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 Ulmus americana (American Elm) at Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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| Ulmus americana L. |
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Ulmus americana, generally known as the American Elm or, less commonly, as the White Elm or Water Elm, is a species native to eastern North America, occurring from Nova Scotia west as far as British Columbia, from northern Alberta at the top of its range, south to Florida and central Texas. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. It is an extremely hardy tree that can withstand winter temperatures as low as −42 °C (−44 °F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Trees in areas unaffected by Dutch elm disease can live for several hundred years. A prime example of the species was the Sauble Elm [3], which grew in Ontario, Canada, to a height of 43 m (140 ft), with a d.b.h of 196 cm (6. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the Diameter of the trunk of a Tree. 43 ft) before succumbing to Dutch elm disease. Felled in 1968, a tree-ring count established that it had germinated in 1701. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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Description
The American Elm is a deciduous tree, which, before the advent of Dutch elm disease, commonly grew to > 30 m (100 ft) tall with a trunk > 1. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or 2 m (4 ft) d.b.h. Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the Diameter of the trunk of a Tree. The crown forms a high, spreading canopy with open air space beneath. The leaves are alternate, 7–15 cm long, with double-serrate margins and an oblique base. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The tree is hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers, i. A hermaphrodite is an organism having both male and female reproductive organs Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom e. with both male and female parts, and is therefore capable of self-pollination. The flowers are small, purple-brown, and, being wind-pollinated, are apetalous; they emerge in early spring before the leaves. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The fruit is a flat samara 2 cm long and 1. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A samara is a type of Fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous papery tissue develops from the ovary wall 5 cm broad, with a circular wing surrounding the single 4–5 mm seed. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored As in the closely related European White Elm, U. Ulmus laevis Pall the European White Elm, yclept Fluttering Elm Spreading Elm and in the USA, Russian Elm, is a laevis, the flowers and seeds are borne on 1–3 cm long stems. American Elm is wholly insensitive to daylight length (photoperiod), and will continue to grow well into autumn until injured by frost [2]. Photoperiodicity is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night The tree reaches sexual maturity at around 15 years of age and is unique within the genus in being tetraploid, i. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. e. having double the usual number of chromosomes. However, nowadays it is uncommon for the tree to reach over 10 years of age, such is its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease. The species is also the most susceptible of all the elms to verticillium wilt [3]. Verticillium is a Genus of Fungi in the division Ascomycota. Within the genus diverse groups are formed comprising saprotrophs and parasites
Cultivation and uses
In years past, the American Elm was used widely as a shade tree and as a street tree, because of its graceful, arching, vase-like growth form and its tolerance of most stress factors [4] Furthermore, the cross-grained wood imbues the branches with great strength, and breakages were rare. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs The species has been planted beyond its natural range as far north as central Alberta, and south to Lake Worth, Florida. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Lake Worth is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, which takes its name from the body of water along its eastern border originally called "Lake Worth" Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the It also survives low desert heat at Phoenix, Arizona. Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo,
Introductions across the Atlantic rarely prospered, even before the outbreak of Dutch elm disease. Dutch elm disease (DED is a fungal disease of Elm trees which is spread by the Elm bark beetle. Introduced to the UK in 1752, it was noted that the foliage of the American Elm was far more susceptible to insect damage than native elms [5]. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1752 ( MDCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar for European countries but not Great Britain) of A few, mostly young, specimens survive in British arboreta. Introduced to Australasia, the tree was listed by nurseries in Australia in the early 20th century, and is known to have been planted along the Avenue of Honour at Ballarat and the Bacchus Marsh Avenue of Honour. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Ballarat (formerly spelt "Ballaarat" is a city in Victoria, Australia, and one of the country's largest inland cities It is only rarely found in New Zealand [6]. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
Ecology
The American Elm occurs naturally in an assortment of conditions, most notably on bottomlands and floodplains, although it also can thrive in well-drained soils. On more elevated terrain, as in the Appalachian Mountains, it often prefers to grow along streams. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. In the United States, it is a major member of four cover types: Black Ash-American Elm-Red Maple; Silver Maple-American Elm; Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash; and Sycamore-Sweetgum-American Elm. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Acer rubrum ( Red Maple, also known as Swamp or Soft Maple) is one of the most common and widespread deciduous Trees of eastern Acer saccharinum, known as the silver maple (also occasionally the creek maple, river maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple Celtis laevigata, the Sugarberry, is a medium-sized Tree native to North America. Fraxinus pennsylvanica ( Green Ash or Red Ash) is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Liquidambar styraciflua ( American Sweetgum, Redgum) is a Deciduous Tree in the genus ''Liquidambar'' native to warm The first two of these types also occur in Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [4] Some hilltops near Témiscaming, Quebec, have a Sugar Maple-Ironwood-American Elm cover type [7] The leaves of the American Elm serve as food for the larvae of various Lepidoptera. Témiscaming is a town located at the south end of Lac Témiscamingue on the upper Ottawa River in the Témiscamingue Regional County Municipality Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Acer saccharum ( Sugar Maple) is a species of Maple native to the hardwood forests of northeastern North America, from Nova Scotia Ostrya is a Genus of eight to ten small Deciduous Trees belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. See List of Lepidoptera that feed on elms. Elms ( Ulmus spp are used as food plants by the Larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including Monophagous
Dutch Elm Disease
The American elm has been seriously affected by an introduced fungal disease, Dutch elm disease (DED), with heavy mortality in most of the range and in many areas outside of the natural range as far west as California. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Dutch elm disease (DED is a fungal disease of Elm trees which is spread by the Elm bark beetle. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. However, DED has had little impact in Florida and has not spread to the northernmost areas of cultivation, such as most of Alberta and British Columbia. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C
Dutch elm disease has ravaged the American elm, causing catastrophic die-offs in cities across the range. Dutch elm disease (DED is a fungal disease of Elm trees which is spread by the Elm bark beetle. It has been estimated that only approximately 1 in 100,000 American elm trees is DED-tolerant, most known survivors simply having escaped exposure to the disease [5]. DED is an extraordinarily efficient fungal disease that causes the trees to wither and eventually to die by blocking the circulation of water and nutrients through the inner bark. The disease pandemic began in Europe shortly after the First World War, its cause formally identified by Dutch pathologists in the late 1920s, hence the name Dutch elm disease. It was accidentally introduced into North America in 1931, in shipments of logs from the Netherlands destined for use as veneer in the furniture industry of Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads
Infection occurs when an elm bark beetle vectors the fungus from an infected tree and then burrows into the living tissue of a healthy tree. Once a tree becomes infected with this disease, other American elm trees close to it often die quickly, because the fungus can infect them via the roots through grafts that the trees had formed underground. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ If a tree has root grafts with an adjacent, infected tree, the fungus can spread easily from one tree to the other, directly through the roots. The American Elm is particularly susceptible to disease because the period of infection often coincides with the period, approximately 30 days, of rapid terminal growth when new springwood vessels are fully functional. Spores introduced outside of this period remain largely static within the xylem and are thus relatively ineffective [8]. In Vascular plants xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue Phloem being the other
A fair number of mostly small to medium-sized American Elms survive nowadays in woodlands, suburban areas, and occasionally cities, where most often the survivors had been relatively isolated from other elms and thus spared a severe exposure to the fungus. For example, in Central Park and Tompkins Square Park in New York City [9], stands of several large elms originally planted by Frederick Law Olmsted survive because of their isolation from neighboring areas in New York where there had been heavy mortality. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually Tompkins Square Park is a 105 acre (42000 m² public Park in the Alphabet City section of the East Village neighborhood in the borough of The City of New York Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American In historical areas of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, there are also a few mature American Elms still standing — notably in Independence Square and the Quadrangle at the University of Pennsylvania, and also at the nearby campuses of Haverford College and Swarthmore College. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Haverford College is a highly selective private, Coeducational liberal arts college located in Haverford, Pennsylvania, a suburb Swarthmore College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in the United States with an enrollment of about 1500 students
The American Elm's biology in some ways has helped to spare it from obliteration by the Dutch elm disease, in contrast to what happened to the American Chestnut with the chestnut blight. The American Chestnut ( Castanea dentata) is a large Deciduous tree of the oak family native to eastern North America The elm's seeds are largely wind-dispersed, and the tree grows quickly and begins bearing seeds at a young age. It grows well along roads or railroad tracks, and in abandoned lots and other disturbed areas, where it is highly tolerant of most stress factors. Elms have been able to survive and to reproduce in areas where the disease had eliminated old trees, although most of these young elms eventually succumb to the disease at a relatively young age. There is some reason to hope that these elms will preserve the genetic diversity of the original population, and that they eventually will hybridize with DED-resistant varieties that are being developed or that occur naturally.
In some areas still not populated by the Dutch Elm disease-carrying Elm bark beetle, the American Elm continues to thrive, particularly in most of Alberta and in British Columbia. A bark beetle is one of approximately 220 Genera with 6000 Species of Beetles in the Subfamily Scolytinae. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C It is a reliable tree and recommended in places such as Calgary and Edmonton in Alberta; the province of Alberta has the largest number of DED-free American elms in the world. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Aggressive measures are being taken to combat the spread of DED into Alberta, especially after a tree was found to have DED in the south-east of the province in 1998 (the tree was immediately destroyed, and as this was an isolated case no other trees were affected. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 )
Two species of elm bark beetle, one of them native, are known to carry the disease in North America. Although the European elm bark beetle is known to have occurred across southern and central Alberta, it does not appear to be carrying the disease in these areas. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905
Some cities such as Kansas City, Missouri, had used mostly American elms in planting its city streets and had had some of the finest shaded residential streets in the nation, until the disease almost obliterated these plantings in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages Many cities in the United States still have some surviving American elms, but generally this species requires frequent attention to check for elm bark beetles and DED infection. (The National Park Service often checks on the hundreds of elm trees under its care in the Washington, D.C., area for signs of illness. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D )
Fungicidal injections can be administered by a qualified arborist to valuable American elms, to prevent the trees' becoming infected. An arborist is a Professional in the practice of Arboriculture, which is the management and maintenance of Amenity Trees Work can include Such injections generally are effective as a preventive measure for up to three years when performed before any symptoms have appeared, but they may not be so effective as a treatment once the disease is visibly present.
Cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been raised, originally for their aesthetic merit but more recently for their resistance to Dutch elm disease [10] The few disease-resistant selections that have been made available to the public as yet include 'Valley Forge', 'New Harmony', 'Princeton', 'Jefferson', and a set of six different clones collectively known as 'American Liberty' [11]. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Valley Forge' was raised by the Maryland Agricultural Research Service and released to wholesale nurseries by The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' New Harmony' was raised by the Maryland Agricultural Research Service and released by the United States The Princeton Elm is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana originally selected in 1920 by a New Jersey grower for its landscape qualities The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Jefferson' is a tree of unknown origin introduced by the U The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' American Liberty' is in fact a group of six genetically distinct cultivars under a single name although they are superficially The United States National Arboretum released 'Valley Forge' and 'New Harmony' in late 1995, after screening tests performed in 1992–1993 showed both had unusually high levels of resistance to DED. The United States National Arboretum is an Arboretum in Washington D 'Valley Forge' performed especially well in these tests. 'Princeton' has been in occasional cultivation since the 1920s, and gained renewed attention after its performance in the same screening tests showed it also to have a high degree of DED resistance. A later test performed in 2002–2003 confirmed the DED resistance of these same three varieties, and that of 'Jefferson'. 'Jefferson' was released to wholesale nurseries in 2004 and is becoming increasingly available for planting. Thus far, plantings of these four varieties generally appear to be successful. In 2005, 90 'Princeton' elms were planted along Pennsylvania Avenue near the White House and to date are healthy and thriving. Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington DC joining the White House and the United States Capitol. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Introduced to the UK in 2001, 'Princeton' was selected by HRH The Prince of Wales to form the Anniversary Avenue from the Orchard Room reception centre to the Golden Bird statue at his Highgrove residence. The Princeton Elm is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana originally selected in 1920 by a New Jersey grower for its landscape qualities Highgrove House is the country home of HRH The Prince of Wales, in Gloucestershire, England. In 2007, the Elm Recovery Project from the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, reported that cuttings from healthy surviving old elms surveyed across Ontario had been grown to produce a bank of resistant trees, isolated for selective breeding of highly resistant cultivars [6] .
The total number of named cultivars is circa 45, at least 18 of which have probably been lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease or other factors:
- American Liberty, Ascendens, Augustine, Aurea, Beaverlodge, Beebe's Weeping, Brandon, Burgoyne, College, Columnaris, Delaware, Exhibition, Fiorei, Folia Aurea Variegata, Hines, Incisa, Independence, Iowa State, Jackson, Jefferson, Kimley, Klehmii, Lake City, L'Assomption, Lewis & Clark (Prairie Expedition), Littleford, Markham, Minneapolis Park, Moline, Morden, New Harmony, Nigricans, Patmore, Pendula, Penn Treaty, Princeton, Pyramidata, Queen City, Sheyenne, Skinner Upright, Star, Valley Forge, Variegata, Vase, Washington
Hybrid cultivars
Hybrid cultivars are rare, and those that survive tend to be regarded with taxonomic suspicion. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' American Liberty' is in fact a group of six genetically distinct cultivars under a single name although they are superficially The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Ascendens' is a relatively old clone The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Augustine' was originally selected in Bloomington, Illinois, in 1927. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Aurea' was discovered by F The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Beaverlodge' was selected as a seedling in 1925 at the Experimental Station Morden, Manitoba The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Beebe's Weeping' was propagated from a tree growing in the wild at Galena, Illinois, by Mr ' Brandon' is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana, raised by Lacombe Nurseries Lacombe Alberta, Canada, before 1969; it The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar (? ' Burgoyne' was grown at the Arnold Arboretum until removed in 1988. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar (? ' College' was raised at the Wedge Nursery Albert Lea, Minnesota, and was first listed in its catalogue The American Elm Ulmus americana ' Columnaris' has a columnar form, and was propagated from a tree found by Mr John Dunbar at Conesus Lake, New York The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Delaware' was originally selected (as tree number 218 from 35000 seedlings inoculated with the Dutch elm disease The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Exhibition' is a selection made by the Patmore Nurseries from seeds of a tree at Brandon, Manitoba The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Fiorei' was raised by the Charles Fiorei Nurseries, Prairie View, Illinois, before 1948 The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Folia Aurea Variegata' was first described by Jäger in Ziergholze der Garten und Parkanlagen, 548 The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Hines' was listed in the accessions of the Morden Arboretum (1970 apparently sourced from the Hines Nursery Souris The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Incisa' was first described by Loudon in 1838. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Independence' was raised by Eugene B The American Elm Ulmus americana ' Iowa State' was discovered by Professor Alexander (Sandy McNabb of Iowa State University as the sole surviving tree in 40 acres ' Jackson' is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana, selected from Wichita, Kansas. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Jefferson' is a tree of unknown origin introduced by the U The American Elm U americana cultivar ' Kimley' was cloned by the Sheridan Nurseries Sheridan, from a large tree found near Oshawa, Ontario The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Klehmii' was cloned from a tree growing at Arlington Heights by Mr Charles Klehm proprietor of the Charles Klehm The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Lake City' was described by Wyman in Trees Magazine 3 (4 13 1940. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' L'Assomption' was selected from seedlings grown from X-irradiated seed at the eponymous experimental station in Quebec before The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Lewis & Clark' ( Prairie Expedition™) is a new development from the North Dakota State University The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Littleford' is an older cultivar originally cloned from a tree in Hinsdale circa 1915 and first released in 1927 The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Markham' was cloned from "an outstanding tree" now long dead growing naturally at Avon, New The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Minneapolis Park' was a selection made by the Minneapolis Park Department as being particularly suited to boulevard planting The American Elm Ulmus americana ' Moline' is one of the older cultivars originating as a wild seedling transplanted to Moline in 1903 and propagated from The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Morden' was selected by the Dominion Experimental Farm Morden, Manitoba, in 1939 on account The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' New Harmony' was raised by the Maryland Agricultural Research Service and released by the United States The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Nigricans' was a selection made from seedlings raised by the Zöschener Baumschule Germany, at the end of the ' Patmore' is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana, selected and raised by R The American Elm Ulmus americana ' Pendula' is considered probably just a forma by Green although it was originally listed by William Aiton in ' Penn Treaty' is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana, discovered in the Plant Sciences Data Center of the American Horticultural Society. The Princeton Elm is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana originally selected in 1920 by a New Jersey grower for its landscape qualities The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Pyramidata' was a pyramidal-shaped selection cloned by the Baudriller nursery Angers, France, circa The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Queen City' was a selection made circa 1944 from a tree growing on the Lake Shore Boulevard Toronto The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Sheyenne' was listed in the Wholesale Trade List of Plumfield Nursery Fremont, Nebraska, in The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Skinner Upright' was raised by Skinner's Nursery Roblin, Manitoba, in 1954. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Star' was a selection made by the Plumfield Nursery Fremont, Nebraska, circa 1945. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Valley Forge' was raised by the Maryland Agricultural Research Service and released to wholesale nurseries by The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Variegata' was a Belgian clone mentioned by Wesmael in Bull The American Elm Ulmus americana ' Vase' was listed in Edition 5 of the 1949 Plant Buyers Guide. The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar ' Washington' is a tree of unknown derivation introduced by the U Two allegedly successful hybridizations were: 'Hamburg', and 'Kansas Hybrid', both with the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila, but it has since been suggested that the American elm in question was more likely to have been Ulmus rubra, or Red Elm. The hybrid cultivar ' Hamburg' was originally raised by the Plumfield Nurseries Fremont, Nebraska, circa 1932, after its discovery by Mr The possible Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila hybrid cultivar ' Kansas Hybrid' was raised by the Kansas Nursery Co Ulmus pumila L the Siberian Elm, is native to Turkestan, eastern Siberia, Mongolia, Xizang ( Tibet The Slippery Elm ( Ulmus rubra) is a Species of Elm native to eastern North America (from southeast North Dakota, east to southern
The American Elm in literature
“There was not in the whole countryside another tree which could compare with him. He was matchless. Never a stranger passed the elm but stopped, and stared, and said or thought something about it. Even dull rustics looked, and had a momentary lapse from vacuity. The tree was compelling. He insisted upon recognition of his beauty and grace. Let one try to pass him unheeding and sunken in contemplation of his own little affairs, and lo! He would force himself out of the landscape, not only upon the eyes, but the very soul……” from Six Trees by Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman. Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman ( October 31, 1852 – March 13, 1930) was a prominent 19th century American Author.
“At last, all at once, when I was not thinking of it--I declare it makes my flesh creep when I think of it now--all at once I saw a great green cloud swelling in the horizon, so vast, so symmetrical, of such Olympian majesty and imperial supremacy among the lesser forest growths, that my heart stopped short, then jumped at my ribs as a hunter springs at a five-barred gate, and I felt all through me, without need of uttering the words, 'This is it!' . . . What makes a first-class Elm? Why, size in the first place, and chiefly. Anything over twenty feet of clear girth, five feet above the ground, and with a spread of branches a hundred feet across, may claim, that title, according to my scale. ” from The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858 is a collection of essays written by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr, (August 29 1809 &ndash October 7 1894 was a Physician by profession but achieved fame as a Writer; he was one of the best
Arboreta etc. accessions
- North America
- Arnold Arboretum, acc. The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University is an Arboretum located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale sections of Boston Massachusetts nos. 250-53 (cult. material), 412-86 wild collected in the USA.
- Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest [7], Clermont, Kentucky. Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest is a 14000 acre (57 km² Arboretum, forest and nature preserve located in Clermont Kentucky (south of Louisville Kentucky Clermont is a USGS -designated Populated place (one of 32 in Bullitt County, Kentucky, United States, south of Louisville The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. No details available.
- Denver Botanic Gardens, one specimen, no details. The Denver Botanic Gardens is a public Botanical garden located in Denver, Colorado in the Cheesman Park neighborhood
- Holden Arboretum, acc. The Holden Arboretum, in Kirtland Ohio, USA, is one of the largest Arboretums and Botanical gardens in the United States with over 3500 acres nos. 2005-17, 65-632, 80-663, all of unrecorded provenance.
- Longwood Gardens, acc. One of the premier Botanical gardens in the United States Longwood Gardens consists of 1050 acres (4 nos. 1997-0074, L-0352, sources unrecorded.
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri. The Missouri Botanical Garden is a Botanical garden located in St Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee acc. nos. 1969-6172, 1986-0206, 1986-0207, 1986-0208.
- New York Botanical Garden, acc. The New York Botanical Garden also known as The NYBG is one of the premier Botanical gardens in the United States, located in New York City. nos. 877/97, 944/96, 1854/99, 2111/99, 06791, all unrecorded provenance.
- Phipps Conservatory & Botanic Gardens, acc. nos. 00/1265, 99/0660.
- Scott Arboretum, acc. Scott Arboretum (357 acres is an Arboretum located across the campus of Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue Swarthmore Pennsylvania. no. S000339, no other details available.
- Europe
- Brighton & Hove City Council, NCCPG elm collection [8], 1 tree at Stanmer Park. Council and directorates The leader of the council is Conservative Mary Mears The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens ( NCCPG) wasfounded as a British Registered charity in 1978 to combine the talents
- Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia acc. Salaspils ( (Kirchholm is a city 18 Kilometers to the south-east of Riga, Latvia that gained city rights in 1993 Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. nos. 18087,88,89,90,91,92.
- Royal Botanic Garden, Wakehurst Place, UK, acc. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive Gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and Wakehurst Place Garden is a Garden located in Ardingly, West Sussex in southern England ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located nos. 1994-67, 1994-68, 1991-1163. No provenance data.
- Strona Arboretum [9], University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
- Thenford House arboretum, Northamptonshire, UK, no details available. Thenford is a small village in the English county of Northamptonshire, six miles east of the town of Banbury. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
- University of Copenhagen, Botanic Garden, acc. The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. no. P1971-5201, wild collected in the USA.
- Australasia
- Eastwoodhill Arboretum [10], Gisborne, New Zealand, 11 trees, details not known. Eastwoodhill is the national Arboretum of New Zealand since 2005 For other uses of Gisborne see Gisborne (disambiguation. Gisborne (Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa is the name of a unitary authority in New Zealand New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
Nurseries
- North America
Still widely available, although increasingly eclipsed by disease-resistant cultivars
- Europe
Only as cultivar; see 'Princeton'
- Australasia
- Established Tree Planters Pty. The Princeton Elm is a cultivar of the American Elm Ulmus americana originally selected in 1920 by a New Jersey grower for its landscape qualities Ltd. [11], Wandin, Victoria, Australia. Wandin East is a small town in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, just off the Warburton Highway. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Seed suppliers
- B and T World Seeds [12], Paguignan, 34210 Aigues-Vives, France
- Lawyer Nursery [13], Montana Highway, 6625 West Plains, Montana, USA
- Sandeman Seeds [14], 7 Route de Burosse, 64350 Lalongue, France
- Sheffield's Seeds Co. Aigues-Vives is the name of several communes in France: Aigues-Vives Ariège, in the Ariège département This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Lalongue is a Village and commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of south-western France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Inc. [15], New York, USA. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
- MishoBonsai Tree Seeds. [16], Ottawa, CANADA. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
References
- ^ Ulmus americana. NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved on 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ Downs, R. J. & Borthwick, H. A. (1956). Effects of photoperiod on growth of trees. Botanical Gazette, 117, 310-326
- ^ Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0851995292
- ^ Stennes, M. (2003) Good news for the American Elm. Shade Tree Advocate 5(4). Minnesota Shade Tree Advisory Committee, St. Paul, MN.
- ^ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. pp 1848–1929. Private publication. [1]
- ^ Auckland Botanical Society (2003). Journal Vol. 58 (1), June 2003. ISSN 0113-41332
- ^ Brown, Jean-Louis. (1981). Les forêts du Témiscamingue, Québec: écologie et photo-interprétation. Laboratoire d'écologie forestière, Université Laval, Québec.
- ^ Smalley, E. G. (1963). Seasonal fluctuations in susceptibility of young elm seedlings to Dutch elm disease. Phytopathology, 53, 846-853.
- ^ Barnard, E. S. (2002). New York City Trees. Columbia University Press.
- ^ Townsend, A. M. , Bentz, S. E. , and Douglass L. W. (2005). Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, March 2005, Horticultural Research Institute, Washington, D. C.
- ^ Costello, L. R. (2004). A 10 -year evaluation of the performance of four elm cultivars in California, U. S. Journal of Arboriculture, March 2004. [2]
External links
- Saving the American Elm, by Bruce Carley
- USDA Plant Guide: American Elm
- Flora of North America, Profile and map: U. americana RangeMap:
- Ulmus americana images
- Keith Warren, J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. (2002): 'The Status of Elms in the Nursery Industry in 2000'
- Plant atlas synonyms
- The International Plant Names Index
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