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This article is about the nine-county Irish province. For other uses, see Ulster (disambiguation).
Ulster
Ulaidh
Flag of Ulster
Location
centerMap highlighting Ulster
Statistics
Area: 24,481 km²
Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918

Ulster (Irish: Ulaidh, IPA: [ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi], Ulster Scots: Ulstèr) is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Poetic description This dinnseanchas poem named Ard Ruide (Ruide Headland poetically describes the kingdoms of Ireland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Munster ( Irish: An Mhumhain, ənˈvuːnʲ Cúige Mumhan or Mumha) is the southernmost of the four Provinces of Ireland. Leinster (ˈlɛnstər Irish: Laighin, lainʲ one of the Provinces of Ireland, lies in the east of Ireland and comprises the counties of The term is often used informally — and incorrectly — as a synonym for Northern Ireland, one of the constituent nations of the United Kingdom. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [1] In fact, three of the nine Ulster counties are part of the Republic of Ireland with the remaining six constituting Northern Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

Contents

Geography and demographics

Ulster has a population of just under 2 million people and an area of 24,481 square kilometres (8,952 square miles). In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Its biggest city, Belfast has an urban area of over half a million inhabitants. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. The word million In standard English, the -lli- in million is pronounced with an l-sound followed by a Six of Ulster's nine counties, Antrim (Aontroim), Armagh (Ard Mhacha), Down (An Dún), Fermanagh (Fear Manach), Londonderry (Doire) (formerly known as County Coleraine before being renamed and expanded during the Plantation of Ulster) and Tyrone (Tír Eoghain), form Northern Ireland, and remained part of the United Kingdom after the partition of Ireland in 1921. Since the late 16th century the Island of Ireland has been divided into 32 counties ( Irish language contae or condae County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties County Armagh ( Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish - from the height of Macha) is a county in Ulster in the north east of Ireland County Down, ( Ulster Scots: Coontie Doun. is one of the nine counties that form the province of Ulster and one of six counties that form County Fermanagh (fɚr'mænɘ Contae Fhear Manach or Fear Manach ('Men of Monach'in Irish) is the westernmost of the six counties that form Northern The County of Coleraine, also known as County Coleraine, was a county of Ireland. The Plantation of Ulster (Irish Plandáil Uladh) was a planned process of Colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty Three Ulster counties, Cavan (An Cabhán), Donegal (Dún na nGall) and Monaghan (Muineachán) form part of the Republic of Ireland. County Cavan ( Contae an Chabháin in Irish) is a County in Ireland. County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. County Monaghan ('mɔnəhən Irish: Contae Mhuineacháin) is a county in Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. About half of Ulster's population lives in Counties Antrim and Down. Many inhabitants (especially unionists) refer to the six-county Northern Ireland as "Ulster". Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Across the nine counties, according to the aggregate UK 2001 Census and Irish 2002 Census, there is a very slim Catholic plurality over Protestant (49% against 48%), but not an overall majority (people of "no religion" or those "not stating" religion making up the balance). A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Most people in Ulster speak English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Irish is the next most commonly spoken language; some 10% of people in Northern Ireland have "some knowledge of Irish", while the language is taught in all schools in the counties that are part of the Republic. In responses to the 2001 census in Northern Ireland 10% of the population claimed "some knowledge of Irish"[2], 4. 7% to "speak, read, write and understand" Irish[2]. Large parts of County Donegal are Gaeltacht areas where Irish is the first language and some people in west Belfast also speak Irish, especially in the 'Gaeltacht Quarter'[3]. County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. ga '''Gaeltacht''' ( plural ga ''Gaeltachtaí'' is the Irish language word meaning an Irish-speaking region The dialect of Irish (Gaeilge) most commonly spoken in Ulster (especially throughout Northern Ireland and County Donegal) is Gaeilge Tír Chonaill or Donegal Irish, also known as Gaeilge Uladh or Ulster Irish. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Donegal Irish has many similarities to Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Cantonese forms the third most common language, mostly due to the considerable Chinese community of Belfast, the province's largest city. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Belfast has more Chinese restaurants per capita than any other European city. Ulster Scots (a dialect of Scots which is also sometimes known as Ullans) is widely spoken in rural areas throughout Northern Ireland and the east of County Donegal.

Some sources refer to the inhabitants of Ulster as Ultonians — from the traditional Latin form of the name of the province: Ultonia. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In the past however, the word Ullish has also been used as an adjective to describe people and things from Ulster. The words Ulsterman and Ulstermen are also used, and the Gaelic word for someone from Ulster is Ultach.

The biggest lake in Ireland, and in the UK, Lough Neagh, lies in eastern Ulster. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Lough Neagh (ˌlɒx ˈneɪ, ɫ̪ɔx ˈn̠ʲahax is a freshwater Lake in Northern Ireland. The province's highest point, Slieve Donard (848 metres), stands in County Down. Slieve Donard ( Sliabh Domangard or Sliabh Dónairt in Irish) is the highest Mountain in Northern Ireland, and in the province The most northerly point of Ireland, Malin Head is in Ulster but not in Northern Ireland — it is in County Donegal as is the highest (601 metres) sea cliffs in Europe, at Slieve League. Malin Head ( Irish: Cionn Mhálanna) is the most northerly headland of the mainland of Ireland (and of Ulster. In Geography and Geology, a cliff is a significant vertical or near vertical rock exposure Located on the Coast of County Donegal, Ireland, Slieve League ( Irish: Sliabh Liag) at 601 Metres has The longest river in Ireland, the Shannon, rises in County Cavan. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The River Shannon ( Sionainn or Sionna in Irish) is at 386 km (240 miles the longest river in Ireland. Volcanic activity in eastern Ulster led to the formation of the Antrim Plateau and the Giant's Causeway, one of Ireland's three UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The Giant's Causeway (or Clochán na bhFómharach is an area of about 40000 interlocking Basalt columns the result of an ancient volcanic eruption United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The geographical centre of Ulster lies between the villages of Pomeroy and Carrickmore in County Tyrone. Pomeroy is a small Village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, situated 10 miles from Cookstown, 8 miles from Dungannon and 18 Carrickmore (An Charraig Mhór is a Village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. In terms of area, County Donegal is the largest county in all of Ulster. The two largest cities in the province are Belfast and Derry. Belfast is Ireland's second largest city.

Ulster's main airport is Belfast International Airport (popularly called Aldergrove Airport), which is located at Aldergrove, near Antrim Town, in County Antrim. George Best Belfast City Airport (sometimes referred to as "the City Airport" or "the Harbour Airport") is the other, smaller airport in that city. George Best Belfast City Airport is an Airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is located at Sydenham in East Belfast. The City of Derry Airport is located at Eglinton on the eastern outskirts of the city of Derry and is a major airport for the city and its district, West Tyrone and County Donegal. City of Derry Airport (Aerfort Chathair Dhoire is an airport in Derry, Northern Ireland.

Cities & towns over 30,000

In order of size:


Prehistory

The archaeology of Ulster gives examples of "ritual enclosures" such as the "Giant' Ring" near Belfast which is an earth bank about 590 feet in diameter and 15 feet high in the centre of which there is a dolmen (Riordain, 66). Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Bangor is a place-name found in a number of countries Australia Bangor New South Wales Bangor South Australia Lisburn (Lios na gCearrbhach meaning fort of the gamblers) is a predominantly Unionist city in Northern Ireland, south-west of and adjoining Belfast See also Newtownabbey (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency. Craigavon is a town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, consisting mainly of residential development Newry ( short form An tIúr, "The Yew" is the fourth largest city in Northern Ireland and eighth on the island of Ireland. Ballymena ( is a Town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland and the seat of Ballymena Borough Council. Carrickfergus ( is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Newtownards (Baile Nua na hArda is a large Town in County Down, Northern Ireland. Portadown ( is a former market town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos A dolmen (also known as cromlech, anta, Hünengrab, Hunebed, Goindol, quoit, and portal dolmen) is a type of [4]

History and politics

Early history

Further information: History of Ireland

Ulster is one of the four Irish provinces. The history of Ireland begins with the first known settlement in Ireland around 8000 BC when Hunter-gatherers arrived from Great Britain and continental Poetic description This dinnseanchas poem named Ard Ruide (Ruide Headland poetically describes the kingdoms of Ireland Its name derives from the Irish language Cúige Uladh (pronounced "Kooi-gah UH-loo"), meaning "Province (literally 'fifth') of the Ulaidh", named for the ancient inhabitants of the region. Many place names in Ireland in the English language are either anglicisations of those in the Irish language, or completely different such as the name for the capital Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. The Ulaid (pron /'ʊləɣ′/ were a people of early north-eastern Ireland, who gave their name to the modern province of Ulster: modern Irish Cúige The Irish Ulaidh with the addition of the Old Norse staðr (meaning "place" or "territory") yields "Ulaidh Staðr" or, in English, "Ulster. Many place names in Ireland in the English language are either anglicisations of those in the Irish language, or completely different such as the name for the capital Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age "

The province's early story extends further back than written records and survives mainly in legends such as the Ulster Cycle. Texts in translation Most of the important Ulster Cycle tales can be found in the following publications Thomas Kinsella, The Táin, Oxford University In early medieval Ireland, the Uí Néill (O'Neill) dynasty dominated Ulster from their base in Tír Eóghain (Eoghan's Country) — most of which forms modern County Tyrone. The Uí Néill ( Irish for descendants of Niall; Uí pronounced 'Ee') were Irish and Scottish Dynasties who claimed descent from Niall The Ó Domhnaill (O'Donnell) dynasty were Ulster's second most powerful clan from the early thirteenth-century through to the beginning of the seventeenth-century. The O'Donnells ruled over Tír Chonaill (most of modern County Donegal) in West Ulster. Tír Conaill (anglicized as Tyrconnell) was the name of a kingdom which covered much of what is now County Donegal. After the Norman invasion of Ireland in the twelfth century, the east of the province fell by conquest to Norman barons, first De Courcy (died 1219), then Hugh de Lacy (1176-1243), who founded the Earldom of Ulster — based around the modern counties of Antrim and Down. The later medieval period in Ireland (" Norman Ireland " was dominated by the Cambro-Norman invasion of the country in 1171. John de Courcy (1160 &ndash 1219 was a Norman knight who arrived in Ireland in 1177 Hugh De Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster (~1176 &ndash after December 26 1242 was the younger son of Hugh de Lacy, and founded the Earldom of Ulster The title of Earl of Ulster has been created several times in the Peerages of Ireland and the United Kingdom. However, by the end of the 15th century the Earldom had collapsed and Ulster had become the only Irish province completely outside of English control. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

In the 1600s Ulster was the last redoubt of the traditional Gaelic way of life, and following the defeat of the Irish forces in the Nine Years War (1594-1603) at the battle of Kinsale (1601), Elizabeth I's English forces succeeded in subjugating Ulster and all of Ireland. The Nine Years War (Cogadh na Naoi mBliana in Ireland took place from 1594 to 1603 and is also known as Tyrone's Rebellion. The Siege of Kinsale was the ultimate battle in England 's conquest of Gaelic Ireland. The Gaelic leaders of Ulster, the O'Neills and O'Donnells, finding their power under English suzerainty limited, decamped en masse in 1607 (the Flight of the Earls) to Roman Catholic Europe. O'Donnell ( Irish: Ó Dónaill or Ó Dómhnaill which is derived from the forename Domhnaill (meaning "world ruler" Rex Mundi in Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a Not to be confused with the Flight of the Wild Geese. The Flight of the Earls (Teitheadh na nIarlaí refers to the departure from Ireland This allowed the English Crown to plant Ulster with more loyal English and Scottish planters, a process which began in earnest in 1610. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland were established throughout the country by the confiscation of lands occupied by Gaelic clans and Hiberno-Norman dynasties

Plantations and civil wars

The Plantation of Ulster, run by the government, settled only the counties confiscated from those Irish families that had taken part in the Nine Years War. The Plantation of Ulster (Irish Plandáil Uladh) was a planned process of Colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster In general the "ordinary" native Irish remained in occupation of their land, they were neither removed nor Anglicised. [1] Counties Donegal, Tyrone, Armagh, Cavan, Londonderry and Fermanagh comprised the official plantation. County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. County Armagh ( Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish - from the height of Macha) is a county in Ulster in the north east of Ireland County Cavan ( Contae an Chabháin in Irish) is a County in Ireland. County Fermanagh (fɚr'mænɘ Contae Fhear Manach or Fear Manach ('Men of Monach'in Irish) is the westernmost of the six counties that form Northern However, the most extensive settlement in Ulster of English, Scots and Welsh — as well as Protestants from throughout the European continent— occurred in Antrim and Down. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties County Down, ( Ulster Scots: Coontie Doun. is one of the nine counties that form the province of Ulster and one of six counties that form These counties, though not officially planted, had suffered de-populatation during the war and proved attractive to settlers from nearby Scotland. This unofficial settlement continued well into the 18th century, interrupted only by the Catholic uprising of 1641. The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native

This rebellion initially led by Phelim O'Neill, was intended to seize power rapidly, but quickly degenerated into attacks on Protestant settlers. Sir Felim O'Neill of Kinard (died August 1653 better known as Phelim O'Neill was an Irish nobleman who led the Irish Rebellion of 1641 in Ulster Dispossessed Catholics slaughtered thousands of Protestants, an event which remains strong in Ulster Protestant folk-memory. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Folk culture refers to the localized Lifestyle of a Culture. It is usually handed down through Oral tradition, relates to a sense of Community In the ensuing wars (1641–1653, fought against the background of civil war in England, Scotland and Ireland), Ulster became a battleground between the Protestant settlers and the native Irish Catholics. This article is concerned with the military history of Ireland from 1641-53 The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Nations) formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, In 1646, the Irish Catholic army under Owen Roe O'Neill inflicted a bloody defeat on a Scottish Covenanter army at Benburb in County Tyrone, but the Catholic forces failed to follow up their victory and the war lapsed into stalemate. Eoghan Rua Ó Néill, anglicised as Owen Roe O'Neill ( c. 1590&ndash1649 ("Red Owen" was a seventeenth century soldier and one of the most famous The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century The Battle of Benburb took place in 1646 in the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The war in Ulster ended with the defeat of the Irish Catholic army at the Battle of Scarrifholis on the western outskirts of Letterkenny, County Donegal, in 1650 and the occupation of the province by the Cromwellian New Model Army. The Battle of Scarrifholis was fought in Donegal in north-western Ireland, on the 21st of June 1650, during the Irish Confederate Wars – The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53 refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. The atrocities committed by all sides in the war poisoned the relationships between Ulster's ethno-religious communities for generations afterwards.

Forty years later, in 1688-1691, the former warring parties re-fought the conflict in the Williamite war in Ireland, when Irish Catholics ("Jacobites") supported James II (deposed in the Glorious Revolution) and Ulster Protestants (Williamites) backed William of Orange. The Williamite War in Ireland, also known as the Jacobite War in Ireland and in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union Williamite refers to the followers of King William III of England who deposed King James II in the Glorious Revolution. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" At the start of the war, Irish Catholic Jacobites controlled all of Ireland for James, with the exception of the Protestant strongholds at Derry and at Enniskillen in Ulster. Enniskillen ( is the county town (and largest town in County Fermanagh and the west of Northern Ireland. The Jacobites besieged Derry from December 1688 to July 1689, when a Williamite army from Britain relieved the city. For context see the Williamite War in Ireland and Jacobitism. The Protestant Williamite fighters based in Enniskillen defeated another Jacobite army at the battle of Newtownbutler on July 28, 1689. The Battle of Newtownbutler took place near Enniskillen in County Fermanagh in northern Ireland in 1689 and was part of the Williamite Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Thereafter, Ulster remained firmly under Williamite control and William's forces completed their conquest of the rest of Ireland in the next two years. Ulster Protestant irregulars known as "Enniskilleners" served with the Williamite forces. The war provided Protestant loyalists with the iconic victories of the Siege of Derry, the Battle of the Boyne (1 July 1690)and the Battle of Aughrim (12 July 1691), all of which their descendants still commemorate today. Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. For context see the Williamite War in Ireland and Jacobitism. The Battle of the Boyne (Cath na Bóinne was a turning point in the Williamite claim on the English throne "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. The Battle of Aughrim was the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. See also: Twelfth of July. The Twelfth is an annual Protestant celebration on 12 July, originating in Ireland.

The Williamites' victory in this war ensured British and Protestant supremacy in Ireland for over 100 years. The Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland excluded most of Ulster's population from power on religious grounds. The Protestant Ascendancy is a convenient phrase used when referring to the political economic and social domination of the former Kingdom of Ireland by a minority of great Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Roman Catholics (descended from the indigenous Irish) and Presbyterians (mainly descended from Scottish planters, but also from indigenous Irishmen who converted to Presbyterianism) both suffered discrimination under the Penal Laws, which gave full political rights only to Anglican Protestants (mostly descended from English settlers). Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Penal Laws in Ireland (Na Péindlíthe refers to a series of laws imposed under British rule that sought to discriminate against Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters in favour Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs In the 1690s, Scottish Presbyterians became a majority in Ulster, tens of thousands of them having emigrated there to escape a famine in Scotland.

Emigration

Considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots just a few generations after arriving in Ulster migrated to the North American colonies throughout the 18th century (250,000 settled in what would become the United States between 1717 and 1770 alone). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the According to Kerby Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (1988), Protestants were one-third of the population of Ireland, but three-quarters of all emigrants from 1700 to 1776; 70% of these Protestants were Presbyterians. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

Disdaining (or forced out of) the heavily English regions on the Atlantic coast, most groups of Ulster-Scots settlers crossed into the "western mountains", where their descendants populated the Appalachian regions and the Ohio Valley. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Here they lived on the frontiers of America, carving their own world out of the wilderness. The Scotch-Irish soon became the dominant culture of the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Author (and U. S. Senator) Jim Webb puts forth a thesis in his book Born Fighting to suggest that the character traits he ascribes to the Scots-Irish such as loyalty to kin, mistrust of governmental authority, and a propensity to bear arms, helped shape the American identity. James Henry "Jim" Webb Jr (born February 9 1946 is the Junior Senator from Virginia.

In the United States Census, 2000, 4. 3 million Americans claimed Scots-Irish ancestry, though James Webb suggests estimates that the true number of Scotch-Irish in the USA is more in the region of 27 million. [2] Interestingly, the areas where the most Americans reported themselves in the 2000 Census only as "American" with no further qualification (e. g. Kentucky, north-central Texas, and many other areas in the Southern US) are largely the areas where many Scots-Irish settled, and are in complementary distribution with the areas which most heavily report Scots-Irish ancestry. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive

Republicanism, rebellion, and communal strife

Most of the eighteenth century saw a calming of sectarian tensions in Ulster. The economy of the province improved, as small producers exported linen and other goods. Belfast developed from a village into a bustling provincial town. However, this did not stop many thousands of Ulster people from emigrating to British North America in this period, where they became known as "Scots Irish" or "Scotch Irish". British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as

Political tensions resurfaced, albeit in a new form, towards the end of the 18th century. In the 1790s many Catholics and Presbyterians, in opposition to Anglican domination and inspired by the American and French revolutions joined together in the United Irishmen movement. The Protestant Ascendancy is a convenient phrase used when referring to the political economic and social domination of the former Kingdom of Ireland by a minority of great The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a Liberal political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought Parliamentary reform This group (founded in Belfast) dedicated itself to founding a non-sectarian and independent Irish republic. Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions The United Irishmen had particular strength in Belfast, Antrim and Down. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. County Antrim ( Contae Aontroma or simply Aontroim in Irish) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of nine counties County Down, ( Ulster Scots: Coontie Doun. is one of the nine counties that form the province of Ulster and one of six counties that form Paradoxically however, this period also saw much sectarian violence between Catholics and Protestants, principally members of the Church of Ireland (Anglicans, who practised the state religion and had rights denied to both Presbyterians and Catholics), notably the "battle of the Diamond" in 1795, a faction fight between the rival "Defenders" (Catholic) and "Peep O'Day Boys" (Anglican), which led to over 100 deaths and to the founding of the Orange Order. The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. The Battle of the Diamond was a violent confrontation between the Catholic Defenders and the Protestant Peep O'Day Boys that took place on September 21, The Defenders were a militant agrarian secret society in 18th century Ireland, who were involved in the United Irishmen rebellion of 1798. The Peep O'Day Boys was a Protestant faction fighting group in 18th century Ireland, active in the 1780s and '90s and precursor of the Orange Order. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly This event, and many others like it, came about with the relaxation of the Penal Laws and as Catholics began to purchase land and involve themselves in the linen trade (activities which previously had involved many onerous restrictions). The Penal Laws in Ireland (Na Péindlíthe refers to a series of laws imposed under British rule that sought to discriminate against Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters in favour Protestants, including Presbyterians, who in some parts of the province had come to identify with the Catholic community, used violence to intimidate Catholics who tried to enter the linen trade. Estimates suggest that up to 7000 Catholics suffered expulsion from Ulster during this violence. Many of them settled in northern Connacht. These refugees' linguistic influence still survives in the dialects of Irish spoken in Mayo, which have many similarities to Ulster Irish not found elsewhere in Connacht. Ulster Irish is the Dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Ulster. Loyalist militias, primarily Anglicans, also used violence against the United Irishmen and against Catholic and Protestant republicans throughout the province. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a Liberal political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought Parliamentary reform Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic

In 1798 the United Irishmen, led by Henry Joy McCracken, launched a rebellion in Ulster, mostly supported by Presbyterians. Henry Joy McCracken ( 31 August, 1767 &ndash 17 July, 1798) was a Cotton manufacturer and Industrialist, Presbyterian But the British authorities swiftly put down the insurgents and employed severe repression after the fighting had ended. In the wake of the failure of this rebellion, and following the gradual abolition of official religious discrimination after the Act of Union in 1800, Presbyterians came to identify more with the State and with their Anglican neighbours, who perceived them as the lesser of two evils. The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Éirí Amach 1798 Turn Oot 1798 or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally was an uprising in 1798 lasting several months against the The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Acht an Aontais 1800 is used to describe two complementary Acts whose official United Kingdom titles are Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

Industrialisation, Home Rule, and partition

In the 19th century, Ulster became the most prosperous province in Ireland, with the only large-scale industrialisation in the country. In the latter part of the century, Belfast overtook Dublin as the largest city on the island. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Belfast became famous in this period for its huge dockyards and shipbuilding — and notably for the construction of the RMS Titanic. Construction The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland In the 19th century, sectarian divisions in Ulster became hardened into the political categories of unionist (supporters of the Union with Britain; mostly, but not exclusively, Protestant) and nationalist (advocates of an Irish self-government; usually, though not exclusively, Catholic). Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and The origins of Northern Ireland's current politics lie in these late 19th century disputes over Home Rule for Ireland, which Ulster Protestants usually opposed—fearing for their status in an autonomous Catholic-dominated Ireland and also not trusting politicians from the agrarian south and west to support the more industrial economy of Ulster. Home rule refers to a demand that constituent parts of a state be given greater self-government within the greater administrative purview of the central government To resist Home Rule, thousands of unionists, led by the Dublin-born barrister Sir Edward Carson and James Craig, signed the "Ulster Covenant" of 1912, pledging to resist Irish independence. Edward Henry Carson Baron Carson, PC, Kt, KC (often known as Sir Edward Carson or Lord Carson) ( James Craig may refer to James Craig (architect (1739&ndash1795 Scottish architect James Henry Craig (1748&ndash1812 British The Ulster Covenant was signed by just under half a million of men and women from Ulster, on and before September 28, 1912, in protest against the This movement also saw the setting up of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), the first Irish paramilitary group, in order to resist British attempts to enforce Home Rule. The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. In response, Irish nationalists created the Irish Volunteers—forerunners of the Irish Republican Army (IRA)—to ensure the passing of the Home Rule Act 1914. The Irish Volunteers ( Óglaigh na hÉireann) was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists. The Irish Republican Army ( IRA) (Óglaigh na hÉireann was a military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers, established 25 November 1913 and who The Home Rule Act of 1914, also known as the ( Irish) Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) and formally known as the Government of Ireland Act 1914

The outbreak of the Great War in 1914, in which thousands of Ulstermen and Irishmen of all religions and sects volunteered and died, interrupted this armed stand-off. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In particular, the heavy casualties of the 36th Ulster Division (largely composed of volunteers from the UVF) became a source both of mourning and of pride for the loyalist community, and remains so to the present day.

In the aftermath of the War, Ireland saw several years of political violence, with Irish nationalists launching a guerrilla campaign against British rule as part of the Anglo-Irish War (January 1919–July 1921). Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla In Ulster, the fighting generally took the form of street battles between Protestants and Catholics in the city of Belfast. Estimates suggest that about 600 civilians died in this communal violence, the majority of them (58%) Catholics. The I. R. A. remained relatively quiescent in Ulster, with the exception of the south Armagh area, where Frank Aiken led it. County Armagh ( Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish - from the height of Macha) is a county in Ulster in the north east of Ireland Frank Aiken (Proinsias Mac Aodhagáin new spelling Proinsias Mac Aogáin; 13 February 1898 – 18 May 1983 was a senior Irish Politician. A lot of I. R. A. activity also took place at this time in County Donegal and the City of Derry, where one of the main Republican leaders was Peadar O'Donnell. County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. Peadar O'Donnell (Peadar Ó Domhnaill 22 February 1893 – 13 May 1986 was an Irish Republican socialist, Marxist activist and writer Hugh O'Doherty, a Sinn Féin politician, was elected Mayor of Derry at this time. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 In the First Dáil, which was elected in late 1918, Prof. Eoin Mac Néill served as the Sinn Féin T. Eoin MacNeill ( Eoin Mac Néill, 15 May 1867&ndash15 October 1945 was an Irish scholar nationalist revolutionary and politician D. for Derry City.

Partition of Ireland, first mooted in 1912, was introduced with the enactment of the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, which gave self-government to six of Ulster's northeastern counties within the UK. An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920, (and sometimes called the Fourth Home Rule Act) was an Act This was confirmed by the Anglo-Irish Treaty (6 December 1921) which ended in the partition of Ireland between the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) and Northern Ireland. The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Hostilities formally ceased on July 11, 1921. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar However, low-level violence, often involving the B-Specials, continued in Ulster, causing Michael Collins to order a boycott on northern produce in protest at the attacks on the Catholic/Nationalist community. The Ulster Special Constabulary (USC (commonly called the "B-Specials" was a reserve police force in Ireland. Michael John ("Mick" Collins (Mícheál Seán Ó Coileáin 16 October 1890 &ndash 22 August 1922 was an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for In 1921, six of Ulster's nine counties became collectively Northern Ireland remaining in the United Kingdom as per the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of An Act to Provide for the Better Government of Ireland, more usually the Government of Ireland Act 1920, (and sometimes called the Fourth Home Rule Act) was an Act When the Irish Free State came into existence in 1922, the Northern Ireland Parliament (already in existence) was given the option to 'opt-out', which it did. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by For the subsequent general history of Ulster see History of Northern Ireland and History of the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland was established as a distinct region of the United Kingdom on 3 May 1921 under the terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The Republic of Ireland first became an independent state on 6 December 1922

Current politics

Main articles: Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland and Politics of Ireland

Electorally, voting in the six Northern Ireland counties of Ulster tends to follow religious or sectarian lines; noticeable religious demarcation does not exist in the South Ulster counties of Cavan and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. General demographics Population 1685267 The population of Northern Ireland has increased annually since 1978 Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Some religious tensions remain in County Donegal (Ulster's largest county), especially in the Laggan Valley and Finn Valley in the east of that county. County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. Culturally, religiously and—to a certain extent—politically, County Donegal has much more in common with Northern Ireland than it does with the rest of the Republic of Ireland, the state of which it forms a part. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. County Donegal is largely a Catholic county, but with a large Protestant minority. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Generally, Protestants in County Donegal vote for Fine Gael[5]. Fine Gael – The United Ireland Party, shortened to Fine Gael (ˌfina gail meaning Family of the Irish or Tribe of the Irish, is the second largest However, religious sectarianism in politics has largely disappeared from the rest of the Republic of Ireland. This was illustrated when Erskine H. Childers, a Church of Ireland member and Teachta Dála (TD, a member of the lower house of the National Parliament) who had represented Monaghan, won election as President of Ireland after having served as a long-term minister under Fianna Fáil Taoisigh Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch. Erskine Hamilton Childers (11 December 1905 &ndash 17 November 1974 served as the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974 The Church of Ireland (Eaglais na hÉireann is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland. A Teachta Dála (ˈtʲaxtə ˈdɑːlə is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower chamber of the Oireachtas (Parliament of the Republic of Ireland. The President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ is the Head of state of Ireland. Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach shortened to Fianna Fáil ( is currently the largest Political party in the The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Seán Francis Lemass (15 July 1899 &ndash 11 May 1971 was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and third Taoiseach of Ireland from 1959 until 1966 John Mary "Jack" Lynch ( Irish: Seán Ó Loinsigh; 15 August 1917 &ndash 20 October 1999 was the fourth Taoiseach of Ireland, However, upon the Partition of Ireland in the very early 1920's, many Protestants from throughout the new Irish Free State (later called the Republic of Ireland) moved to Northern Ireland.

While the Protestant "bloc vote" continues to exist in County Donegal, especially in the east of the county, where the Orange Order is particularly strong amongst the Protestant community, sectarian politics and sectarian feeling in County Donegal has begun to decline since the Good Friday Agreement (G. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. F. A. ) in April 1998.

The Orange Order freely organises in Counties Donegal, Cavan and Monaghan, with several Orange parades taking place throughout County Donegal each year. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly The largest Orange march in the Republic of Ireland takes place every July in the tiny village of Rossnowlagh, near Ballyshannon, in the very south of County Donegal. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Rossnowlagh ( Irish: Ros Neamhlach) is a seaside resort located in County Donegal, in the north-west of Ireland. Ballyshannon ( Béal Átha Seanaidh in Irish) is a town in County Donegal, Ireland. This march—like the other such marches in the county—takes place with the co-operation of An Garda Síochána (the national police force of the Republic) and a rather ambivalent local Catholic community. ga '''''Garda Síochána na hÉireann''''' (ˈgaːrdə ʃiːˈxaːnə nə ˈheːɾʲən Irish for "Peace Guard of Ireland" often rendered Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The Catholic community of Rossnowlagh is often commended for the dignified way in which it deals with this annual "Orange invasion". In the recent past, however, violence has erupted at Orange marches elsewhere in County Donegal, almost exclusively at such events in the east of the county, most notably in the town of Raphoe and in the village of St. Raphoe ('ræfoʊ Ráth Bhoth is a town in County Donegal, part of the Province of Ulster in Ireland. Johnston (both in the Laggan Valley).

As of 2006, Northern Ireland has eight Catholic Members of Parliaments (of a total of 18 from the whole of Northern Ireland) in the British House of Commons at Westminster; and the other three counties have one Protestant T. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. D. of the ten it has elected to Dáil Éireann, the Lower House of the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Republic of Ireland. ga '''Dáil Éireann''' ( English House of Representatives of Ireland) is the principal chamber of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament At present (August 2007) County Donegal sends six T. D. 's to Dáil Éireann. The county is divided into two constituencies: Donegal North-East and Donegal South-West, each with three T. D. 's. County Cavan and County Monaghan form the one constituency called Cavan-Monaghan, which sends four T. D. 's to the Dáil (one of whom is a Protestant). The Republic's parties have long ceased to base their selection of candidates purely on any religious criteria. For most of the twentieth century they chose at least one candidate from a Protestant background to attract the Protestant vote, but the disappearance of a block Protestant vote (except in County Donegal) voting exclusively for a candidate on the basis of religion (with Protestant voters instead voting primarily for local candidates irrespective of religion) means that selection now depends largely on considerations of geography when electing TDs to Dáil Éireann under its Proportional Representation system. ga '''Dáil Éireann''' ( English House of Representatives of Ireland) is the principal chamber of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes Again, County Donegal differs here in that a Protestant "block vote" continues, especially in the east of the county.

The historic Flag of Ulster served as the basis for the Ulster Banner (often referred to as the Flag of Northern Ireland), which was the flag of the Government of Northern Ireland until the proroguing of the Stormont parliament in 1973. The Flag of Ulster is a historic banner used to represent Ulster, one of the four provinces of Ireland. The Ulster Banner was the official name given to the Flag of the Government of Northern Ireland between 1953 and 1972 Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland was the government of Northern Ireland created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920.

Sport

In Gaelic games (which include Gaelic football and hurling), Ulster counties play the Ulster Senior Football Championship and Ulster Senior Hurling Championship. Gaelic games are the traditional sports played in Ireland. The two main Gaelic games are Gaelic football and Hurling, both of which are organised by the Gaelic football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach, or Caid) commonly referred to as " football " is a form of Football Hurling (in Irish, iománaíocht or iomáint) is an outdoor team Sport of ancient Gaelic origin administered by the Gaelic The Ulster Council ( Irish: Comhairle Uladh) is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of Hurling, The Ulster Senior Football Championship is the premier Gaelic football "knockout" competition played in the province of Ulster in Ireland The Ulster Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Guinness Ulster Championship) is the premier intercounty "knockout" competition In football, the main competitions in which they compete with the other Irish counties are the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship and National Football League, while the Ulster club champions represent the province in the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship. The All-Ireland Senior Football Championship is the premier "knockout" competition in the game of Gaelic football played in Ireland. For the latest competition see 2008 or the Hurling equivalent: 2008 The National Football The All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football tournament run since 1971 played between the thousands of senior football clubs in Ireland Hurling teams play in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, National Hurling League and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship. The GAA All-Ireland Hurling Senior Championship is the premier "knockout" competition in the game of Hurling played in Ireland. For the latest competition see National Hurling League 2008. The National Hurling League (known for sponsorship reasons as the Allianz The All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship is an annual Hurling tournament played between hundreds of senior hurling clubs in Ireland. The whole province fields a team to play the other provinces in the Railway Cup in both football and hurling. The Interprovincial Championship (An Corn Idir-Chúigeach or Railway Cup ( Corn an Iarnróid) is the name of two annual Gaelic football and Hurling Gaelic Football is by far the most popular of the GAA sports in Ulster but hurling is also played, especially in Antrim, Armagh, Derry, and Down. The Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA) ( Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael /'kʊmˠən̪ˠ 'l̪ˠuh For more details on Antrim GAA see Antrim Senior Football Championship or Antrim Senior Hurling Championship. The Armagh County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Ard Mhacha or Armagh GAA is one of the 32 county boards For more information on Derry GAA see Derry Senior Football Championship and Derry Senior Hurling Championship. The Down County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA (Cummann Luthchleas Gael Coiste An Dún or Down GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in

The border has divided Association Football (soccer) teams since 1921[3]. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Irish Football Association oversees the sport in NI while the Football Association of Ireland oversees the sport in the Republic. The Irish Football Association ( IFA) is the organising body for football in Northern Ireland, and had historically been the governing body for the whole The Football Association of Ireland ( FAI; Irish: Cumann Peile na h-Éireann) is the governing body for the sport of association football (soccer As a result, separate international teams are fielded and separate championships take place (Irish League in Northern Ireland, League of Ireland in the rest of Ulster and Ireland). The FAI eircom League of Ireland is the Republic of Ireland 's current national football league system created following the merging of the FAI and the League Anomalously, Derry City F.C. has played in the League of Ireland since 1985 due to crowd trouble at some of their Irish League matches prior to this. Derry City Football Club ( Cumann Peile Chathair Dhoire, kʊmən̪ˠ pɛlʲə xahəɾʲ ɣɛɾʲə is an Irish football club based in Derry, The other major Ulster team in the League of Ireland is Finn Harps of Ballybofey, County Donegal. Ballybofey is a town located in Donegal, Ireland. Ballybofey ( Bealach Féich - Fiach's Road or alternatively Bailebo Fiach - bailebo that There have been cup competitions between FAI and IFA clubs, most recently the Setanta Sports Cup. The Setanta Sports Cup, commonly known as the Setanta Cup, is a club football competition featuring teams from both football associations on the island of

In Rugby union, the Ulster branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union (I. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Irish Rugby Football Union Ulster Branch (also known as Ulster Rugby) is one of four branches of the IRFU, and is responsible for Rugby union in the The Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU) (Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann is the body managing Rugby union in Ireland. R. F. U. ) plays in the professional Magners League, formerly the Celtic League, along with teams from Wales, Scotland and the other Irish Provinces (Leinster, Munster and Connacht). Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Irish Rugby Football Union Leinster Branch (also known as Leinster Rugby) is one of four branches of the IRFU, and is responsible for Rugby union in Munster Rugby (more commonly known as Munster) is an Irish professional Rugby union team based in Munster, that competes in the Magners Connacht Rugby (more commonly known as Connacht is an Irish professional rugby union team based in Connacht, that competes in the Magners League and the European Notable Ulster rugby players include Willy John McBride, Jack Kyle and Mike Gibson. The former is the most capped British and Irish Lion of all time, having completed four tours with the Lions in the sixties and seventies.

Cricket is also played in Ulster, especially in Northern Ireland and east Donegal. The game is mainly played and followed by members of the Protestant community[6].

References noted

  1. ^ Ulster — Definitions from Dictionary.com
  2. ^ a b Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency Census 2001 Output
  3. ^ http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/language/pritchard04.htm
  4. ^ Riordain, S. O. 1966 (reprint). Antiquities of the Irish Countryside. University Paperbacks, London. Methuen & Co Ltd
  5. ^ The Futre's Bright For Donegal's Orangemen. Independent News And Media (2004-7-11). Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
  6. ^ Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images

General references

The Ulster Countryside. Deane, C. Douglas. 1983. Century Books. ISBN 0 903152 17 7

Further reading

See also

External links

A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International

Dictionary

ulster

-noun

  1. A long, loose overcoat of rough material.

Ulster

-proper noun

  1. (geographical) The northern province of Ireland, comprising of six Northern Irish counties and three counties in the Republic of Ireland.
  2. (political) Alternate name used for the six counties that make up Northern Ireland.

-adjective

  1. Relating to, or originating from Ulster.
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