| Ulysses S. Grant | |
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| In office March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
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| Vice President | Schuyler Colfax (1869-1873), Henry Wilson (1873-1875), None (1875-1877) |
| Preceded by | Andrew Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Rutherford B. Hayes |
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| Born | April 27, 1822 Point Pleasant, Ohio |
| Died | July 23, 1885 (aged 63) Mount McGregor, New York |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Julia Dent Grant |
| Children | Jesse Grant, Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., Nellie Grant, Frederick Grant |
| Alma mater | United States Military Academy at West Point |
| Occupation | General-in-Chief |
| Religion | Methodist[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Nickname(s) | "Unconditional Surrender" Grant |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1839-1854, 1861-1869 |
| Rank | General of the Army of the United States |
| Commands | Army of the Tennessee, Military Division of the Mississippi, Armies of the United States, United States Army (postbellum) |
| Battles/wars | Mexican-American War |
Ulysses S. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Schuyler Colfax Jr (March 23 1823 &ndash January 13 1885 was a U Henry Wilson (February 16 1812 &ndash November 22 1875 was a Senator from Massachusetts and the eighteenth Vice President of the United States. Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Point Pleasant is a small Unincorporated community in southern Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio, United States. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wilton is a Town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. Julia Boggs Dent Grant ( January 26, 1826 &ndash December 14, 1902) was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Jesse Root Grant ( February 6, 1858 &ndash June 8, 1934) the youngest son of President of the United States Ulysses S Ulysses S Grant Jr, né Buck, ( July 22, 1852 – September 25, 1929) was an American attorney and entrepreneur "Nellie" Ellen Wrenshall Grant ( July 4, 1855 - August 30, 1922) was the third child and only daughter of General of the Frederick Dent Grant ( May 30, 1850 &ndash April 12, 1912) was a soldier and United States minister to Austria-Hungary Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, General-in-Chief has been a Military rank or title in various armed forces around the world The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River. The Military Division of the Mississippi was an administrative division of the United States Army during the American Civil War that controlled all military operations The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. At the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, one of the early engagements of the Mexican-American War, United States General Zachary Taylor engaged the retreating The Battle of Palo Alto was the first major Battle of the Mexican-American War and was fought on May 8, 1846, on disputed ground five miles In the Battle of Monterrey (September 21&ndash23 1846 during the Mexican-American War, General Pedro de Ampudia and the Mexican Army of the North The Battle of Veracruz was a 20-day Siege of the key Mexican seaport of Veracruz, during the Mexican-American War. The Battle of Molino del Rey was one of the bloodiest engagements of the Mexican-American War. The Battle of Chapultepec (September 1847 was a US victory over Mexican forces holding Chapultepec Castle west of Mexico City during the Mexican-American Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought from February 12 to February 16 1862 in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. Background and opposing forces After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at The Third Battle of Chattanooga (popularly known as The Battle of Chattanooga, and including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865 The Appomattox Campaign ( March 29, 1865 &ndash April 9, 1865) was a series of battles fought in Virginia that culminated in the surrender Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South
Grant first reached national prominence by taking Forts Henry and Donelson in 1862 in the first Union victories of the war. The following year, his celebrated campaign ending in the surrender of Vicksburg secured Union control of the Mississippi and—with the simultaneous Union victory at Gettysburg—turned the tide of the war in the North's favor. Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] Named commanding general of the Federal armies in 1864, he implemented a coordinated strategy of simultaneous attacks aimed at destroying the South's ability to carry on the war. In 1865, after conducting a costly war of attrition in the East, he accepted the surrender of his Confederate opponent Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the Grant has been described by J.F.C. Fuller as "the greatest general of his age and one of the greatest strategists of any age. Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO, commonly J " His Vicksburg Campaign in particular has been scrutinized by military specialists around the world. The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg Mississippi, a
In 1868, Grant was elected president as a Republican. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States Grant was the first president to serve for two full terms since Andrew Jackson forty years before. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 He led Radical Reconstruction and built a powerful patronage-based Republican party in the South, with the adroit use of the army. In the History of the United States, " Reconstruction " refers to the time between 1863 and 1877 when the U He took a hard line that reduced violence by groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are
Presidential experts typically rank Grant in the lowest quartile of U. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served S. presidents, primarily for his tolerance of corruption. In recent years, however, his reputation as president has improved somewhat among scholars impressed by his support for civil rights for African Americans. African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United [3] Unsuccessful in winning a third term in 1880, bankrupted by bad investments, and terminally ill with throat cancer, Grant wrote his Memoirs, which were enormously successful among veterans, the public, and the critics. The Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S Grant is an autobiography of American President Ulysses S
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Early life
Grant was born in a log cabin in Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, 25 miles (40 km) east of Cincinnati on the Ohio River. Point Pleasant is a small Unincorporated community in southern Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio, United States. A log cabin is a small house built from logs It is a fairly simple type of Log house. Point Pleasant is a small Unincorporated community in southern Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio, United States. Clermont County is a county located in the state of Ohio, United States, just east of Cincinnati. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. He was the eldest of the six children of Jesse Root Grant (1794–1873) and Hannah Simpson Grant (1798–1883). His father, a tanner from Pennsylvania, was descended from English immigrant to Massachusetts Matthew Grant (1601-1681); his mother was born in Horsham Township, Pennsylvania. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Horsham Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. In the fall of 1823, they moved to the village of Georgetown in Brown County, Ohio. Georgetown is a village in Brown County, Ohio, United States. Brown County is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States.
Family and friends
On August 22, 1848, Grant married Julia Boggs Dent (1826–1902), the daughter of a slave owner. Georgetown is a village in Brown County, Ohio, United States. Georgetown is a village in Brown County, Ohio, United States. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Julia Boggs Dent Grant ( January 26, 1826 &ndash December 14, 1902) was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, They had four children: Frederick Dent Grant, Ulysses S. Grant, Jr. (Buck), Ellen Wrenshall Grant (Nellie), and Jesse Root Grant. Frederick Dent Grant ( May 30, 1850 &ndash April 12, 1912) was a soldier and United States minister to Austria-Hungary Ulysses S Grant Jr, né Buck, ( July 22, 1852 – September 25, 1929) was an American attorney and entrepreneur "Nellie" Ellen Wrenshall Grant ( July 4, 1855 - August 30, 1922) was the third child and only daughter of General of the Jesse Root Grant ( February 6, 1858 &ndash June 8, 1934) the youngest son of President of the United States Ulysses S
Military career
At the age of 17, Grant entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, after securing a nomination through his U.S. Congressman, Thomas L. Hamer. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, West Point is a federal military reservation (and a Census-designated place) located North of the Village of Highland Falls in Orange County New York The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Thomas Lyon Hamer (July 1800 – December 2, 1846) was a United States congressman and soldier Hamer erroneously nominated him as "Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio,"[4] knowing Grant's mother's maiden name was Simpson and forgetting that Grant was referred to in his youth as "H. Ulysses Grant" or "Lyss. " Grant wrote his name in the entrance register as "Ulysses Hiram Grant" (concerned that he would otherwise become known by his initials, H. U. G. ), but the school administration refused to accept any name other than the nominated form. An academic administration is a branch of University or College employees responsible for the maintenance and supervision of the institution and separate from the Grant adopted the form of his new name with middle initial only. [5] Because "U. S. " also stands for "Uncle Sam," Grant's nickname became "Sam" among his army colleagues. He graduated from West Point in 1843, ranking 21st in a class of 39. At the academy, he established a reputation as a fearless and expert horseman. Although this made him seem a natural for cavalry, he was assigned to duty as a regimental quartermaster, managing supplies and equipment. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on
Mexican-American War
Lieutenant Grant served in the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, where, despite his assignment as a quartermaster, he got close enough to the front lines to see action, taking part in the battles of Resaca de la Palma, Palo Alto, Monterrey (where he volunteered to carry a dispatch on horseback through a sniper-lined street), and Veracruz. Zachary Taylor (November 24 1784 &ndash July 9 1850 was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate At the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, one of the early engagements of the Mexican-American War, United States General Zachary Taylor engaged the retreating The Battle of Palo Alto was the first major Battle of the Mexican-American War and was fought on May 8, 1846, on disputed ground five miles In the Battle of Monterrey (September 21&ndash23 1846 during the Mexican-American War, General Pedro de Ampudia and the Mexican Army of the North The Battle of Veracruz was a 20-day Siege of the key Mexican seaport of Veracruz, during the Mexican-American War. Once Grant saw his friend, Fred Dent, later becoming his brother-in-law, lying in the middle of the battlefield; he had been shot in the leg. Grant ran furiously into the open to rescue Dent; as they were making their way to safety, a Mexican was sneaking up behind Grant, but the Mexican was shot by a fellow U. S soldier. Grant was twice brevetted for bravery: at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. The Battle of Molino del Rey was one of the bloodiest engagements of the Mexican-American War. The Battle of Chapultepec (September 1847 was a US victory over Mexican forces holding Chapultepec Castle west of Mexico City during the Mexican-American He was a remarkably close observer of the war, learning to judge the actions of colonels and generals. In the 1880s he wrote that the war was unjust, accepting the theory that it was designed to gain land open to slavery. He wrote in his memoirs about the war against Mexico: "I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day, regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation". [6]
Between wars
After the Mexican-American war ended in 1848, Grant remained in the army and was moved to several different posts. He was sent to Fort Vancouver in the Washington Territory in 1853, where he served as quartermaster of the 4th U.S. Infantry regiment. Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company in the company's The Washington Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States that was formed in February 8, 1853 from the portion of the The US 4th Infantry Regiment is an Infantry Regiment in the United States Army. His wife, eight months pregnant with their second child, could not accompany him because his salary could not support a family on the frontier. In 1854, Grant was promoted to captain (one of only 50 still on active duty) and assigned to command Company F, 4th Infantry, at Fort Humboldt, California. Fort Humboldt State Historic Park, is a California State Park located in the southern portion of the city of Eureka California just off U However, he still could not afford to bring his family out West. He tried some business ventures, but they failed. Grant resigned from the Army with little advance notice on July 31, 1854, offering no explanation for his abrupt decision. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Rumors persisted in the Army for years that his commanding officer, Bvt. Lt. Col. Robert C. Buchanan, found him drunk on duty as a pay officer and offered him the choice between resignation or court-martial. Robert Christie Buchanan ( March 1, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1878) was an American military officer who served in the Mexican [7] Some biographers discount the rumors and suggest Grant's resignation, and his drinking, were both prompted by profound depression. According to this view, Buchanan hated Grant and concocted the drunkenness story years later to protect Buchanan's action in removing the man who became one of the most famous generals in history. The War Department stated, "Nothing stands against his good name. "[8]
A civilian at age 32, Grant struggled through seven lean years. From 1854 to 1858 he labored on a family farm near St. Louis, Missouri, using slaves owned by his father-in-law, but it did not prosper. Grant owned one slave (whom he set free in 1859); his wife owned four slaves (two women servants and their two small boys). [9] In 1858-59 he was a bill collector in St. Louis. Failing at everything, in humiliation he asked his father for a job, and in 1860 was made an assistant in the leather shop owned by his father and run by his younger brother in Galena, Illinois. Galena is the largest city in and County seat of Jo Daviess County, Illinois in the United States with an estimated population of 3396 Grant & Perkins sold harnesses, saddles, and other leather goods and purchased hides from farmers in the prosperous Galena area. [10]
Although Grant was essentially apolitical, his father-in-law was a prominent Democrat in St. Louis (a fact that lost Grant the good job of county engineer in 1859). In 1856 he voted for Democrat James Buchanan for president to avert secession and because "I knew Frémont" (the Republican candidate). James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the In 1860, he favored Democrat Stephen A. Douglas but did not vote. Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23, 1813 - June 3, 1861) was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and In 1864, he allowed his political sponsor, Congressman Elihu B. Washburne, to use his private letters as campaign literature for Abraham Lincoln[11] and the Union Party, which combined both Republicans and War Democrats. Elihu Benjamin Washburne ( September 23 1816, Livermore Maine – October 23 1887, Chicago Illinois) was one War Democrats were those who broke with the majority of the Democratic Party and supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the He refused to announce his political affiliation until 1868, when he finally declared himself a Republican. [12].
Civil War
Western Theater: 1861–63
Shortly after Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln put out a call for 75,000 volunteers. Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Grant helped recruit a company of volunteers and accompanied it to Springfield, the capital of Illinois. Springfield is the capital of the US state of Illinois and the county seat of Sangamon County with a population of 116482 (U The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Grant accepted a position offered by Illinois Governor Richard Yates to recruit and train volunteers, which he accomplished with efficiency. Richard Yates ( January 18, 1818 - November 27, 1873) was governor of Illinois during the American Civil War and has been Grant pressed for a field command; Yates appointed him colonel of the undisciplined and rebellious 21st Illinois Infantry in June 1861. The 21st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an Infantry Regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Grant was deployed to Missouri to protect the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. The Hannibal and St Joseph Railroad was the first Railroad to cross Missouri starting in Hannibal in the northeast and going to St Under pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne Jackson, Missouri had declared it was an armed neutral in the conflict and would attack troops from either side entering the state. Claiborne Fox Jackson ( April 4, 1806 December 6, 1862) was a lawyer soldier politician By the first of August the Union army had forcibly removed Jackson and Missouri was controlled by Union forces, who had to deal with numerous southern sympathizers.
In August, Grant was appointed brigadier general of volunteers by Lincoln, who had been lobbied by Congressman Elihu Washburne. At the end of August, Grant was selected by Western Theater commander Major General John C. Frémont to command the critical District of Southeast Missouri. John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the
Battles of Belmont, Henry, and Donelson
Grant's first important strategic act of the war was to take the initiative to seize the Ohio River town of Paducah, Kentucky, immediately after the Confederates violated the state's neutrality by occupying Columbus, Kentucky. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Paducah is the largest city in Kentucky 's Jackson Purchase Region and the County seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Columbus is a city in Hickman County, Kentucky, United States. He fought his first battle, an indecisive action against Confederate Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, at Belmont, Missouri, in November 1861. Gideon Johnson Pillow ( June 8, 1806 &ndash October 8, 1878) was an American lawyer politician and Confederate general Background At the beginning of the Civil War the critical border state of Kentucky, with a pro-Confederate governor and a pro-Union legislature had declared Three months later, aided by Andrew H. Foote's Navy gunboats, he captured two major Confederate fortresses, Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Andrew Hull Foote (September 12 1806 &ndash June 26 1863 was an Admiral in the United States Navy who served during the American Civil War. Background In early 1861 the critical border state of Kentucky had declared neutrality in the fight to maintain the Union The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought from February 12 to February 16 1862 in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the Southern United States. At Donelson, his army was hit by a surprise Confederate attack (once again by Pillow) while he was temporarily absent. Displaying the cool determination that would characterize his leadership in future battles, he organized counterattacks that carried the day. Both General Floyd and Pillow, the two senior Confederate commanders fled. The Confederate commander, Brig. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, an old friend of Grant's and a West Point classmate, and senior commander with Floyd and Pillow fleeing, yielded to Grant's hard conditions of "no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender. Simon Bolivar Buckner ( April 1, 1823 January 8, 1914) was a career U " Buckner's surrender of over 12,000 men made Grant a national figure almost overnight, and he was nicknamed "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. The captures of the two forts with over 12,000 prisoners were the first major Union victories of the war, gaining him national recognition. Desperate for generals who could fight and win, Lincoln promoted him to major general of volunteers. Although Grant's new-found fame did not seem to affect his temperament, it did have an impact on his personal life. At one point during the Civil War, a picture of Grant with a cigar in his mouth was published. He was then inundated with cigars from well wishers. Before that he had smoked only sporadically, but he could not give them all away, so he took up smoking them, a habit which may have contributed to the development of throat cancer later in his life; one story after the war claimed that he smoked over 10,000 in five years.
Despite his significant victories (or perhaps because of them), Grant fell out of favor with his superior, Major General Henry W. Halleck. Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16, 1815 &ndash January 9, 1872) was a United States Army officer scholar and lawyer Halleck had a particular distaste for drunks and, believing Grant was an alcoholic, was biased against him from the beginning. After Grant visited Nashville, Tennessee, where he met with Halleck's rival, Don Carlos Buell, Halleck used the visit as an excuse to relieve Grant on March 2 of field command of a newly launched expedition up the Tennessee River. Don Carlos Buell (March 23 1818 &ndash November 19 1898 was a career United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole War, the Mexican-American War Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Personal intervention from President Lincoln caused Halleck to restore Grant to field command of the expedition, and on March 17 he joined his army at Savannah, Tennessee. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger At this juncture, Grant's command was known as the Army of West Tennessee; soon, however, it would acquire its more famous name as the Army of the Tennessee. The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River. The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River.
Shiloh
In early April 1862, Grant was surprised by Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard at the Battle of Shiloh. The Battle of Cold Harbor, the final battle of Union Lt Gen Ulysses S Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (ˈboʊrɪgɑrd ( May 28, 1818 &ndash February 20, 1893) was a Louisiana -born author civil servant Background and opposing forces After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew The sheer violence of the Confederate attack sent the Union forces reeling. Nevertheless, Grant refused to retreat. With grim determination, he stabilized his line. Then, on the second day, with the help of timely reinforcements, Grant counterattacked and turned a serious reverse into a victory.
The victory at Shiloh came at a high price; with over 23,000 casualties, it was the bloodiest battle in the history of the United States up to that time. Halleck responded to the surprise and the disorganized nature of the fighting by taking command of the army in the field himself, on April 30 relegating Grant to the powerless position of second-in-command for the campaign against Corinth, Mississippi. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule The Siege of Corinth (also known as the First Battle of Corinth) was an American Civil War battle fought from April 29 to June 10, Despondent over his awkward position, Grant explored the possibility of obtaining an assignment elsewhere and might have left the army altogether after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30. However, the intervention of his subordinate and good friend, William T. Sherman, caused him to remain. He was thus in position to play an increasingly important role in the West when, in July 1862, Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of the Union Army and called to Washington. Grant commanded the Army of the Tennessee for the battles of Corinth and Iuka that fall. The Second Battle of Corinth (which in the context of the American Civil War, is usually referred to as the Battle of Corinth, to differentiate it from the Background As Confederate General Braxton Bragg moved north from Tennessee into Kentucky in September 1862 Union Maj
Vicksburg
In an attempt to capture the Mississippi River fortress of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Grant spent the winter of 1862–1863 conducting a series of operations to gain access to the city through the region's bayous. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg Mississippi, a These attempts failed.
However, his strategy to take Vicksburg in 1863 is considered one of the most masterful in military history. Grant marched his troops down the west bank of the Mississippi and crossed the river by using U.S. Navy ships that had run the guns at Vicksburg. There, he moved inland and—in a daring move that defied conventional military principles—cut loose from most of his supply lines. [13] Operating in enemy territory, Grant moved swiftly, never giving the Confederates, under the command of John C. Pemberton, an opportunity to concentrate their forces against him. John Clifford Pemberton (August 10 1814 &ndash July 13 1881 was a career United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole Wars and with distinction Grant's army went eastward, captured the city of Jackson, Mississippi, and severed the rail line to Vicksburg.
Knowing that the Confederates could no longer send reinforcements to the Vicksburg garrison, Grant turned west and won the Battle of Champion Hill. The Battle of Champion Hill, or Bakers Creek, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American The Confederates retreated inside their fortifications at Vicksburg, and Grant promptly surrounded the city. Finding that assaults against the impregnable breastworks were futile, he settled in for a six-week siege. Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at Cut off and with no possibility of relief, Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 4, 1863. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It was a devastating defeat for the Southern cause, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two, and, in conjunction with the Union victory at Gettysburg the previous day, is widely considered the turning point of the war. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] There is widespread disagreement over the turning point of the American Civil War. For this victory, President Lincoln promoted Grant to the rank of major general in the regular army, effective July 4. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
A distinguished British historian has written that "we must go back to the campaigns of Napoleon to find equally brilliant results accomplished in the same space of time with such a small loss. " Lincoln said after the capture of Vicksburg and after the lost opportunity after Gettysburg, "Grant is my man and I am his the rest of the War. "
Chattanooga
After the Battle of Chickamauga Union general William S. Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, Tennessee. Initial movements in the Chickamauga Campaign In his successful Tullahoma Campaign in the summer of 1863 Rosecrans moved southeast from Murfreesboro Tennessee William Starke Rosecrans ( September 6, 1819 &ndash March 11, 1898) was an inventor coal-oil company executive diplomat politician and Confederate Braxton Bragg followed to Lookout Mountain, surrounding the Federals on three sides. Braxton Bragg (March 22 1817 &ndash September 27 1876 was a career United States Army officer and then a General in the Confederate States Army, a Lookout Mountain, actually a Plateau, is located at the northwest corner of Georgia, the northeast corner of Alabama, and along the southern border On October 17, Grant was placed in command of the Military Division of Mississippi, which included Chattanooga. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost He immediately relieved Rosecrans and replaced him with George H. Thomas. George Henry Thomas ( July 31, 1816 &ndash March 28, 1870) was a career United States Army officer and a Union Devising a plan known as the "Cracker Line", Thomas' chief engineer, William F. "Baldy" Smith opened a new supply route to Chattanooga, helping to better supply the Army of the Cumberland. William Farrar Smith ( February 17, 1824 &ndash February 28, 1903) was a civil engineer a member of the police commission and Union
Upon reprovisioning and reinforcing, the morale of Union troops lifted. In late November, they went on the offensive. The Battle of Chattanooga started out with Sherman's failed attack on the Confederate right. The Third Battle of Chattanooga (popularly known as The Battle of Chattanooga, and including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of He not only attacked the wrong mountain but committed his troops piecemeal, allowing them to be defeated by one Confederate division. In response, Grant ordered Thomas to launch a demonstration on the center, which could draw defenders away from Sherman. Thomas waited until he was certain that Hooker, with reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac, was engaged on the Confederate left before he launched the Army of the Cumberland at the center of the Confederate line. Hooker's men broke the Confederate left, while Thomas' men made an unexpected but spectacular charge straight up Missionary Ridge and broke the fortified center of the Confederate line. Missionary Ridge is a geographic feature in Chattanooga Tennessee, site of the Battle of Missionary Ridge, a battle in the American Civil War, fought Grant was initially angry at Thomas that his orders for a demonstration were exceeded, but the assaulting wave sent the Confederates into a head-long retreat, opening the way for the Union to invade Atlanta, Georgia, and the heart of the Confederacy. Grant reportedly said afterward, "Damn, I had nothing to do with this battle," according to Hooker.
Grant's willingness to fight and ability to win impressed President Lincoln, who appointed him lieutenant general in the regular army—a rank not awarded since George Washington (or Winfield Scott's brevet appointment), recently re-authorized by the U.S. Congress with Grant in mind—on March 2, 1864. This article is about a United States military rank For other countries that use a similar rank see Lieutenant General. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate In the UK and US military brevet referred to a warrant authorizing a Commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily but usually without receiving The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year On March 12, Grant became general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
General-in-Chief and strategy for victory
In March 1864, Grant put Major General William T. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his headquarters to Virginia where he turned his attention to the long-frustrated Union effort to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia; his secondary objective was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, George G. Meade, and Benjamin Franklin Butler against Lee near Richmond; Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E. Johnston, and capture Atlanta; George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; and Nathaniel Banks to capture Mobile, Alabama. George Gordon Meade ( December 31, 1815 &ndash November 6, 1872) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved Benjamin Franklin Butler (November 5 1818 January 11 1893 was an American Lawyer and Politician who represented Massachusetts in the United States Franz Sigel ( November 18, 1824 &ndash August 21, 1902) was a German military officer and immigrant to the United States who was a The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U George Crook ( September 8, 1828 &ndash March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer most noted for his distinguished William Woods Averell ( November 5, 1832 &ndash February 3, 1900) was a career United States Army officer and a Cavalry West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss Banks ( January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American Politician and Soldier Grant was the first general to attempt such a coordinated strategy in the war and the first to understand the concepts of total war, in which the destruction of an enemy's economic infrastructure that supplied its armies was as important as tactical victories on the battlefield. Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal
Overland Campaign, Petersburg, and Appomattox
The Overland Campaign was the military thrust needed by the Union to defeat the Confederacy. The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and It pitted Grant against the great commander Robert E. Lee in an epic contest. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated It began on May 4, 1864, when the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River, marching into an area of scrubby undergrowth and second growth trees known as the Wilderness. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The Rapidan River is the largest Tributary of the Rappahannock River in North-central Virginia. It was such difficult terrain that the Army of Northern Virginia was able to use it to prevent Grant from fully exploiting his numerical advantage. The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
The Battle of the Wilderness was a stubborn, bloody two-day fight, resulting in advantage to neither side, but with heavy casualties on both. Background The battlefield was the Wilderness of Spotsylvania an expanse of nearly impenetrable scrub growth and rough terrain that encompassed more than 70 square miles (181 After similar battles in Virginia against Lee, all of Grant's predecessors had retreated from the field. Grant ignored the setback and ordered an advance around Lee's flank to the southeast, which lifted the morale of his army. Grant's strategy was not just to win individual battles, it was to fight constant battles in order to wear down and destroy Lee's army.
Sigel's Shenandoah campaign and Butler's James River campaign both failed. Lee was able to reinforce with troops used to defend against these assaults.
The campaign continued, but Lee, anticipating Grant's move, beat him to Spotsylvania, Virginia, where, on May 8, the fighting resumed. Spotsylvania County is a county in the US state &mdash officially " Commonwealth " &mdash of Virginia. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House lasted 14 days. The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, sometimes simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania, was the second battle in Lt On May 11, Grant wrote a famous dispatch containing the line "I propose to fight it out along this line if it takes all summer". Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople These words summed up his attitude about the fighting, and the next day, May 12, he ordered a massive assault by Hancock's 2nd Corps that broke a portion of Lee's line, captured 30 artillery pieces, took 4,000 prisoners, and broke forever the famous Stonewall Division. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. In spite of mounting Union casualties, the contest's dynamics changed in Grant's favor. Most of Lee's great victories in earlier years had been won on the offensive, employing surprise movements and fierce assaults. Now, he was forced to continually fight on the defensive without a chance to regroup or replenish against an opponent that was well supplied and had superior numbers. The next major battle, however, demonstrated the power of a well-prepared defense. Cold Harbor was one of Grant's most controversial battles, in which he launched on June 3 a massive three-corps assault without adequate reconnaissance on a well-fortified defensive line, resulting in horrific casualties (3,000–7,000 killed, wounded, and missing in the first 40 minutes, although modern estimates have determined that the total was likely less than half of the famous figure of 7,000 that has been used in books for decades; as many as 12,000 for the day, far outnumbering the Confederate losses). The Battle of Cold Harbor, the final battle of Union Lt Gen Ulysses S Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Grant said of the battle in his memoirs "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made. I might say the same thing of the assault of the 22nd of May, 1863, at Vicksburg. At Cold Harbor no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained. " But Grant moved on and kept up the pressure. He stole a march on Lee, slipping his troops across the James River. The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source
Arriving at Petersburg, Virginia, first, Grant should have captured the rail junction city, but he failed because of the overly cautious actions of his subordinate William Smith. Petersburg is an Independent city in Virginia, United States located on the Appomattox River. Over the next three days, a number of Union assaults to take the city were launched. But all failed, and finally on June 18, Lee's veterans arrived. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Faced with fully manned trenches in his front, Grant was left with no alternative but to settle down to a siege. The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865
As the summer drew on and with Grant's and Sherman's armies stalled, respectively in Virginia and Georgia, politics took center stage. There was a presidential election in the fall, and the citizens of the North had difficulty seeing any progress in the war effort. To make matters worse for Abraham Lincoln, Lee detached a small army under the command of Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early, hoping it would force Grant to disengage forces to pursue him. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil Early invaded north through the Shenandoah Valley and reached the outskirts of Washington, D.C.. The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Although unable to take the city, Early embarrassed the Administration simply by threatening its inhabitants, making Abraham Lincoln's re-election prospects even bleaker. The term administration, as used in the context of Government, differs according to Jurisdiction.
In early September, the efforts of Grant's coordinated strategy finally bore fruit. First, Sherman took Atlanta. Then, Grant dispatched Philip Sheridan to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with Early. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 It became clear to the people of the North that the war was being won, and Lincoln was re-elected by a wide margin. Later in November, Sherman began his March to the Sea. Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj Sheridan and Sherman both followed Grant's strategy of total war by destroying the economic infrastructures of the Valley and a large swath of Georgia and the Carolinas. Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal The Carolinas Campaign was the final campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.
At the beginning of April 1865, Grant's relentless pressure finally forced Lee to evacuate Richmond, and after a nine-day retreat, Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year There, Grant offered generous terms that did much to ease the tensions between the armies and preserve some semblance of Southern pride, which would be needed to reconcile the warring sides. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was effectively over; minor actions would continue until Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865. Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16 1824 – March 28 1893 was a career United States Army officer an educator and a general in the Confederate Army during The Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War was the major military and naval operations west of the Mississippi River. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Immediately after Lee's surrender, Grant had the sad honor of serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of his greatest champion, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln had been quoted after the massive losses at Shiloh as saying, "I can't spare this man. He fights. " It was a two-sentence description that completely caught the essence of Ulysses S. Grant.
Grant's fighting style was what one fellow general called "that of a bulldog". The term accurately captures his tenacity, but it oversimplifies his considerable strategic and tactical capabilities. Although a master of combat by out-maneuvering his opponent (such as at Vicksburg and in the Overland Campaign against Lee), Grant was not afraid to order direct assaults, often when the Confederates were themselves launching offensives against him. Such tactics often resulted in heavy casualties for Grant's men, but they wore down the Confederate forces proportionately more and inflicted irreplaceable losses. Many in the North denounced Grant as a "butcher" in 1864, an accusation made both by Northern civilians appalled at the staggering number of casualties suffered by Union armies for what appeared to be negligible gains, and by Copperheads, Northern Democrats who either favored the Confederacy or simply wanted an end to the war, even at the cost of recognizing Southern independence. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Grant persevered, refusing to withdraw as had his predecessors, and Lincoln, despite public outrage and pressure within the government, stuck by Grant, refusing to replace him. Although Grant lost battles in 1864, he won all his campaigns.
Despite his reputation, deserved or not, as an uncaring butcher, Grant was always concerned about the sufferings of the wounded. Horace Porter who served with him, described a scene of a soldier dying beside a roadside during the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, and Grant's reaction as the dying young man was splattered with mud by a passing rider:
The general, whose eyes were at that moment turned upon the youth, was visibly affected. He reined in his horse, and seeing from a motion he made that he was intending to dismount to bestow some care upon the young man, I sprang from my horse, ran to the side of the soldier, wiped his face with my handerchief, spoke to him, and examined his wound; but in a few minutes the unmistakeable death rattle was heard, and I found he had breathed his last. I said to the general, who was watching the scene intently, 'The poor fellow is dead,' remounted my horse, and the party rode on. . . . There was a painfully sad look upon the general's face, and he did not speak for some time. While always sensitive to the sufferings of the wounded, this pitiful sight seemed to affect him more than usual. [14]
Historian Michael Korda explained his strategic genius:[15]
Grant understood topography, the importance of supply lines, the instant judgment of the balance between his own strengths and the enemy's weaknesses, and above all the need to keep his armies moving forward, despite casualties, even when things had gone wrong—that and the simple importance of inflicting greater losses on the enemy than he can sustain, day after day, until he breaks. Grant the boy never retraced his steps. Grant the man did not retreat—he advanced. Generals who do that win wars.
After the war, on July 25, 1866, Congress authorized the newly created rank of General of the Army of the United States, the equivalent of a full (four-star) general in the modern U.S. Army. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. [16] Grant was appointed as such by President Andrew Johnson on the same day. Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination
Reconstruction: Grant and Johnson
As commanding general of the army, Grant had a difficult relationship with President Johnson. Although he accompanied Johnson on a national stumping tour during the 1866 elections, he did not appear to be a supporter of Johnson's moderate policies toward the South. Johnson tried to use Grant to defeat the Radical Republicans by making Grant the Secretary of War in place of Edwin M. Stanton, whom he could not remove without the approval of Congress under the Tenure of Office Act. Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States The Tenure of Office Act ( March 2, 1867) enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, denied the President of the United States the Grant refused but kept his military command. That made him a hero to the Radicals, who gave him the Republican nomination for president in 1868. He was chosen as the Republican presidential candidate at the Republican National Convention in Chicago in May 1868, with no real opposition. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The Republican National Convention is the presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. In his letter of acceptance to the party, Grant concluded with "Let us have peace," which became the Republican campaign slogan. In the general election that year, he won against former New York governor Horatio Seymour with a lead of 300,000 out of a total of 5,716,082 votes cast but by a commanding 214 Electoral College votes to 80. The United States presidential election of 1868 was the first presidential election to take place during Reconstruction. Horatio Seymour ( May 31, 1810 February 12, 1886) was an American Politician. He ran about 100,000 votes ahead of the Republican ticket, suggesting an unusually powerful appeal to veterans. When he entered the White House, he was politically inexperienced and, at age 46, the youngest man yet elected president.
Presidency 1869–1877
The second president from Ohio, Grant was the 18th President of the United States and served two terms from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the 1872 election he won by a landslide against the breakaway Liberal Republican party that nominated Horace Greeley. Please DO NOT flip the colors --> In the United States presidential election of 1872, incumbent President Ulysses S "Liberal Republican" redirects here For liberal factions of the modern United States Republican Party, see Rockefeller Republican or Republican Horace Greeley ( February 3, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder
Reconstruction
Grant presided over the last half of Reconstruction, watching as the Democrats (called Redeemers) took the control of every state away from his Republican coalition. For the marvel comics superhero group see Redeemers (comics. The " Redeemers " were a political coalition in the Southern United States during the When urgent telegrams from state leaders begged for help, Grant and his attorney general replied that "the whole public is tired of these annual autumnal outbreaks in the South," saying that state militias should handle the problems, not the Army. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of African-Americans. He favored a limited number of troops to be stationed in the South—sufficient numbers to protect rights of Southern blacks, suppress the violent tactics of the Ku Klux Klan, and prop up Republican governors, but not so many as to create resentment in the general population. Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are In 1869 and 1871, Grant signed bills promoting voting rights and prosecuting Klan leaders. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing voting rights, was ratified in 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that Recent historians have emphasized Grant's commitment to protecting Unionists and freedmen in the South until 1876. Grant's commitment to black civil rights was demonstrated by his address to Congress in 1875 and by his attempt to use the annexation of Santo Domingo as leverage to force white supremacists to accept blacks as part of the Southern political polity. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with
Grant confronted an apathetic Northern public, violent Ku Klux Klan organizations in the South, and a factional Republican Party. He was charged with bringing order and equality to the South without being armed with the emergency powers that Lincoln and Johnson employed. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies
Grant signed a bill into law that created Yellowstone National Park (America's first National Park) on March 1, 1872. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [17] Grant also signed into law making Christmas a federal holiday in 1870. In the United States, a federal holiday is a Holiday recognized by the United States Government. [18]
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 hit the country hard during his presidency, and he never attempted decisive action, one way or the other, to alleviate distress. The Panic of 1873 was the start of the Long Depression, a severe nationwide economic depression in the United States that lasted until 1879 The first law that he signed, in March 1869, established the value of the greenback currency issued during the Civil War, pledging to redeem the bills in gold. In 1874, he vetoed a bill to increase the amount of a legal tender currency, which defused the currency crisis on Wall Street but did little to help the economy as a whole. The depression led to Democratic victories in the 1874 off-year elections, as that party took control of the House for the first time since 1856.
By 1875 the Grant administration was in disarray and on the defensive on all fronts other than foreign policy. With the Democrats in control of the House, Grant was unable to pass legislation. The House discovered gross corruption in the Interior, War, and Navy Departments; they did much to discredit the Department of Justice, forced the resignation of Robert Schenck, the Minister to Britain, and cast suspicion upon Blaine's conduct while Speaker. [19] Historian Allan Nevins concludes:[20]
Various administrations have closed in gloom and weakness . . . but no other has closed in such paralysis and discredit as (in all domestic fields) did Grant's. The President was without policies or popular support. He was compelled to remake his Cabinet under a grueling fire from reformers and investigators; half its members were utterly inexperienced, several others discredited, one was even disgraced. The personnel of the departments was largely demoralized. The party that autumn appealed for votes on the implicit ground that the next Administration would be totally unlike the one in office. In its centennial year, a year of deepest economic depression, the nation drifted almost rudderless.
In 1876, Grant helped to calm the nation over the Hayes-Tilden election controversy; he made clear he would not tolerate any march on Washington, such as that proposed by Tilden supporter Henry Watterson . Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Samuel Jones Tilden ( February 9, 1814 August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history Henry Watterson ( February 16 1840 &ndash December 22 1921) was a United States Journalist who founded the
Economic affairs
The Grant administration's first economic accomplishment was the signing of the Act to Strengthen the Public Credit which the GOP Congress had passed after Grant's inaugural in March 1869. The act had the effect that the gold price on New York exchange fell to $310 dollars an ounce — the lowest point since the suspension of specie payment in 1862.
As Jean Edward Smith notes in his 2002 biography on Grant, the presidential treasury secretary Boutwell reorganized the Treasury by discharging unnecessary employees, started sweeping changes in Bureau of Printing and Engraving to protect the currency from counterfeiters and revitalized tax collections to hasten the collection of revenue. These changes soon led the Treasury having a monthly surplus.
The Grant administration reduced the debt by approximately 435 million dollars. That was achieved by selling the growing gold surplus at weekly auctions for greenbacks and buying back wartime bonds with the currency. With this Grant's treasury secretary Boutwell had established a policy which if continued would had paid off the national debt in a quarter of a century. Newspapers like the New York Tribune wanted the Government to buy more bonds and Greenbacks and the New York Times praised the Grant administration `s debt policy.
On other economic fronts Grant administration had several other accomplishments. Under Grant the nation's credit was substantially raised. Taxes were reduced by 300 million dollars. Annual interest rates were reduced by approximately 30 million dollars. The U . S balance of trade was changed from 130 million dollars against the United States to 120 million dollar in favor of the United States. He also reduced inflation and to 1873 bolstered economic recovery. He also promoted economy in federal expenditures. His veto of the Inflation Bill in 1874 saved the aftermath of the Panic of 1873 to get worse and the veto was praised by the financial community and many newspapers.
The Resumption of Species Act of 1875 which was signed by Grant helped to end the crisis in 1879 when the law came in to effect.
He also pressed for internal improvements coupled with increased shipbuilding and foreign trade. He also wanted to enhance and improve the commercial marine.
Foreign affairs
In foreign affairs, a notable achievement of the Grant administration was the 1871 Treaty of Washington, negotiated by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish. The Treaty of Washington was a Treaty concluded in 1871 between the United Kingdom and the United States for settling various differences between See Hamilton Fish (disambiguation for others with the same name Hamilton Fish ( August 3, 1808 September 7, It settled American claims against Britain concerning the wartime activities of the British-built Confederate raider CSS Alabama. History Construction Alabama was built in secrecy by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company in Liverpool, Merseyside He also proposed to annex the independent, largely black nation of Santo Domingo. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Not only did he believe that the island would be of use to the navy tactically, but he sought to use it as a bargaining chip. By providing a safe haven for the freedmen, Grant believed that the exodus of black labor would force Southern whites to realize the necessity of such a significant workforce and accept their civil rights. At the same time he hoped that U. S. ownership of the island would urge nearby Cuba to abandon slavery. The Senate refused to ratify it because of (Foreign Relations Committee Chairman) Senator Charles Sumner's strong opposition. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. Grant helped depose Sumner from the chairmanship, and Sumner supported Horace Greeley and the Liberal Republicans in 1872. Horace Greeley ( February 3, 1811 &ndash November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder "Liberal Republican" redirects here For liberal factions of the modern United States Republican Party, see Rockefeller Republican or Republican Another notable foreign policy action under Grant was the settlement of the Liberian-Grebo War of 1876 through the dispatchment of the USS Alaska to Liberia where US envoy James Milton Turner negotiated the incorporation of Grebo people into Liberian society and the ousting of foreign traders from Liberia. Service history On 9 April 1870 Alaska got underway from New York in company with Rear Admiral John Rodger's flagship the screw frigate Colorado Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire [21]
Scandals
The first scandal to taint the Grant administration was Black Friday, a gold-speculation financial crisis in September 1869, set up by Wall Street manipulators Jay Gould and James Fisk. Black Friday, September 24 1869 also known as the Fisk-Gould Scandal, was a financial panic in the United States caused by two speculators’ efforts to corner the gold market Jason "Jay" Gould ( May 27, 1836 &ndash December 2, 1892) was an American Financier who became a leading American railroad James Fisk Jr ( April 1, 1834 &ndash January 6, 1872) known variously as "Big Jim" "Diamond Jim" and "Jubilee Jim" They tried to corner the gold market and tricked Grant into preventing his treasury secretary from stopping the fraud. However, Grant eventually released large amounts of gold back onto the market, causing a large-scale financial crisis for many gold investors. Jay Gould had already prepared and quietly sold out while Fisk denied many agreements and hired thugs to intimidate his creditors.
The most famous scandal was the Whiskey Ring of 1875, exposed by Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow, in which over 3 million dollars in taxes were stolen from the federal government with the aid of high government officials. In the United States, the Whiskey Ring was a scandal exposed in 1875 involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents politicians Whiskey Benjamin Helm Bristow (June 20 1832 &ndash June 22 1896 was an American lawyer and politician who served as the first Solicitor General of the United States and Orville E. Babcock, the private secretary to the President, was indicted as a member of the ring but escaped conviction because of a presidential pardon. Orville Elias Babcock ( December 25, 1835 &ndash June 2, 1884) was an American Civil War General in the Union Army Grant's earlier statement, "Let no guilty man escape" rang hollow. Secretary of War William W. Belknap was discovered to have taken bribes in exchange for the sale of Native American trading posts. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration William Worth Belknap ( September 22, 1829 &ndash October 13, 1890) was a United States Army general government administrator and Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States A trading post is a place where the trading of goods takes place Grant's acceptance of the resignation of Belknap allowed Belknap, after he was impeached by Congress for his actions, to escape conviction, since he was no longer a government official.
Other scandals included the Sanborn Incident involving Treasury Secretary William Adams Richardson and his assistant John D. The Sanborn Incident or Sanborn Contract was an American political scandal which occurred in 1874. This article is about the United States Secretary of the Treasury Sanborn. Another was a problem with U. S. Attorney Cyrus I. Scofield. Cyrus Ingerson Scofield (August 19 1843 - July 24 1921 was an American theologian, minister and Writer. The Crédit Mobilier of America scandal also ruined the political career of his first vice president, Schuyler Colfax, who was replaced on the Republican ticket in the 1872 election with Henry Wilson, who was also involved in the scandal. The Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of 1872 involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Schuyler Colfax Jr (March 23 1823 &ndash January 13 1885 was a U Please DO NOT flip the colors --> In the United States presidential election of 1872, incumbent President Ulysses S Henry Wilson (February 16 1812 &ndash November 22 1875 was a Senator from Massachusetts and the eighteenth Vice President of the United States.
Although Grant himself did not profit from corruption among his subordinates, he did not take a firm stance against malefactors and failed to react strongly even after their guilt was established. When critics complained, he vigorously attacked them. He was weak in his selection of subordinates, favoring colleagues from the war over those with more practical political experience. He alienated party leaders by giving many posts to his friends and political contributors rather than supporting the party's needs. His failure to establish working political alliances in Congress allowed the scandals to spin out of control. At the conclusion of his second term, Grant wrote to Congress that "Failures have been errors of judgment, not of intent. "
Anti-semitism
Aspects of Grant's legacy have been brought into question by allegations of anti-Semitism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The most frequently cited example is the infamous General Order No. 11, issued by Grant's headquarters in Oxford, Mississippi, on December 17, 1862, during the early Vicksburg Campaign. Not to be confused with General Order No 11 (1863 General Order No Oxford is a city and the County seat of Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War directed against Vicksburg Mississippi, a The order stated in part: "The Jews, as a class, violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department, and also Department orders, are hereby expelled from the Department (comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky). Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. "
The order was rescinded by President Lincoln on January 3, 1863 and issued on January 7, 1863. [22] Grant maintained that he was unaware that a staff officer issued it in his name. Grant's father Jesse Grant was involved; General James H. Wilson later explained, "There was a mean nasty streak in old Jesse Grant. James Harrison Wilson ( September 2, 1837 &ndash February 23, 1925) was a United States Army topographic engineer He was close and greedy. He came down into Tennessee with a Jew trader that he wanted his son to help, and with whom he was going to share the profits. Grant refused to issue a permit and sent the Jew flying, prohibiting Jews from entering the line. " Grant, Wilson felt, could not strike back directly at the "lot of relatives who were always trying to use him" and perhaps struck instead at what he maliciously saw as their counterpart — opportunistic traders who were Jewish. [23] It has been largely considered as being outside the normal inclinations and character of Grant, but individuals such as Bertram Korn have suggested that the order was part of a consistent pattern. Bertram Wallace Korn, 1918-1979 was an historian and Rabbi. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, Cornell University and the University of Cincinnati "This was not the first discriminatory order [Grant] had signed [. . . ] he was firmly convinced of the Jews' guilt and was eager to use any means of ridding himself of them. "[24]
The issue of anti-Semitism was raised during the 1868 presidential campaign, and Grant consulted with several Jewish community leaders, all of whom said they were convinced that Order 11 was an anomaly, and he was not an anti-Semite. The United States presidential election of 1868 was the first presidential election to take place during Reconstruction. He maintained good relations with the community throughout his administration, on both political and social levels.
Administration and Cabinet
Supreme Court appointments
Grant appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Edwin M. Stanton – 1869 (sworn in but died before taking seat)
- William Strong – 1870
- Joseph P. Bradley – 1870
- Ward Hunt – 1873
- Morrison Remick Waite (Chief Justice) – 1874
States admitted to the Union
Government agencies instituted
- Department of Justice (1870)
- Office of the Solicitor General (1870)
- "Advisory Board on Civil Service" (1871); after it expired in 1873, it became the role model for the "Civil Service Commission" instituted in 1883 by President Chester A. Arthur, a Grant faithful. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Schuyler Colfax Jr (March 23 1823 &ndash January 13 1885 was a U Henry Wilson (February 16 1812 &ndash November 22 1875 was a Senator from Massachusetts and the eighteenth Vice President of the United States. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Elihu Benjamin Washburne ( September 23 1816, Livermore Maine – October 23 1887, Chicago Illinois) was one See Hamilton Fish (disambiguation for others with the same name Hamilton Fish ( August 3, 1808 September 7, The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until George Sewall Boutwell ( January 28, 1818 – February 27, 1905) was an American statesman who served as Secretary of This article is about the United States Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Helm Bristow (June 20 1832 &ndash June 22 1896 was an American lawyer and politician who served as the first Solicitor General of the United States and Lot Myrick Morrill ( May 13, 1813 January 10, 1883) was an American statesman who served as Governor of Maine, and The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration John Aaron Rawlins ( February 13, 1831 &ndash September 6, 1869) was an United States Army general during the American Civil William Worth Belknap ( September 22, 1829 &ndash October 13, 1890) was a United States Army general government administrator and Alphonso Taft ( November 5, 1810 – May 21, 1891) was the Attorney General and Secretary of War under President James Donald Cameron ( May 14, 1833 &ndash August 30, 1918) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar ( February 21, 1816 &ndash January 31, 1895) was an influential American politician and lawyer from Massachusetts Amos Tappan Akerman (February 23 1821 &ndash December 21 1880 served as United States Attorney General under President Ulysses S George Henry Williams ( March 23, 1823 &ndash April 10, 1910) was an American judge and politician Alternate meaning Pierpont Edwards Edwards Pierrepont ( March 4, 1817 &ndash March 6, 1892 Alphonso Taft ( November 5, 1810 – May 21, 1891) was the Attorney General and Secretary of War under President The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. John Angel James Creswell ( November 18, 1828 &ndash December 23, 1891) was an American politician from Maryland. James William Marshall ( August 14, 1822 &ndash February 5, 1910) was a United States Postmaster General under President Marshall Jewell ( October 20, 1825 February 10, 1883) was a U James Noble Tyner ( January 17, 1826 &ndash December 5, 1904) was a Lawyer, U The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. Adolph Edward Borie ( November 25, 1809 &ndash February 5, 1880) was a United States politician who briefly served (1869 as Secretary George Maxwell Robeson ( March 16, 1829 &ndash September 27, 1897) was an American Republican Party Politician The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Jacob Dolson Cox (Jr ( October 27, 1828 August 4, 1900) was a lawyer a Union Army general during the American Civil War Columbus Delano, ( June 4, 1809 &ndash October 23, 1896) was a Lawyer and a Statesman and a member of the prominent Zachariah Chandler ( December 10, 1813 &ndash November 1, 1879) was Mayor of Detroit (1851–52 a four-term The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Edwin McMasters Stanton ( December 19, 1814 &ndash December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer politician United States William Strong ( May 6, 1808 - August 19, 1895) was an American jurist and Politician. Ward E Hunt ( June 14, 1810 &ndash March 24, 1886) was an American Jurist and politician Morrison Remick Waite, nicknamed "Mott" ( November 29 1816 &ndash March 23 1888) was the Chief Justice of the United States The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States. (Today it is known as the Office of Personnel Management. )
- Office of the Surgeon General (1871)
- Army Weather Bureau (currently known as the National Weather Service) (1870)
Post presidency
World Tour 1877-1879
After the end of his second term in the White House, Grant spent over two years traveling the world with his wife. He visited Ireland, Scotland, and England; the crowds were huge. The Grants dined with Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle and with Prince Bismarck in Germany. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) They also visited Russia, Egypt, the Holy Land, Siam(Thailand), and Burma. In Japan, they were cordially received by Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken at the Imperial Palace. The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February ( 9 May 1849 - 9 April 1914) was empress consort of Japan as the wife of Emperor Meiji. Today in the Shibakoen section of Tokyo, a tree still stands that Grant planted during his stay. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.
In 1879, the Meiji government of Japan announced the annexation of the Ryukyu Islands. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the (literally Southwest Islands are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit China objected, and Grant was asked to arbitrate the matter. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National He decided that Japan's claim to the islands was stronger and ruled in Japan's favor.
That same year, Grant was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Wisconsin Medical School.
Third Term attempt in 1880
In 1879, the "Stalwart" faction of the Republican Party led by Senator Roscoe Conkling sought to nominate Grant for a third term as president. The " Stalwarts " were a faction of the United States Republican Party toward the end of the 19th century See also Roscoe Conkling Patterson, a US Senator from Missouri He counted on strong support from the business men, the old soldiers, and the Methodist church. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Publicly Grant said nothing, but privately he wanted the job and encouraged his men. [25] His popularity was fading however, and while he received more than 300 votes in each of the 36 ballots of the 1880 convention, the nomination went to James A. Garfield. The Republican National Convention is the presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States. James Abram Garfield (November 19 1831 September 19 1881 was the twentieth President of the United States. Grant campaigned for Garfield, who won by a very narrow margin. Grant supported his Stalwart ally Conkling against Garfield in the terrific battle over patronage in spring 1881 that culminated in Garfield's assassination.
Bankruptcy
In 1881, Grant purchased a house in New York City and placed almost all of his financial assets into an investment banking partnership with Ferdinand Ward, as suggested by Grant's son Buck (Ulysses, Jr. The City of New York ), who was having success on Wall Street. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. Ward swindled Grant (and other investors who had been encouraged by Grant) in 1884, bankrupted the company, Grant & Ward, and fled.
Last days
Grant learned at the same time that he was suffering from throat cancer. Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the Esophagus. There are various subtypes Grant and his family were left destitute; at the time retired U. S. Presidents were not given pensions, and Grant had forfeited his military pension when he assumed the office of President. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. It was not until 1958 that Congress, feeling it inappropriate that a former president or his wife might be poverty-stricken, passed a bill granting a pension to such individuals, a practice that continues to this day. Grant first wrote several articles on his Civil War campaigns for The Century Magazine, which were warmly received. The Century Magazine was first published in the United States in 1881 by The Century Company of New York City as a successor to Scribner's Mark Twain offered Grant a generous contract for the publication of his memoirs, including 75% of the book's sales as royalties. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist
Terminally ill, Grant finished the book just a few days before his death. The Memoirs sold over 300,000 copies, earning the Grant family over $450,000. The Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S Grant is an autobiography of American President Ulysses S Twain promoted the book as "the most remarkable work of its kind since the Commentaries of Julius Caesar," and Grant's memoirs are also regarded by such writers as Matthew Arnold and Gertrude Stein as among the finest ever written.
Ulysses S. Grant died at 8:06 a. m. on Thursday, July 23, 1885, at the age of 63 in Mount McGregor, Saratoga County, New York. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wilton is a Town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. Saratoga County is a County located in the US state of New York. His last word was a request, "Water. " His body lies in New York City's Riverside Park, beside that of his wife, in Grant's Tomb, the largest mausoleum in North America. The City of New York Riverside Park is a scenic waterfront public park on the Upper West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, operated and maintained A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons
In memoriam
- In World War II, the United States produced a tank known as the Grant tank (an upgrade of the American M3 "Lee"). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical The Medium Tank M3 was an American Tank used during World War II.
- Grant's portrait appears on the U.S. fifty-dollar bill. The United States fifty-dollar bill ($50 is a denomination of United States currency.
- The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, located on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., honors Grant. The Ulysses S Grant Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington D Capitol Hill, aside from being a Metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential Neighborhood in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
- Grant Park in Chicago honors Grant. Grant Park (originally named Lake Park is a large Park (319 acres or 1 Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.
- Grant Avenue, a nine block long, north-south street in the Bronx, New York, is named after Grant. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous It is parallel and adjacent to Sherman Avenue.
- Dupont Street, the main thoroughfare in San Francisco's Chinatown, was renamed Grant Avenue in his honor. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city San Francisco 's Chinatown is the oldest Chinatown in North America. The famous dragon gate at the entrance to the district is at the corner of Grant and Bush Street.
- Grant, depicted riding a horse, is honored by a statue at the intersection of Bedford Avenue, Rogers Avenue and Dean Street in the Crown Heights neighborhood in Brooklyn, N.Y.
- There is a U.S. Grant Bridge over the Ohio River at Portsmouth, Ohio. Bedford Avenue is the longest street in Brooklyn, New York City, stretching 10 Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. The US Grant Bridge is the name of the two bridges that carry and have carried traffic on US Route 23 between Portsmouth Ohio and South Shore Kentucky The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Portsmouth is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Scioto County.
- There is a U.S. Grant Memorial Highway (US 52) in Cincinnati, Ohio. US Route 52 is a United States highway that runs across the northern eastern and southeastern regions of the United States.
- Counties in twelve U.S. states are named after Grant: Arkansas, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, West Virginia, and Grant Parish, Louisiana. A county of the United States is a local level of government created as a subdivision of a state by the state government or by the federal or territorial government as a subdivision A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Grant County is a US county in the US state of Arkansas. Its population was 16464 at the 2000 United States Census. Grant County (county code GT) is a county located in southwest Kansas, in the Central United States. Grant County is a County located in the US state of Minnesota. Grant County is a County located in the US state of Nebraska. Grant County is a County located in the US state of New Mexico. Grant County is a County located in the US state of North Dakota. Grant County is a County located in the US state of Oklahoma. Grant County is a County located in the US state of Washington. Grant County is a County located in the US state of West Virginia. Grant Parish (Paroisse de Grant is a Parish located in the US Note: Grant Counties in Indiana, Kentucky and Wisconsin were named after other Grants, not Ulysses Grant.
- Grant Road in Tucson, Arizona is named after Grant. Tucson (ˈtuːsɒn is the seat of Pima County Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast
- Fort Grant in Panama, and Fort Grant, Arizona were named for Ulysses S. Fort Amador and Fort Grant were former United States Army bases protecting the Pacific (southern end of the Panama Canal at the Panama Bay. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Fort Grant, located in the US state of Arizona, is a state prison and a former U Grant.
Ancestry
- Grant was a descendant of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren. The National Mall is an open-area National park in Downtown Washington D The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England Richard Warren (c 1580 - 1628 a passenger on the Mayflower (old "May Floure") in 1620 settled in Plymouth Colony and was among
- Grant is also a descendant from John Lothropp, who is also an ancestor to Benjamin Franklin. John Lothropp (also Lothrop or Lathrop, born Etton, Yorkshire, 1584 died 1653 was an English Anglican clergyman who became a Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.
Anecdotes from Grant's life
- As a young man, Grant's father, Jesse, taught him the trade of tanning. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound Jesse Grant had been taught how to tan by Owen Brown, the father of known abolitionist John Brown. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery [26]
- When Grant was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1864, he agreed to sit down for photographer Mathew Brady. Note that Mathew B Brady spelled his first name with only one "t" As the sun had begun to set by the time Grant arrived, Brady instructed one of his assistants to open the shades of the skylight in Brady's studio. The assistant slipped and shattered the skylight, causing two-inch-thick shards of glass to rain down around Grant, who had taken his seat as requested. He was unharmed, and showed "the most remarkable display of nerve" that Brady had ever seen. [27]
- Grant was known to visit the Willard Hotel to escape the stress of the White House. The Willard InterContinental Washington is an historic luxury Hotel located two blocks east of the White House in Washington D A long-standing story is that he referred to the people who approached him in the lobby as "those darn lobbyists," implying that he was the source for the term lobbyist. Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups This story is unlikely to be true since there are examples of the term being used in U. S. and British magazines and newspapers before Grant's presidency. [28]
- While in California, Grant tried selling ice to San Francisco, but failed when it melted in the warm weather aboard the ship. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city [29]. This anecdote is disputed by Edward G. Longacre in "General Ulysses S. Grant: The Soldier and the Man" (2006) in which he says -- in a referenced statement -- that the ice venture had failed because of "an unexpected glut of [ice] imports from Alaska. "
- In 1883, Grant was elected the eighth president of the National Rifle Association. The National Rifle Association, or NRA, is a non-profit ( 501(c(4) group dedicated to the protection of the Second Amendment of the
- Grant suffered from tone deafness. Tone deafness is the lack of Relative pitch, the ability to discriminate between Musical notes Being tone deaf is having difficulty or being unable to He disliked music intensely and would go out of his way to avoid having to hear any other than patriotic songs. In Jeffrey Shaara's The Last Full Measure - which is set after the Battle of Gettysburg, the subject of his father Michael's 1974 bestseller The Killer Angels - Grant is portrayed as saying, "I know only two songs. Jeffrey M Shaara (born 1952) is an American novelist, the son of Pulitzer Prize winner Michael Shaara. The Last Full Measure (published May 19, 1998 by Ballantine Books; ISBN 0-345-40491-2 is the sequel to The Killer Angels Michael Shaara ( June 23, 1928 - May 5, 1988) was an American writer of Science fiction, Sports fiction, and The Killer Angels ( 1974) is a historical novel by Michael Shaara that was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1975. One is Yankee Doodle. " Yankee Doodle " is a well-known US song, often sung Patriotically today The other isn't. " Whether he actually said this is unclear. [30]
- Grant's wife, First Lady Julia Grant, was cross-eyed. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Julia Boggs Dent Grant ( January 26, 1826 &ndash December 14, 1902) was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Strabismus (from Greek: στραβισμός strabismos, from στραβίζειν strabizein "to squint" from στραβός strabos When it was suggested to her that she have an operation to have it corrected, President Grant replied that he liked her that way. [31]
- Grant's favorite brand of bourbon whiskey was Old Crow. Bourbon is an American Whiskey, a type of distilled spirit, made primarily from Corn and named for Bourbon County Kentucky. For the community in Canada, see Old Crow Yukon. Old Crow is a relatively low-priced brand of Kentucky Bourbon whiskey
- Grant enjoyed eating cucumbers soaked in vinegar for breakfast. The cucumber ( Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the Gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid Breakfast is the first meal of the day The word derives from the idea of break ing the '''fast''' of sleep [32]
Popular culture references
- An apocryphal story about Grant's drinking has the general's critics going to President Lincoln, charging the military man with being a drunk. Lincoln is supposed to have replied, "I wish some of you would tell me the brand of whiskey that Grant drinks. I would like to send a barrel of it to my other generals. "
- A similar story was told of General James Wolfe during the French and Indian Wars. General James Wolfe ( 2 January, 1727 &ndash 13 September, 1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms The French and Indian Wars is a name used in the United States for a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied When King George II was told that Wolfe was a "mad dog", he is said to have replied, "Then I'd wish he'd bite the other generals. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( "
- The question "Who's buried in Grant's Tomb?" was used by Groucho Marx in his radio and TV quiz show, the correct answer to which resulted in a consolation prize to contestants who had won no money. You Bet Your Life is an American Radio and Television Quiz show. Some contestants thought it was a trick question. Grant's grandson, Ulysses S. Grant IV (a professor of geology at the University of California, Los Angeles) appeared on the program on March 12, 1953. Ulysses S Grant IV ( May 23, 1893 – March 11, 1977) was the son of Ulysses S The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United
- This was also featured on an episode of the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls, in which in a dream sequence Dorothy competes on Jeopardy against a scholar and her roommate Rose. The Golden Girls is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 14, 1985, to May 9, When asked the question, Dorothy replies Ulysses and is wrong, while Rose replies Cary Grant and is correct.
- A dispute between Grant and his commanding officer Henry Wager Halleck is the subject of a pivotal question in the film Quiz Show. Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16, 1815 &ndash January 9, 1872) was a United States Army officer scholar and lawyer Quiz Show is a 1994 film which tells the true story of the Twenty One Quiz show scandal of the 1950s
- Captain Ulysses S. Grant is the eponymous character in "The Stranger", a Grizzly Adams episode. Grizzly Adams is the main character from The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams, a 1974 film
- In the film Wild Wild West, President Grant is a minor character that must deal with the Loveless Alliance. Wild Wild West ( 1999) is a Science fiction action-comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, starring Will Smith,
- Once while in office he was arrested for speeding his horse and buggy and fined $20 and had to walk back to the White House.
See also
- United States presidential election, 1868
- United States presidential election, 1872
- History of the United States (1865–1918)
- Western Theater of the American Civil War
- Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
- U.S. Grant Home, Galena, Illinois
- Grant's Farm
References
- Catton, Bruce, Grant Takes Command, Little, Brown and Company, 1968, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. The United States presidential election of 1868 was the first presidential election to take place during Reconstruction. Please DO NOT flip the colors --> In the United States presidential election of 1872, incumbent President Ulysses S The history of the United States (1865–1918 covers Reconstruction and the rise of Industrialization in the United States. This article presents an overview of major military and naval operations in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. The Ulysses S Grant Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington D The Ulysses S Grant Home in Galena, Illinois is the former home of Ulysses S Grant's Farm is a historic Farm in St Louis Missouri, and was once owned by Ulysses S Bruce Catton ( October 9, 1899 &mdash August 28, 1978) was a journalist and a notable Historian of the American Civil War 69-12632.
- Eicher, John H. , and Eicher, David J. , Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
- Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C., Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship, Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5. Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO, commonly J
- Garland, Hamlin, Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character, Macmillan Company, 1898.
- Grant, Ulysses S. , Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86, ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
- Hesseltine, William B. , Ulysses S. Grant: Politician 1935.
- Lewis, Lloyd, Captain Sam Grant, Little, Brown, and Co. , 1950, ISBN 0-316-52348-8.
- McFeely, William S. , Grant: A Biography, W. W. Norton & Co, 1981, ISBN 0-393-01372-3.
- McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States), Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-503863-0. For the Civil War General of a similar name see James B McPherson James M
- Simpson, Brooks D. , Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822-1865, Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-395-65994-9.
- Smith, Jean Edward, Grant, Simon and Shuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84927-5. Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932, Washington DC) is professor at Marshall University and biographer
- Woodworth, Steven E. , Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861 – 1865, Alfred A. Knopf, 2005, ISBN 0-375-41218-2.
- Official Ulysses Simpson Grant biography from the US Army Center for Military History
Notes
- ^ List of United States Presidential religious affiliations.
- ^ See military career for a discussion of Grant's middle initial.
- ^ See Skidmore (2005); Bunting (2004), Scaturro (1998), Smith (2001) and Simpson (1998)
- ^ Smith, Grant, p. 24.
- ^ Smith, Grant, p. 83. In a letter to his wife Julia dated March 31, 1853, Grant wrote, "Why did you not tell me more about our dear little boys ? . Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common . . What does Fred. call Ulys. ? What does the S stand for in Ulys. 's name? In mine you know it does not stand for anything!" McFeely, p. 524, n. 2: "Grant himself never used more than 'S. '; others converted the single letter to 'Simpson. '
- ^ Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War
- ^ According to Smith, pp. 87-88, and Lewis, pp. 328-32, two of Grant's lieutenants corroborated this story and Buchanan himself confirmed it to another officer in a conversation during the Civil War. Years later, Grant told educator John Eaton, "the vice of intemperance had not a little to do with my decision to resign. John Eaton (1829-1906 was a US Commissioner of Education and a brevet brigadier general during the American Civil War "
- ^ McFeely, p. 55-56; Simpson, Triumph, pp. 60-61. Buchanan tolerated drunkenness in other officers, and in Grant's successor, and surprised fellow officers by forcing Grant's resignation. Garland, p. 126, notes that at the time the War Department made clear that Grant did not leave under a cloud.
- ^ His wife's slaves were leased in St. Louis in 1860 after Grant gave up farming. The land and cabin where Grant lived is now an animal conservation reserve, Grant's Farm, owned and operated by the Anheuser-Busch Company. Grant's Farm is a historic Farm in St Louis Missouri, and was once owned by Ulysses S Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc ( (ˈænhаɪzər bʊʃ is the largest Brewing company in the United States with a 48
- ^ McFeely, ch. 5.
- ^ The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 28, 2007. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Hesseltine, chapter 6.
- ^ One of the enduring myths about Grant is that he dispensed with all of his supply lines and lived entirely off the land. This story was first propagated by former journalist Charles A. Dana and years later, Grant wrote the same in his memoirs. Charles Anderson Dana ( August 8, 1819 &ndash October 17, 1897) was an American Journalist, author and government official However, supply requisitions show that, while the men and animals of the Army of the Tennessee foraged for much of their food, staples such as coffee, salt, hardtack, ammunition, and medical supplies kept a large fleet of wagons moving inland from Grand Gulf throughout the campaign. Hardtack (or hard tack) is a simple type of cracker or Biscuit, made from Flour, water and Salt. This supply train was a target of Pemberton until Champion Hill.
- ^ Porter, Horace, Campaigning with Grant, Konecky & Konecky, New York, NY 1992 ISBN 0-914427-70-9
- ^ Korda, (2004)
- ^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands, p. 264.
- ^ General Grant National Memorial by the National Park Service. Retrieved March 29, 2006. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Federal Holidays: Evolution and Application, CRS Report for Congress, 98-301 GOV, updated February 8, 1999, by Stephen W. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Stathis
- ^ Nevins, Hamilton Fish 2:811ff.
- ^ Nevins, Fish 2:811
- ^ Liberian-Grebo War of 1876
- ^ Markens, Isaac (1909), Abraham Lincoln and the Jews, self-published, pp. 12-13, <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=EkI8AAAAMAAJ&dq=abraham+lincoln+and+the+jews+by+isaac+markens&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=-Stsut-n7h&sig=vndlGlP7n2z5iCydmb3VxqFGlJs>. Retrieved on 9 January 2008
- ^ McFeely, p 124.
- ^ Bertram Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War, p. 143). Korn cites Grant's order of November 9 and 10, 1862, "Refuse all permits to come south of Jackson for the present. The Israelites especially should be kept out," and "no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the railroad southward from any point. They may go north and be encouraged in it; but they are such an intolerable nuisance that the department must be purged of them. "
- ^ Hesseltine (2001) pp 432-39
- ^ Paletta, Lu Ann and Worth, Fred L. (1988). "The World Almanac of Presidential Facts".
- ^ O'Brien, Cormac (2007). "Secret Lives of the Civil War: What Your Teachers Never Told You About the War Between the States".
- ^ World Wide Words.
- ^ Smith, Grant, p. 81.
- ^ Shaara, Jeffrey M. (1998). "The Last Full Measure".
- ^ Paletta, Lu Ann and Worth, Fred L. (1988). "The World Almanac of Presidential Facts".
- ^ 6.3. Presidential Lists
Bibliography
Biographical, political
- Bunting III, Josiah. Ulysses S. Grant (2004) ISBN 0-8050-6949-6
- William Dunning, Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865-1877 (1905), vol 22
- Hesseltine, William B. Ulysses S. Grant, Politician (2001) ISBN 1-931313-85-7 online edition
- Mantell, Martin E. , Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction (1973) online edition
- Nevins, Allan, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration (1936) online edition
- Rhodes, James Ford. Allan Nevins ( May 20, 1890 - March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist , History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6 and 7 (1920) vol 6
- Scaturro, Frank J. , President Grant Reconsidered (1998).
- Schouler, James. , History of the United States of America: Under the Constitution vol. 7. 1865-1877. The Reconstruction Period (1917) online edition
- Simpson, Brooks D. , Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861-1868 (1991).
- Simpson, Brooks D. , The Reconstruction Presidents (1998)
- Skidmore, Max J. "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: a Reconsideration. " White House Studies (2005) online
Military studies
- Badeau, Adam. Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April, 1861, to April, 1865. 3 vols. 1882.
- Ballard, Michael B. , Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi, University of North Carolina Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8078-2893-9.
- Bearss, Edwin C., The Vicksburg Campaign, 3 volumes, Morningside Press, 1991, ISBN 0-89029-308-2. Edwin Cole Bearss (born June 26, 1923) a US Marine Corps Veteran of World War II, is a military historian and author known for
- Carter, Samuel III, The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg, 1862-1863 (1980)
- Catton, Bruce, Grant Moves South, 1960, ISBN 0-316-13207-1; Grant Takes Command, 1968, ISBN 0-316-13210-1; U. Bruce Catton ( October 9, 1899 &mdash August 28, 1978) was a journalist and a notable Historian of the American Civil War S. Grant and the American Military Tradition (1954)
- Cavanaugh, Michael A. , and William Marvel, The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25-August 6, 1864 (1989)
- Conger, A. L. The Rise of U. S. Grant (1931)
- Davis, William C. Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg (1986).
- Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C., Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship, Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5. Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO, commonly J
- Gott, Kendall D. , Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862, Stackpole Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8117-0049-6.
- Korda, Michael. Ulysses S. Grant: The Unlikely Hero (2004) 161 pp
- McWhiney, Grady, Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee (1995)
- McDonough, James Lee, Shiloh: In Hell before Night (1977).
- McDonough, James Lee, Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy (1984).
- Maney, R. Wayne, Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864 (1994).
- Matter, William D. , If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania (1988)
- Miers, Earl Schenck. , The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg. 1955.
- Mosier, John. , "Grant", Palgrave MacMillan, 2006 ISBN 1-4039-7136-6.
- Rhea, Gordon C. , The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8071-1873-7.
- Rhea, Gordon C. , The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.
- Rhea, Gordon C. , To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.
- Rhea, Gordon C. , Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.
- Miller, J. Michael, The North Anna Campaign: "Even to Hell Itself," May 21-26, 1864 (1989).
- Simpson, Brooks D. , "Continuous Hammering and Mere Attrition: Lost Cause Critics and the Military Reputation of Ulysses S. Grant," in Cad Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan, eds. , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, (2000)
- Steere, Edward, The Wilderness Campaign (1960)
- Sword, Wiley, Shiloh: Bloody April. 1974.
- Williams, T. Harry, McClellan, Sherman and Grant. 1962.
Primary sources
- Grant, Ulysses S. Memoirs (1885) online edition
- Grant, Ulysses S. Memoirs and Selected Letters (Mary Drake McFeely & William S. McFeely, eds. ) (The Library of America, 1990) ISBN 978-0-94045058-5
- Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (1962) pp 131-73, on the Memoirs
- Johnson, R. U. , and Buel, C. C. , eds. , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York, 1887-88; essays by leading generals of both sides; online edition
- Porter, Horace, Campaigning with Grant (1897, reprinted 2000)
- Sherman, William Tecumseh, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. 2 vols. 1875.
- Simon, John Y. , ed. , The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Southern Illinois University Press (1967- ) multivolume complete edition of letters to and from Grant. As of 2006, vol 1-28 covers through September 1878.
External links
- Extensive essay on Ulysses S. Grant and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- First Inaugural Address
- Second Inaugural Address
- White House Biography
- Presidential Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos
- Emerson, Col. John W. , Grant's Life in the West and His Mississippi Valley Campaigns, U. S. Grant Association website.
- Ulysses S. Grant at Find A Grave
- Many rare General Grant photographs
- Complete Bibliography
- Military biography of Ulysses S. Grant from the Cullum biographies
- Works by Ulysses S. Grant at Project Gutenberg
- The Education of Henry Adams by Henry Adams. (1918). "President Grant (1869)", 260-65.
- Collection of US Grant Letters
- Ulysses S. Grant: America's Second Three-Star General article by Ethan Rafuse
- Historic White Haven (Grant-Dent home)
- Works by or about Ulysses S. Grant in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title | Commander of the Army of the Tennessee 1862 – 1863 |
Succeeded by William T. Sherman |
| Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi 1863 – 1864 |
||
| Preceded by Henry W. Halleck |
Commanding General of the United States Army 1864 – 1869 |
|
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Andrew Johnson |
President of the United States March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
Succeeded by Rutherford B. Hayes |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Abraham Lincoln |
Republican Party presidential candidate 1868, 1872 |
Succeeded by Rutherford B. Hayes |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Andrew Johnson |
Oldest U.S. President still living July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885 |
Succeeded by Rutherford B. Hayes |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Grant, Ulysses S. Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River. Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16, 1815 &ndash January 9, 1872) was a United States Army officer scholar and lawyer Prior to the institution of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1903 there was generally a single senior-most officer in the army Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1868 was the first presidential election to take place during Reconstruction. Please DO NOT flip the colors --> In the United States presidential election of 1872, incumbent President Ulysses S Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Hiram Ulysses Grant |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | American soldier and politician who was elected the 18th President of the United States |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 27, 1822 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio |
| DATE OF DEATH | July 23, 1885 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Mount McGregor, Saratoga County, New York |
The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Point Pleasant is a small Unincorporated community in southern Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio, United States. Clermont County is a county located in the state of Ohio, United States, just east of Cincinnati. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wilton is a Town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. Saratoga County is a County located in the US state of New York.
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