Citizendia

Ulises Heureaux
Ulises Heureaux
In office
September 1, 1882 – September 1, 1884
January 6, 1887 – February 27, 1889
April 30, 1889 – July 26, 1899
Preceded byFernando Arturo de Meriño
Alejandro Woss y Gil
Manuel María Gautier (acting)
Succeeded byFrancisco Gregorio Billini
Manuel María Gautier (acting)
Wenceslao Figuereo
BornOctober 21, 1845
San Felipe de Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
DiedJuly 26, 1899
Moca, Dominican Republic

Ulises Heureaux (October 21, 1845 – July 26, 1899) was president of the Dominican Republic from 1 September 1882 to 1 September 1883, from 6 January to 27 February 1887 and again from 30 April 1889 until his assassination, maintaining power between his terms. This page contains a list of presidents of the Dominican Republic. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common San Felipe de Puerto Plata, often referred to as simply Puerto Plata, is the capital of the Dominican province Puerto Plata. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Moca is the capital of Espaillat province in the Dominican Republic. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This page contains a list of presidents of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media.

Contents

Early life

Heureaux, affectionately known as Lilís, was born in Puerto Plata, the son of a Haitian father and a mother from St. Thomas, spoke French and English in addition to Spanish. San Felipe de Puerto Plata, often referred to as simply Puerto Plata, is the capital of the Dominican province Puerto Plata. Saint Thomas is an Island in the Caribbean Sea, a County and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI an unincorporated Following the annexation of the Dominican Republic by Spain in 1861 he joined the rebellion to restore independence, becoming the principal lieutenant of Gen. Gregorio Luperón. Gregorio Luperón ( September 8, 1839 - May 21, 1897) born at Puerto Plata, was a Dominican military and state leader who In the period following this second independence, when revolutions were an annual occurrence, Heureaux emerged as one of the principal leaders of the Partido Azul. Los Bolos or Partido Azul (Blue Party was an old Dominican Political party from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century In 1876, he orchestrated an uprising that seized Puerto Plata and led to the election of Ulises Espaillat. San Felipe de Puerto Plata, often referred to as simply Puerto Plata, is the capital of the Dominican province Puerto Plata. Ulises Francisco Espaillat Quiñones ( February 9, 1823 —1878 was a Dominican Author and Politician. When the nation's leading caudillo Buenaventura Báez, returned to power for his fifth term and fell after less than a year, he helped overthrow the two subsequent regimes. Buenaventura Báez Méndez ( July 14 1812 &ndash March 14 1884 in the province of Barahona) was the President of the Dominican

Rise to Power

When Luperón became President in 1879, he chose to remain in his hometown of Puerto Plata where he had established himself as a prosperous tobacco merchant, delegating authority in Santo Domingo to Heureaux. San Felipe de Puerto Plata, often referred to as simply Puerto Plata, is the capital of the Dominican province Puerto Plata. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the

A Catholic priest named Fernando Meriño became President in September 1880, Heureaux served as his Interior Minister and his behind-the-scenes influence on the rest of the cabinet apparently exceeded that of the president. Although Meriño briefly suspended constitutional procedures in response to unrest fomented by some remaining supporters of Buenaventura Báez, he abided by the two-year term established under Luperón, handing the reins of government over to Heureaux on September 1, 1882. Buenaventura Báez Méndez ( July 14 1812 &ndash March 14 1884 in the province of Barahona) was the President of the Dominican The administrations of Luperón and Meriño succeeded in bringing relative economic stability to the republic, and in Heureaux's first two-year term he faced only one major uprising. By 1884, however, no single potential successor, among the various local caciques who constituted the republic's ruling group, enjoyed widespread support. Cacique or Cazique (female form Cacica) from the Taíno word for the Pre-Columbian tribal chiefs or leaders, of the Taino Luperón, still the leader of the ruling Azul Party, backed General Segundo Imbert, while Heureaux supported the candidacy of General Francisco Gregorio Billini. Heureaux assured Luperón that he would support Imbert should he win the election, but he had ballot boxes in critical precincts stuffed in order to assure Billini's election.

After being inaugurated on September 1, 1884, Billini resisted Heureaux's efforts to manipulate him and Heureaux responded by spreading rumors to the effect that Billini had decreed a political amnesty so that he could conspire with ex-president Cesáreo Guillermo against Luperón's leadership of the Azules. This precipitated a governmental crisis that forced in Billini's resignation on May 16, 1885. He was succeeded by Vice President Alejandro Woss y Gil, and Heureaux assumed an expanded role under the new government, with a number of his adherents included in the cabinet and the general himself assuming command of the national army to stem a rebellion led by Guillermo, who committed suicide when faced with capture. This further endeared Heureaux to Luperón, a longtime enemy of Guillermo. Luperón accordingly supported Heureaux in the 1886 presidential elections. Gregorio Luperón ( September 8, 1839 - May 21, 1897) born at Puerto Plata, was a Dominican military and state leader who The blatancy of the electoral fraud committed by Heureaux led the supporters of his opponent, Casimiro de Moya, to attempt an armed rebellion in the Cibao Valley. Cibao, usually referred as "El Cibao" is a region of the Dominican Republic located at the northern part of the country Benefiting from Luperón's support in this struggle, he brutally suppressed this uprising, putting an end to the cycle of civil strife that had plagued the republic. Having again achieved power, Heureaux maintained his grip on it for the rest of his life. In 1888, he exiled Gregorio Luperón, and the following year forced Congress to pass constitutional amendments abolishing the barrier against Presidential re-election and eliminating direct elections. To expand his power base, he incorporated members of both of the rival political factions, the Rojos and Azules, into his government. He also developed an extensive network of secret police and informants to avert rebellions, assassinating or forcing into exile the politicians who he could not co-opt. Heureaux enriched himself and his followers through extensive private investments in the emerging export economy, in which “the separation between the president’s private means and state finances was vague, fluid and almost non-existent. ” [1]

During the last two decades of the 19th century, sugar surpassed tobacco as the country's main export, as a result of an influx of Cuban sugar planters following the Ten Years' War. The Ten Years' War ( Guerra de los Diez Años, (1868-1878 also known as the Great War, began on October 10 1868 when sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Lilís granted them large tracts of land in the southeastern coastal plain, where they built the nation's first mechanized sugar mills. His dictatorship undertook many ambitious projects to modernize the country, including the electrification of Santo Domingo, the construction of a bridge over the Ozama River, and the initiation of inland rail service on a single-track line linking Santiago to Puerto Plata. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the The Ozama River (Rio Ozama in the Dominican Republic can trace its source to the Loma Siete Cabezas in the Sierra de Yamasá close to Villa Altagracia Santiago is a province of the Dominican Republic. Santiago is the heart of the country San Felipe de Puerto Plata, often referred to as simply Puerto Plata, is the capital of the Dominican province Puerto Plata. [2]

Political Demise

In order to enrich himself and his supporters, strengthen the bribe system, pay for the army, help set up sugar mills and finance infrastructural development, Lilís borrowed heavily from European and American banks, even as sugar prices underwent a steep decline. In 1888, he took out a loan of three-quarters of a million pounds sterling from the Amsterdam banking house Westendorp. [3] The Westendorp Company went bankrupt in 1892, after its agent revealed fraud in the Customs Service, where Heureaux arranged preferential tariff treatment for some of his domestic creditors. A consortium of New York businessmen calling themselves the San Domingo Improvement Co. The City of New York bought out Westendorp, taking over the claims of its European bondholders, in exchange for two loans, one of $1. 2 million and the other of £2 million, to fund the countries external debt, to be secured with a lien over the nations customs fees. [4] As the mounting public debt made it impossible to maintain his political machine, Heureaux increasingly relied on secret loans from the San Domingo Improvement Co. , sugar planters and local merchants. In 1897, with the country on the brink of bankruptcy, Lilís was reduced to printing five million dollars worth of unsecured paper money, known as papaletas de Lilís, ruining many of the countries merchants. [5] This helped trigger a new revolt among the Cibaeño tobacco planters and merchants, leading to his assassination in Moca in July 1899. Moca is the capital of Espaillat province in the Dominican Republic. By the time of his death, the national debt exceeded $35 million, fifteen times the annual budget.

During his time in office, the country's economy came largely under the control of the United States. The Dominican Republic, the biggest economy in the Caribbean and Central America is a lower middle-income Developing country primarily dependent on The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Upon his death, it was revealed that he had taken many secret loans from foreign banks for personal enrichment. The government declared bankruptcy, the economy crumbled and the American military intervened.

Preceded by
Fernando Arturo de Meriño		President of the Dominican Republic
September 1, 1882 – September 1, 1884		Succeeded by
Francisco Gregorio Billini
Preceded by
Alejandro Woss y Gil		President of the Dominican Republic
January 6, 1887 – February 27, 1889		Succeeded by
Manuel María Gautier
(Acting)
Preceded by
Manuel María Gautier
(Acting)		President of the Dominican Republic
April 30, 1889 – July 26, 1899		Succeeded by
Wenceslao Figuereo

Trivia

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ H. Hoetink, The Dominican Reublic: 1859-1900, Pg. 80
  2. ^ Teresita Martinez-Vergne, Nation & Citizen in the Dominican Republic Pg. 28
  3. ^ Eric Paul Roorda, The Dictator Next Door, Pg. 34
  4. ^ Ian Bell, The Dominican Republic, Pg. 59
  5. ^ Frank Moya Pons, The Dominican Republic: A National History, Pg. 271, 275
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