"/"the other way" + Laut "sound" is a process whereby a The umlauted vowels are ä, ö, and ü. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean The same name is used in other languages which have borrowed these symbols from German.

In modern computer systems (using Unicode), umlaut and diaeresis are represented identically. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Contents

Diaeresis or trema

History

Historically, the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark.

The word trema is taken from the Byzantine Greek τρημα, meaning "perforation, orifice". Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. This sign was first used in that language to indicate a phonological diaeresis, that is when two consecutive vowels are pronounced separately as a hiatus, rather than together in a diphthong. In Linguistics, diaeresis, or dieresis, is the pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels in two separate Syllables rather than as a Diphthong Hiatus (Latin "yawning" (haɪˈeɪtəs in Linguistics is the separate pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels sometimes with an intervening Glottal stop In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with It is currently used with this purpose in several languages of western and southern Europe, among them Occitan, Modern Greek, Catalan, Dutch, and Welsh. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic

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Punctuation

apostrophe ( ’ ' )
brackets (( )), ([ ]), ({ }), (< >)
colon ( : )
comma ( , )
dashes ( ‒, –, —, ― )
ellipsis ( …, . Brackets are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text A comma ( ,   is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs A dash is a Punctuation mark It is longer than a Hyphen and is used differently Ellipsis (plural ellipses; from Greek 'omission' in Printing and Writing refers to a mark or series of marks that usually indicate an intentional . . )
exclamation mark ( ! )
full stop/period ( . A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point, decimal point, or dot) is the Punctuation mark commonly placed at the )
guillemets ( « » )
hyphen ( -, ‐ )
question mark ( ? )
quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ” )
semicolon ( ; )
slash/stroke ( / )
solidus ( ⁄ )
Interword separation

spaces ( ) ( ) ( )
interpunct ( · )
General typography

ampersand ( & )
at sign ( @ )
asterisk ( * )
backslash ( \ )
bullet ( • )
caret ( ^ )
currency ( ¤ ) ¢, $, €, £, ¥, ₩, ₪
dagger/obelisk ( † ) ( ‡ )
degree ( ° )
inverted exclamation point ( ¡ )
inverted question mark ( ¿ )
not sign ( ¬ )
number sign ( # )
numero sign ( № )
percent and related signs
( %, ‰, ‱ )
pilcrow ( )
prime ( ′ )
section sign ( § )
tilde/swung dash ( ~ )
umlaut/diaeresis ( ¨ )
underscore/understrike ( _ )
vertical/pipe/broken bar ( |, ¦ )
Uncommon typography

asterism ( ⁂ )
index/fist ( ☞ )
therefore sign ( ∴ )
interrobang ( ‽ )
irony mark ( ؟ )
reference mark ( ※ )
sarcasm mark

For example, according to the spelling rules of Catalan, the digraphs ei and iu are normally read as diphthongs, [ei̯] and [iu̯]. Guillemets ( or after French) also called Angle quotes, are line segments pointed as if arrows ( « or ») sometimes forming a complementary A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The question mark (? also known as an interrogation point, question point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that replaces Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech A semicolon (   ) is a conventional Punctuation mark with several usages The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash, The solidus ( ⁄) is a punctuation mark that is not found on standard keyboards Interword separation is the act and the effect of mutually separating the written representations of Words The early Semitic languages mdashwhich had no vowel In writing a space () is a blank area that is devoid of content which separates words letters numbers and punctuation An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety An ampersand ( &) also commonly called an " 'and' sign," is a Logogram representing the conjunction "and" The typographic character @, the at sign, denotes a pan-lingual abbreviation of the word 'at' An asterisk ( *) (Latin asteriscum "little star" from Greek ἀστερίσκος) is a Typographical symbol or Glyph The backslash ( \) is a typographical mark ( Glyph) used chiefly in Computing. In Typography, a bullet is a typographical symbol or Glyph used to introduce Items in a list, like below also known as the point of a bullet Caret is the name for the symbol ^ in ASCII and some other Character sets Its Unicode code point is U+005E and its ASCII code in hexadecimal is 5E The currency sign ( ¤) is a character used to denote a currency when the symbol for a particular currency is unavailable In many national currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1/100 of the basic monetary unit The euro sign (€ is the Currency sign used for the Euro, the official currency of the European Union (EU See also Pound (currency.The pound sign (" £ " or " ₤ " is the symbol for the Pound sterling —the currency of the ¥￥ ₪The sheqel sign ( ₪) A dagger ( †, &dagger U+ 2020 is a typographical symbol or Glyph. The degree symbol (° Unicode: U+00B0 HTML: &deg is a typographical symbol or Glyph, that is used to represent degrees of arc (see The inverted question and exclamation marks are used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences respectively in written Spanish. The inverted question and exclamation marks are used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences respectively in written Spanish. In Logic and Mathematics, negation or not is an operation on Logical values for example the logical value of a Proposition Number sign is a name for the symbol #; it is the preferred Unicode name for the Code point associated with that Glyph. The Numero sign (U+2116 or Number sign is used in many languages to indicate ordinal numeration especially in names and titles for example instead of writing the long " The percent sign ( %) is the symbol used to indicate a Percentage (that the preceding number is divided by one hundred The pilcrow (¶ Unicode U+00B6 HTML entity &para also called the Paragraph sign or the alinea ( The prime symbol ( ′  double prime symbol ( &Prime  triple prime symbol ( ‴  etc The section sign (§ Unicode U+00A7 HTML entity &sect is a typographical character used mainly to refer to a particular section The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus The underscore _ (also called understrike, underbar, low line, or low dash is a character that originally appeared on the Typewriter. Note "broken bar" and the glyph "¦" redirect here Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety For other uses of this term please refer to Asterism disambiguation page The symbol ☞ is a Punctuation mark called an index or fist. In a Mathematical proof, the therefore sign (∴ is a symbol that is sometimes placed before a Logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a The interrobang ( ‽, is a nonstandard English -language Punctuation mark intended to combine the functions of the Question mark (also "؟" redirects here For the Arabic question mark see Question mark. This page lists Japanese typographic symbols which are not included in Kana or Kanji. A sarcasm mark or sarcasm point identifies text as being Derogatory or ironic. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with To indicate exceptions to this rule, a diaeresis mark is placed on the second vowel: without the trema the words veïna [bəˈinə] ("neighbour", feminine) and diürn [diˈurn] ("diurnal") would be read [ˈbei̯nə] and [ˈdiu̯rn], respectively.

Occitan use of diaeresis is very similar to Catalan: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou are diphthongs consisting of one syllable but aï, eï, oï, aü, eü, oü are groups consisting of two distinct syllables. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with

In French, some pairs of vowels that were originally true diphthongs later coalesced into monophthongs, which led to an extension of the value of this diacritic. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at It often now indicates that the second vowel is to be pronounced separately from the first, rather than merge with it into a single sound. For example, the French words païen [pajɛ̃], Anaïs [anais], and naïve [naiv] would be pronounced [pɛɛ̃], [anɛs], and [nɛv], respectively, without the diaeresis mark, since the digraph ai is pronounced [ɛ].

Another example is the Dutch spelling coëfficiënt, necessary because the digraphs oe and ie normally represent the simple vowels [u] and [i], respectively.

Ÿ is sometimes used in transcribed Greek, where it represents the Greek letter υ (upsilon) in the non-diphthong αυ (alpha upsilon) (e. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Hiatus (Latin "yawning" (haɪˈeɪtəs in Linguistics is the separate pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels sometimes with an intervening Glottal stop g. , in the transcription Artaÿctes of the Persian name Ἀρταΰκτης at the very end of Herodotus). Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash It also occurs in French as a variant of ï, in rare proper nouns (for instance, the name of the Parisian suburb of L'Haÿ-les-Roses). Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city L'Haÿ-les-Roses is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.

In some French words, a diaeresis is used to show what were historically two vowels in hiatus, although the first vowel has since fallen silent. So in "Saint-Saëns", the diaeresis shows that the combination ae is to read like an e; since the a is silent, the words are pronounced as if written "Saint-Sens".

As a further extension, other languages began to use the trema whenever they wish to indicate that a vowel should be pronounced separately from the preceding letter (possibly a consonant), with which it would normally form a digraph, according to the orthographic rules of that language. In the orthographies of Spanish, Catalan, Brazilian Portuguese, French, Galician and Occitan, the graphemes gu and qu normally represent a single sound, [g] or [k], before the front vowels e and i (before nearly all vowels in Occitan), for historical reasons. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Brazilian Portuguese ( Language code pt-BR Portuguese: português brasileiro or português do Brasil) is a group of Portuguese French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan In the few exceptions where the u is pronounced before i or e, a trema is added to it. In French, the diaeresis in such cases is usually written over the following vowel.

Examples:

In Greek it can be used alone (ακαδημαϊκός, "academic"), or in combination with an acute accent (πρωτεΐνη, "protein"). History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.

In English

The diaeresis mark has also been occasionally applied to English words of Latin origin (e. g. , coöperate, reënact), as well as native English words (e. g. , noöne), but this usage had become extremely rare by the 1940s. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be The New Yorker and MIT's Technology Review can be noted as some of the few publications that still spell coöperate with a diaeresis. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Technology Review is a magazine published by Technology Review Inc a media company owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Its use in English today, apart from words borrowed from other languages, is mostly limited to certain names, such as the surname Brontë and the given names Chloë and Zoë. It is relatively common in words that do not have an obvious divider at the diaeresis point (the diaeresis cannot be replaced by a preceding hyphen), such as naïve.

Other diacritical uses

Umlaut

Further information: Germanic umlaut

History

Historically, the umlaut mark is far younger than the diaeresis mark, and has unrelated origins, though it has been speculated that an awareness of diaeresis might have influenced the final written form of the umlaut. In Linguistics, umlaut (from German um - "around"/"the other way" + Laut "sound" is a process whereby a

Development of the umlaut in Sütterlin: schoen becomes schön via schoͤn ("beautiful")
Development of the umlaut in Sütterlin: schoen becomes schön via schoͤn ("beautiful")

Originally, phonological umlaut was denoted in written German by adding an e to the affected vowel, either after the vowel or, in small form, above it. In Linguistics, umlaut (from German um - "around"/"the other way" + Laut "sound" is a process whereby a (In medieval German manuscripts, other digraphs could also be written using superscripts: in bluome ("flower"), for example, the <o> was frequently placed above the <u>. A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond ) In blackletter handwriting as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages, and also in many printed texts of the early modern period, the superscript <e> still had a form which would be recognisable to us as an <e>. Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 However, in the forms of handwriting which emerged in the early modern period (of which Sütterlin is the latest and best known example), the letter <e> had two strong vertical lines, and the superscript <e> looked like two tiny strokes. Sütterlinschrift (Sütterlin script or Sütterlin for short is the last widely used form of the old German blackletter handwriting ("Spitzschrift" Gradually these strokes were reduced to dots, and as early as the 16th century we find this handwritten convention being transferred sporadically to printed texts too.

In modern handwriting, the umlaut sometimes looks like a tilde, quotation mark, dash, or other small mark. The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally referred to as quotes and speech marks) are Punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech A dash is a Punctuation mark It is longer than a Hyphen and is used differently

Printing conventions in German

When typing German, if umlaut letters are not available, the proper way is to replace them with the underlying vowel and a following <e>. So, for example, "Schröder" becomes "Schroeder". As the pronunciation differs greatly between the normal letter and the umlaut, simply omitting the dots is considered incorrect. The result might often be a different word, as in schon 'already', schön 'beautiful' or Mutter 'mother', Mütter 'mothers'.

Despite this, the umlauted letters are not considered part of the alphabet proper. When alphabetically sorting German words, the umlaut is usually treated like the underlying vowel; if two words differ only by an umlaut, the umlauted one comes second, for example:

  1. Schon
  2. Schön
  3. Schonen

There is a second system in limited use, mostly for sorting names (colloquially called "telephone directory sorting"), which treats ü like ue, and so on.

  1. Schön
  2. Schon
  3. Schonen

Austrian telephone directories insert ö after oz. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

  1. Schon
  2. Schonen
  3. Schön

In Switzerland, capital umlauts are sometimes printed as digraphs, in other words, <Ae>, <Oe>, <Ue>, instead of <Ä>, <Ö>, <Ü> (see German alphabet for an elaboration. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond The German Alphabet consists of the same 26 letters as the modern Roman alphabet: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r ) This is because the Swiss keyboard contains the French accents on the same buttons as the umlauts (selected by Shift). To write capital umlauts the ¨-key is pressed followed by the capital letter to which the umlaut should apply.

Borrowing of German umlaut notation

Diacritical marks

accent

acute accent ( ´ )
double acute accent ( ˝ )
grave accent ( ` )
double grave accent (  ̏ )

breve ( ˘ )
caron / háček ( ˇ )
cedilla ( ¸ )
circumflex ( ^ )
diaeresis / umlaut ( ¨ )
dot ( · )

anunaasika ( ˙ )
anusvara (  ̣ )
chandrabindu (   ँ   ঁ   ઁ   ଁ ఁ )

hook / dấu hỏi (  ̉ )
horn / dấu móc (  ̛ )
macron ( ¯ )
ogonek ( ˛ )
ring / kroužek ( ˚, ˳ )
rough breathing / spiritus asper (  ῾ )
smooth breathing / spiritus lenis (  ᾿ )
Marks sometimes used as diacritics

apostrophe ( ’ )
bar ( | )
colon ( : )
comma ( , )
hyphen ( ˗ )
tilde ( ~ )
titlo (  ҃ )

Some languages have borrowed some of the forms of the German letters Ä, Ö, or Ü, including Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Karelian, the Sami languages, Slovak, Swedish and Turkish. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. The double acute accent ( ˝) is a Diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the See also Grave accent Double acute accent International Phonetic Alphabet Length The breve sign indicates a short vowel as opposed to the Macron  ¯ which indicates long vowels in academic transcription Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Overdot See also Anusvara Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark In Arabic romanization Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. This article is about chandrabindu the character in several Brahmi derived scripts See also Horn (diacritic Ɓ ɓ Ƈ ƈ Ɗ ɗ Ɠ ɠ See also Ơ Ư Hook (diacritic Acute accent Apostrophe A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the A ring Diacritic may appear above or below letters It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts The spiritus asper ( Latin for "rough breathing" δασὺ πνεῦμα dasỳ pneûma or daseîa) is a diacritical mark used in A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. A comma ( ,   is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus Titlo is an extended Diacritic symbol first used in Old Cyrillic manuscripts e " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Karelian is a language closely related to Finnish, with which it is not necessarily Mutually intelligible. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The use of the diacritic in these languages does not usually relate to instances of the historical phenomenon of Germanic umlaut, but it often indicates sounds similar to those for which it is used in German.

The Estonian alphabet has borrowed <ä>, <ö> and <ü> from German, Swedish and Finnish have <ä> and <ö>, and Slovak has <ä>. In Estonian, Swedish, Finnish and Sami <ä> and <ö> denote [æ] and [ø] respectively. Hungarian, on the other hand, has <ü>, and <ö>. The Slovak language uses the letter <ä> to denote [ɛ] (or a bit archaic but still correct [æ]) — the sign is called dve bodky ("two dots"), and the full name of the letter ä is a s dvomi bodkami ("a with two dots"). The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" In all these languages, however, the replacement rule for situations where the umlaut character is not available, is to simply use the underlying unaccented character instead (without a following e).

In Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch), the umlaut diacritic in <ä> and <ë> represents a stressed schwa. Luxembourgish (lb Lëtzebuergesch Luxembourgeois Luxemburgisch Luxemburgs Lussimbordjwès also called Luxembourgian, also spelled Luxemburgish, is one of In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral Since the Luxembourgish language uses the mark to show stress, it cannot be used to modify the 'u' which therefore has to be 'ue'.

When Turkish switched from the Arabic to the Latin alphabet in 1928 it adopted a number of diacritics borrowed from various languages, including <ü>, which was taken from German (Turkey had a close relationship with Germany) and <ö> from Swedish, which in turn had borrowed this symbol from German. These Turkish graphemes represent similar sounds to their values in German (see Turkish alphabet). The Turkish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters a certain number of which ( Ç,

As the borrowed diacritic has lost its relationship to Germanic i-mutation, they are in some languages considered independent graphemes, and cannot be replaced with <ae>, <oe>, or <ue> as in German. In Estonian and Finnish, for example, these latter diphthongs have independent meanings. Even some Germanic languages such as Swedish (which does have a transformation analogous to the German umlaut, called omljud ), treat them as independent letters. In collation, this means they have their own positions in the alphabet, for example at the end ("A–Ö", not "A–Z") as in Swedish and Finnish, which means that the dictionary order is different from German. It also means that the transformations ä → ae and ö → oe are inappropriate for these languages.

When typing in Norwegian, the letters Ø and Æ might be replaced with Ö and Ä respectively if the former are not available. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language The " Ø " ( minuscule: " ø " is a Vowel and a letter used in the Danish, Faroese and Norwegian Æ ( minuscule: æ) is a Grapheme formed from the letters A and E. O-Umlaut The glyph O with Umlaut appears in the German alphabet. " Ä " or " ä " is a character which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets or the letter A with If neither are available, it is appropriate to use oe and ae.

Early Volapük used Fraktur a, o and u as different than Antiqua ones. Volapük (volaˈpyk or ˈvɒləpʊk in English is a Constructed language, created in 1879-1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest The German word Fraktur () refers to a specific sub-group of Blackletter Typefaces The word derives from the past participle fractus (“broken” Antiqua Typefaces are those designed between about 1470 and 1600 specifically those by Nicholas Jenson and the Aldine roman commissioned by Aldus Manutius Later, the Fraktur forms were replaced with umlauted vowels.

Use of the umlaut for special effect

See also: Heavy metal umlaut

The umlaut diacritic can be used in "sensational spellings" or foreign branding, for example in advertising, or for other special effects. The heavy metal umlaut is the gratuitous or decorative use of an umlaut over letters in the name of a heavy metal band such as Sensational spelling is the deliberate Spelling of a word in an incorrect or non-standard Foreign branding is an Advertising and Marketing term describing the implied cachet or superiority of domestic products with a foreign or foreign-sounding name Häagen-Dazs is an example of such usage. Häagen-Dazs is an American brand of Ice cream, established by Polish immigrants Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New

As the German short /a/ is more open than the equivalent sound in English (/æ/), Germans sometimes use the diacritic <ä> to imitate the English sound in writing, giving an English "feel" to words used in advertising; in a McDonald's restaurant in Germany one can buy a "Big Mäc". The Big Mac is a hamburger sold by the international Fast-food chain McDonald's.

Since the letter ü is very common in Turkish, its inappropriate use can make a text in another language look "turkified", a purely visual mimicry. Because of the large number of Turks living in Germany, this again is a phenomenon familiar in German. The Turkish-German satirist Osman Engin, for example, wrote a book entitled Dütschlünd, Dütschlünd übür üllüs - the opening line of the first stanza from Das Lied der Deutschen, but turkified. Das Deutschlandlied ("The Song of Germany" also known as Das Lied der Deutschen, "The Song of the Germans" has been used wholly or partially as the

In the heavy metal scene, the umlaut diacritic can frequently be observed as a mere decoration (with no significance for the pronunciation) on the names of bands such as Motörhead, Mötley Crüe, Queensrÿche, or Leftöver Crack. The heavy metal umlaut is the gratuitous or decorative use of an umlaut over letters in the name of a heavy metal band such as Mötley Crüe ( IPA pronunciation: /'mɒtliː Queensrÿche (ˈkwiːnzraɪk is an American heavy metal / Progressive metal band formed in 1981 in Bellevue Washington. Leftöver Crack is an American Anarchist Ska punk band formed in 2000 following the breakup of the Ska punk The fictitious group Spın̈al Tap places an umlaut over the <n>. Spın̈al Tap is a semi-fictional heavy metal band the subject of the 1984 Rockumentary / Mockumentary film This Is {{Unicode|Spın̈al A self-referential example is the Finnish group Ümlaut. Ümlaut is a Crust punk / Hardcore punk band from Finland. They have released a record called Havoc Wreakers on 12" vinyl

In mathematics and physics

The derivative with respect to time is often represented as a dot above a variable. In Calculus, a branch of mathematics the derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs change Two dots represents the second derivative.

{\dot{a}} = {\mathrm{d}a \over \mathrm{d}t}
{\ddot{a}} = {\mathrm{d} ^2 a \over \mathrm{d} t^2}

This may be contrasted with the more general notation for a derivative using a prime:

f'(x) = {\mathrm{d} \over \mathrm{d}x} f(x)
f''(x) = {\mathrm{d}^2 \over \mathrm{d} x^2} f(x)

Computer usage

Most character encodings treat the umlaut and the diaeresis as the same diacritic mark. The prime symbol ( ′  double prime symbol ( &Prime  triple prime symbol ( ‴  etc

Keyboard input

Umlauts on a German computer keyboard. The ligature ß can also be seen.
Umlauts on a German computer keyboard. The ligature ß can also be seen. The letter ß ( Unicode U+00DF is a letter in the German alphabet.

It is preferable that umlauts and tremas be available on the keyboard for writing languages that use them. It is rather difficult to use any special key sequences, especially if the character is not considered a modification but an independent grapheme. In practice, the computer must be configured to use an appropriate keyboard layout.

Using Microsoft Word, the double dot is produced by pressing Ctrl+Shift+:, then the letter. Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software.

On a computer running Mac OS double dots can be entered be pressing Option+U, followed by the vowel to have a double dot above it. Mac OS is the trademarked name for a series of Graphical user interface -based Operating systems developed by Apple Inc

X-based systems with the Compose key can usually enter characters with double dots by typing Compose, " followed by the letter. On some Computer systems a compose key is a key which is designated to signal the Software to interpret the next keystrokes as a combination in order to produce a

Microsoft Windows allows users to set their US layout keyboard language to International which allows for something similar, by turning keys (rather characters) into dead keys. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter If the user enters ", nothing will appear on screen, until the user types another character, after which the characters will be merged if possible, or added independently at once if not.

On several operating systems, double dotted characters can be written even without the current keyboard layout having umlauts or tremas by entering Alt codes. In PCs running the Microsoft Windows or DOS Operating systems additional characters to those available by the current Keyboard layout may be typed On Microsoft Windows keyboard layouts that do not have double dotted characters, one can especially use Windows Alt keycodes. QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional In PCs running the Microsoft Windows or DOS Operating systems additional characters to those available by the current Keyboard layout may be typed Double dots are then entered by pressing the left Alt key, and entering the full decimal value of the character's position in the Windows code page on the numeric keypad, provided that the compatible code page is used as a system code page. Windows code pages are sets of characters or Code pages (known as Character encodings in other operating systems used in Microsoft Windows systems You can also use numbers from Code page 850; these lack a leading 0. Code page 850 is a Code page that was used in western Europe under systems such as DOS.

Character Windows Code Page Code CP850 Code
ä Alt+0228 Alt+132
ë Alt+0235 Alt+137
ï Alt+0239 Alt+139
ö Alt+0246 Alt+148
ü Alt+0252 Alt+129
Ä Alt+0196 Alt+142
Ë Alt+0203 N/A
Ï Alt+0207 N/A
Ö Alt+0214 Alt+153
Ü Alt+0220 Alt+154

Character encodings

The ISO 8859-1 character encoding includes the letters ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, and their respective capital forms, as well as ÿ in lower case only, with Ÿ added in the revised edition ISO 8859-15. ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, ISO 8859-15 is part 15 of ISO 8859, a standard Character encoding defined by International Organization for Standardization.

Unicode provides the double dot as a combining character U+0308. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's In Digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters Mainly for compatibility with older character encodings, dozens of codepoints with letters with double dots are available.

Both the combining character U+0308 and the precombined codepoints can be used as umlaut and as diaeresis.

Sometimes, there's a need to distinguish between the umlaut sign and the diaeresis sign. In these cases, the following recommendation by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 should be followed:

HTML

In HTML, vowels with double dots can be entered with an entity reference of the form &?uml;, where ? can be any of a, e, i, o, u, y or their majuscule counterparts. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, With the exception of the uppercase Ÿ, these characters are also available in all of the ISO 8859 character sets and thus have the same codepoints in ISO-8859-1 (-2, -3, -4, -9, -10, -13, -14, -15, -16) and Unicode. ISO/IEC 8859 is a joint ISO and IEC standard for 8-bit Character encodings for use by computers ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet. ISO 8859-2, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-2 or less formally as Latin-2, is part 2 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding defined by ISO 8859-3, also known as Latin-3 or "South European" is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard ISO 8859-4, also known as Latin-4 or "North European" is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard ISO 8859-9, also known as Latin-5 or "Turkish" is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard ISO 8859-10, also known as Latin-6, is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard ISO 8859-13, also known as Latin-7 or "Baltic Rim" is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard ISO 8859-14, also known as Latin-8 or "Celtic" is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard ISO 8859-15 is part 15 of ISO 8859, a standard Character encoding defined by International Organization for Standardization. ISO 8859-16, also known as Latin-10 or "South-Eastern European" is an 8-bit Character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's The uppercase Ÿ is available in ISO 8859-15 and Unicode, and Unicode provides a number of other letters with double dots as well.

Umlauts
Character Replacement HTML Unicode
ä a or ae &auml; U+00E4
ö o or oe &ouml; U+00F6
ü u or ue &uuml; U+00FC
Ä A or Ae &Auml; U+00C4
Ö O or Oe &Ouml; U+00D6
Ü U or Ue &Uuml; U+00DC
Other double dots
Character HTML Unicode
ë &euml; U+00EB
ï &iuml; U+00EF
ÿ &yuml; U+00FF
Ë &Euml; U+00CB
Ï &Iuml; U+00CF
Ÿ &Yuml; U+0178


Note: when replacing umlaut characters with plain ASCII, use ae, oe, etc. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) for German language, and the simple character replacements for all other languages.

TeX

TeX also allows double dots to be placed over letters in math mode, using "\ddot{}", or outside of math mode, with the \" control sequence:

\mathrm{\ddot{a}\ddot{b}\ddot{c}\ddot{d}\ddot{e}\ddot{A}\ddot{B}\ddot{C}\ddot{D}\ddot{E}}

However this will give the trema-style dots that are too far above the letter's body for good typographical umlauts. TeX (ˈtɛx as in Greek, often /ˈtɛk/ in English; written with a lowercase 'e' in imitation of the logo is a Typesetting system designed and mostly TeX's "German" package should be used if possible: it adds the " control sequence (without backslash) which gives nice umlauts.

See also

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Letters using umlaut or diaeresis sign

history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters

External links

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