Ubuntu
Ubuntu 8. 04 (Hardy Heron)
Website	www.ubuntu.com
Company/ developer	Canonical Ltd. / Ubuntu Foundation
OS family	Linux, Unix-like
Source model	Free and open source software
Initial release	October 20, 2004 (2004-10-20)
Latest stable release	8. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The software industry comprises businesses involved in the development, maintenance and publication of Computer software. A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the software development process wider than design and coding a somewhat broader scope of Canonical Ltd is a Private company founded (and funded by South African Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth for the promotion of Free software The Ubuntu Foundation is a Purpose trust founded by Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks A Unix-like (sometimes shortened to *nix) Operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system while not necessarily conforming Free and open source software, also F/OSS, FOSS, or FLOSS (for Free/Libre/Open Source Software) is software which is liberally licensed Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 04 (Hardy Heron) / April 24, 2008 (2008-04-24); 47 days ago
Available language(s)	Multilingual (more than 55)
Update method	APT
Package manager	dpkg (Debian Packager)
Supported platforms	i386, AMD64, IA-64, UltraSPARC,[1] PowerPC[2]
Kernel type	Monolithic (Linux)
Default user interface	GNOME, KDE (see Kubuntu), XFCE (see Xubuntu)
License	Various, primarily GPL and GFDL
Working state	Stable

Ubuntu (IPA: [uːˈbuːntuː] in English,^[3] [ùbúntú] in Zulu) is an operating system for desktops, laptops, and servers. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common In the Philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is a Language that is spoken or written in phonemic-alphabetic or phonemically-related The Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, is a free user interface that works with core libraries to handle installing software on Linux dpkg is the Software at the base of the Debian Package management system. IA-32 ( Intel Architecture 32-bit) often generically called X86 or x86-32, is the Instruction set architecture of Intel x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) SPARC (from Scalable Processor Architecture is a RISC Microprocessor Instruction set architecture originally PowerPC is a RISC Instruction set architecture created by the 1991 Apple – IBM – Motorola alliance known as AIM In Computer science, the kernel is the central component of most computer Operating systems (OS A monolithic kernel is a kernel architecture where the entire kernel is run in Kernel space in Supervisor mode. Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like Operating systems These are popularly termed Linux operating systems and The user interface (or Human Computer Interface) is the aggregate of means by which people&mdash the users '&mdash interact with the System A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle KDE ( K Desktop Environment) (ˌkeɪdiːˈiː is a Free software project which aims to be a powerful system for an easy-to-use Desktop environment. Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu Xfce ( ɛf siː iː is a Free software Desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms such as Linux, Solaris Xubuntu A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage is a Legal instrument governing the usage or redistribution of copyright protected software The GNU Free Documentation License ( GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a Copyleft License for free documentation designed by the Free Software English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination A desktop computer is a Personal computer (PC in a form intended for regular use at a single location as opposed to a mobile Laptop or portable computer A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. A server is a Computer dedicated to providing one or more services over a computer network typically through a request-response routine It has consistently been rated among the most popular of the many Linux distributions. ^[4][5][6][7] Ubuntu's goals include providing an up-to-date yet stable Linux distribution for the average user and having a strong focus on usability and ease of installation. A Linux distribution (also called GNU/Linux by distributions such as Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Mandriva and Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian, another free operating system. Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical Ltd is a Private company founded (and funded by South African Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth for the promotion of Free software The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African Entrepreneur who was the second self-funded Space tourist and The name of the distribution comes from the African concept of ubuntu which may be rendered roughly as "humanity toward others", "we are people because of other people", or "I am who I am because of who we all are", though other meanings have been suggested. Ubuntu, ùbúntú is an Ethic or humanist Philosophy focusing on people's allegiances and relations with each other ^[8] This Linux distribution is named as such to bring the spirit of the philosophy to the software world. Ubuntu is free software and can be shared by any number of users. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified

Kubuntu and Xubuntu are official subprojects of the Ubuntu project, aiming to bring the KDE and Xfce desktop environments, respectively, to the Ubuntu core (by default Ubuntu uses GNOME for its desktop environment). Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu Xubuntu KDE ( K Desktop Environment) (ˌkeɪdiːˈiː is a Free software project which aims to be a powerful system for an easy-to-use Desktop environment. Xfce ( ɛf siː iː is a Free software Desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms such as Linux, Solaris In graphical computing a desktop environment ( DE) commonly refers to a style of Graphical user interface (GUI that is based on the Desktop metaphor which A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle Edubuntu is an official subproject designed for school environments, and should be equally suitable for children to use at home. ^[9] Gobuntu is an official subproject that is aimed at adhering strictly to the Free Software Foundation's Four Freedoms. Not to be confused with Goobuntu, a Linux distribution used by Google. The Free Software Foundation ( FSF) is a Non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the Free software movement Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified ^[10] The newest official subproject is JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice") is a concept for what an operating system should look like in the context of a virtual appliance. Ubuntu JeOS, (pronounced "juice" is a new official derivative of Ubuntu. ^[11]

Ubuntu releases new versions every six months, and supports those releases for 18 months with daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs. LTS (Long Term Support) releases, which occur every two years,^[12] are supported for three years for desktops and five years for servers. ^[13] The most recent version, Ubuntu 8. 04 LTS (Hardy Heron), was released on April 24, 2008. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The next version will be 8. 10 (Intrepid Ibex) and is scheduled for release in October 2008. ^[14]

Contents 1 History and development process 2 Vendor support 3 Features 3.1 Multilingual 3.2 Installer 3.2.1 Desktop CD 3.2.2 Alternate install CD 3.2.3 Network install CD 3.2.4 Server install CD 4 Package classification and support 5 Availability of proprietary software 6 Releases 6.1 Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) 6.2 Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog) 6.3 Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) 6.4 Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 6.5 Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) 6.6 Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) 6.7 Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon) 6.8 Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) 6.9 Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) 6.10 Release History 7 ShipIt 8 Variants 9 System requirements 10 Response 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

History and development process

Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004, as a temporary fork of the Debian project. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " In Software engineering, a project fork happens when developers take a copy of Source code from one software package and start independent development Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. ^[15] This was done so that a new version of Ubuntu could be released every six months,^[16] resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu releases always include the most recent GNOME release, and are scheduled to be released about a month after GNOME. A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle ^[17] In contrast with previous general-purpose forks of Debian—such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model—Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software most of the time. MEPIS (pronunciation ˈmɛpɪs refers to a set of Operating systems distributed as Live CDs which can be installed onto a Hard disk. Xandros is both the name of a line of Operating systems and Xandros Corporation, the company which creates them Linspire, previously known as LindowsOS, was a commercial Operating system based on Debian GNU/Linux and later Ubuntu. Progeny Linux Systems is a defunct company which provided Linux platform technology In computing Libranet is an Operating system that is based on Debian GNU/Linux. Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing. Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified ^[18]

The Ubuntu logo and typography has remained the same since that first release. The hand-drawn,^[19] lowercase OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon. OpenType is a scalable format for Computer fonts initially developed by Microsoft, later joined by Adobe Systems. Ubuntu-Title is a hand-drawn lower case OpenType font created by Andy Fitzsimon for use with the Ubuntu operating system and its derivatives ^[20] The font is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged. The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) or LGPL is a Free software license published by the Free Software ^[20] The font is available as a package for Ubuntu. ^[20]

Ubuntu packages have generally been based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and APT/Synaptic to manage installed packages, although Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other. Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. deb is the extension of the Debian software package format and the most often used name for such binary packages Like the "Deb" part A software package refers to computer software packaged in an Archive format to be installed by a Package management system or a self-sufficient installer The Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, is a free user interface that works with core libraries to handle installing software on Linux Synaptic is a Computer program which is a GTK+ Graphical user interface front-end to the Advanced Packaging Tool for the Debian package In Computer software, an application binary interface ( ABI) describes the low-level interface between an application program and the Operating system ^[21] Ubuntu cooperates with Debian—to some extent pushing changes back to Debian,^[15] although there has been criticism concerning lack of occurrence. ^[22] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu packages for incompatibilities with Debian, saying Ubuntu had diverged too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible. Ian Murdock (born April 28, 1973, in Konstanz, Germany) is the founder of the Debian distribution and Progeny Linux Systems Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. ^[22]

There are plans for a branch codenamed Grumpy Groundhog. The development will be a permanently unstable development and testing branch, pulling the source directly out of the revision control of the various programs and applications which are shipped as part of the most recent version of Ubuntu. Revision control (also known as version control (system (VCS, source control or (source code management (SCM) is the management of multiple revisions This will allow power users and upstream developers to test up-to-the-minute versions of individual programs as they would appear if currently packaged for the distribution, without needing to build packages. The early release will be able to provide early warning of build failures on various architectures. ^[23] Grumpy Groundhog should merge with Debian Unstable every six months. ^[24]

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. Canonical Ltd is a Private company founded (and funded by South African Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth for the promotion of Free software On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of USD $10 million. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African Entrepreneur who was the second self-funded Space tourist and The Ubuntu Foundation is a Purpose trust founded by Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an emergency fund in case Canonical's involvement ends. ^[25]

Ubuntu 8. 04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Canonical has released previous LTS versions separated by two years, and has committed to releasing the next LTS version in 2010, two years after 8. 04. ^[26][27][28]

Vendor support

Ubuntu is available pre-installed on computers from a number of different vendors, including Dell, Tesco,^[29] and System 76. The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products Tesco plc is a British -based international grocery and general merchandising retail chain System76 is a computer hardware manufacturer Their products are all prepackaged with Ubuntu. Dell and Tesco have provided this option since 2007, while System 76 has done so since November 2005. ^[30] Dell and System76^[31] customers are able to purchase 30-day, three-month, and yearly support for Ubuntu through Ubuntu's parent company Canonical. Dell later increased the availability of Ubuntu-based computers by offering them for sale in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Latin America. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[32] Selected Dell machines running Ubuntu 7. 10 have free and legal DVD playback capabilities using LinDVD. LinDVD from Corel is a commercial Proprietary software for Linux for the playback of DVDs and other Multimedia files ^[33]

Features

Ubuntu focuses on usability,^[34] including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks. The sudo ( super user do; officially ˈsuːduː though /ˈsuːdoʊ/ is also common command is a program for Unix-like computer Operating systems ^[35] The Ubiquity installer allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e In Computing, Internationalization and localization (also spelled internationalisation and localisation, see spelling differences) are means of adapting Beginning with 5. 04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding. UTF-8 (8- Bit UCS / Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length Character encoding for Unicode. A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a sequence of characters from a given character set (sometimes incorrectly referred to as Code page The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange.

The most recent version of Ubuntu comes installed with the a wide range of software including: the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the internet browser Firefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), the BitTorrent client Transmission and the raster graphics editor GIMP. OpenOfficeorg ( OOo or OOo) is a free Cross-platform office application suite available for a number of different computer Pidgin (formerly named Gaim) is a multi-platform Instant messaging client. A BitTorrent client is a program that manages torrent downloads Transmission is a free lightweight BitTorrent client which features a simple interface on top of a Cross-platform back-end A raster graphics editor is a Computer program that allows users to paint and edit Pictures interactively on the computer screen and save them in one The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs Several lightweight card, puzzle games, and board games are pre-installed including Sudoku and chess. A card game is any Game using Playing cards either traditional or game-specific Puzzle video games are a genre of Video games that emphasize Puzzle solving A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game is a Logic -based number-placement Puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid so that each column each row and each of the nine 3×3 boxes (also called blocks Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Ubuntu has all networking ports closed by default for added security, although its firewall, which offers more fine-grained control of incoming and outgoing connections, is installed but not enabled. In Computer networking, a port is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications endpoint used by Transport Layer protocols A firewall is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system Ubuntu comes with the ability to perform most functions such as scanning, and even includes Optical Character Recognition software for the translation of scans to text. Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the Mechanical or electronic translation of Images of handwritten typewritten

Multilingual

Ubuntu is available in many languages. GNOME 2. 22—the default desktop environment of Ubuntu 8. 04—offers support for 46 languages. ^[36]

Installer

There are numerous ways to install Ubuntu:^[37]

Desktop CD

The desktop CD allows a user to try Ubuntu without actually installing Ubuntu; the user may optionally install Ubuntu later. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive. This is the recommended CD to use. At least 384 MB of RAM is required to install from this CD.

Ubuntu offers a fully featured set of applications that work straight from the standard install, but nonetheless fits on a single CD. The live CD allows users to see whether their hardware is compatible before installation to the hard disk. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive. The live CD is then used to install Ubuntu using the Ubiquity installer. ^[38] CDs are mailed free to anyone who requests them and CD images for all past and current versions are available for download. The Ubuntu live CD requires (for version 7. 10) 256 megabytes of RAM, and once installed on the hard disk, Ubuntu needs four gigabytes of hard disk space. ^[39] An alternative installation disc using the standard debian-installer in text mode is available for download only, and is aimed at people with lower system specifications, computer dealers selling systems already installed with Ubuntu, and for complex partitioning including the use of LVM. Debian-Installer is the Installation program for Debian GNU/Linux. Disk partitioning is the creation of separate divisions of a Hard disk drive using Partition editors Once a disk is divided into several partitions directories and LVM is a logical volume manager for the Linux kernel: it manages disk drives and similar mass-storage devices in particular large ones ^[40]

With the release of Ubuntu 7. 04 in April 2007, the Ubuntu installation process changed slightly. It now supports migration from Microsoft Windows. ^[41] The new migration tool, called Migration Assistant, imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation. ^[42]

With Wubi, it is possible to install Ubuntu on a Windows partition, without using an ISO file. It also makes use of the migration tool which imports Windows users' configurations. Wubi was born as an independent project, as such 7. 04 and 7. 10 are unofficial releases. But since 8. 04 the code has been merged within Ubuntu and since 8. 04-alpha5, Wubi can also be found in the Ubuntu Live CD. ^[43]

Additionally many programs exist to create a customized Live CD/DVD from an existing Ubuntu installation, such as remastersys, the Ubuntu Customization Kit^[44], and Reconstructor^[45]. Remastersys is a free and Open source script for Linux Ubuntu -based operating systems that can Create a customized Live

Alternate install CD

The alternate install CD is an alternative installation disk designed for specialist installations of Ubuntu. The alternative installation CD provides an installer that is text-based rather than graphical and is not a Live CD. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive.

It provides for the following situations:

• creating pre-configured OEM systems;
• setting up automated deployments;
• upgrading from older installations without network access;
• LVM and/or RAID partitioning;
• installing on systems with less than about 320 MB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably). LVM is a logical volume manager for the Linux kernel: it manages disk drives and similar mass-storage devices in particular large ones mdadm is a Linux utility by Neil Brown that is used to manage software RAID devices previously known as mdctl.
• installing Ubuntu from a local network or from Ubuntu mirrors.

Network install CD

The network install CD installs Ubuntu over a local network or directly from an Ubuntu mirror. Installation from a mirror ensures that installed packages are up-to-date. The network install CD contains only the kernel, to start up the installation. The installation is text-based and is not recommended for beginners. ^[46]

Server install CD

The server install CD is designed for server installation of Ubuntu and contains all packages needed for installation without a network connection. The server installation of Ubuntu does not install a graphical user interface.

Package classification and support

Ubuntu divides all software into four components,^[47] to reflect differences in licensing and level of support available. Packages are assigned to components as follows:

	free software	non-free software
supported	Main	Restricted
unsupported	Universe	Multiverse

Free software here includes only that which meets the Ubuntu license requirements,^[48] which correspond roughly to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified The Debian Free Software Guidelines ( DFSG) is a set of guidelines that the Debian Project uses to determine whether a software license is a Free software license There is one exception for Main however; it "also may contain binary firmware and selected fonts (which are used by free components of Main) that cannot be modified without permission from their authors" so long as their "redistribution is unencumbered. In Computing, firmware is a computer program that is Embedded in a hardware device for example a Microcontroller. In typography a font (also fount) is traditionally defined as a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular Typeface. "^[47]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for very important non-free software, such as non-free device drivers, without which users might be prevented from running Ubuntu on their system, particularly binary-only graphics card drivers. A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to In computing a device driver or software driver is a Computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a Hardware device The level of support is more limited than for main, since the developers may not have access to the source code. In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable

It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in Universe and Multiverse.

Beyond the official repositories is Ubuntu Backports,^[49] which is an officially recognized project to backport newer versions of certain software that are available in later versions of Ubuntu. Backporting is the action of taking a certain Software modification ( patch) and applying it to an older version of the software than it was initially created for The repository is not comprehensive; it mostly consists of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines.

Old, unsupported releases are still available and can be updated through apt. ^[50]

Availability of proprietary software

Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software. ^[51] Proprietary software certified with Ubuntu should work well in Ubuntu. However, many programs familiar to users of non-free operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, are incompatible and are not Ubuntu-certified. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Some proprietary software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for .rar files. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression DVD-Video is a consumer video format used to store digital video on DVD (DVD-ROM discs and is currently the dominant form of consumer video formats in the United Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services A Java Virtual Machine ( JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a Virtual machine Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California The Adobe Flash Player is a widely distributed proprietary multimedia and application player created by Macromedia and now developed and distributed by Adobe A codec is a device or program capable of encoding and/or decoding a Digital Data stream or signal.

Releases

Each release has both a code name and a version number. The version number is based on the year and month of release. For example, the very first release of Ubuntu 4. 10 was released on October 20, 2004. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " ^[52] Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month to that planned, the version number changes accordingly.

The first characters of release names form an alphabetical series. This makes it easier to determine which release is newer when comparing two. Exceptions are the first few releases that should have begun with A, B, C.

Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X. org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X.

Release 6. 06—and recently 8. 04—have been labeled as a Long Term Support (LTS), to indicate support with updates for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, with paid technical support available from Canonical Ltd.^[53]

Ubuntu 4. Canonical Ltd is a Private company founded (and funded by South African Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth for the promotion of Free software 10 (Warty Warthog)

Ubuntu 4. 10 (Warty Warthog), released on 2004-10-20,^[52] was Canonical's first release of Ubuntu Linux, building upon Debian GNU/Linux with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony ^[54] Ubuntu 4. 10's support ended on 2006-04-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule ^[55] Ubuntu 4. 10 was the first version of Ubuntu to offer ShipIt services, allowing users to order free install CDs. ^[56] The desktop version included, among other desktop programs, Gaim 1. Pidgin (formerly named Gaim) is a multi-platform Instant messaging client. 0, GIMP 2. The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs 0, GNOME 2. A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle 8, Mozilla Firefox 0. 9, and OpenOffice.org 1. OpenOfficeorg ( OOo or OOo) is a free Cross-platform office application suite available for a number of different computer 1. The server version shipped with MySQL 4. MySQL is a Relational database management system (RDBMS which has more than 11 million installations 0, PHP 4. PHP is a computer Scripting language. Originally designed for producing Dynamic web pages it has evolved to include a Command line interface capability 3, and Python 2. 3. Ubuntu 4. 10 used Linux 2. Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like Operating systems These are popularly termed Linux operating systems and 6. 8 kernel with XFree86 4. XFree86 is an implementation of the X Window System. It was originally written for Unix-like Operating systems on IBM PC compatibles and is now 3.

Ubuntu 5. 04 (Hoary Hedgehog)

Ubuntu 5. 04 (Hoary Hedgehog), released on 2005-04-08,^[57] was Canonical's second release of Ubuntu Linux. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Ubuntu 5. 04's support ended on 2006-10-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse ^[58] Ubuntu 5. 04 added many new features including an update manager^[59], upgrade notifier, readahead and grepmap, suspend, hibernate and standby support, dynamic frequency scaling for processors, ubuntu hardware database, Kickstart installation, and APT authentication^[60] . Update Manager is a Linux utility for updating software packages. Hibernate is a feature seen in many Operating systems where the contents of RAM is written to Non-volatile storage, such as the Hard disk (as The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ( ACPI) specification an open industry standard first released in December 1996 (developed by HP, Intel Dynamic frequency scaling (also known as CPU throttling) is a technique in Computer architecture where a processor is run at a less-than-maximum frequency The Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, is a free user interface that works with core libraries to handle installing software on Linux Ubuntu 5. 04 allowed installation from USB devices. Ubuntu 5. 04 used UTF-8 by default. UTF-8 (8- Bit UCS / Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length Character encoding for Unicode.

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 5. 04 included, among other programs, Gaim 1. 1, GIMP 2. 2, GNOME 2. 10, Mozilla Firefox 1. 0, and OpenOffice. org 1. 1. The server installation included MySQL 4. 0, PHP 4. 3, and Python 2. 4. Ubuntu 5. 04 used Linux 2. 6. 10 and X.Org 6. The XOrg Server (officially the XOrg Foundation Open Source Public Implementation of X11) is the X server in the official reference implementation of the X 8.

Ubuntu 5. 10 (Breezy Badger)

Ubuntu 5. 10 (Breezy Badger), released on 2005-10-13,^[61][62] was Canonical's third release of Ubuntu Linux. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Ubuntu 5. 10's support ended on 2007-04-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople ^[63] Ubuntu 5. 10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader (Usplash), an Add/Remove Applications tool^[64], a menu editor (alacarte), an easy language selector, logical volume management support, full Hewlett-Packard printer support, OEM installer support, and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development. Usplash is a Software project started by Ubuntu to replace the starting text scroll screens that appear while booting a Linux-based computer with a graphical In Computer storage, logical volume management or LVM is a method of allocating space on Mass storage devices that is more flexible than conventional An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product or sells the product of the second company Launchpad is a Web application and Web site supporting software development particularly that of Free software. A software bug (or just “bug” is an error flaw mistake Failure, fault or “undocumented feature” in a Computer program that prevents it ^[65]

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 5. 10 included, among other programs, Gaim 1. 5, GIMP 2. 2, GNOME 2. 12, Mozilla Firefox 1. 0, and OpenOffice 1. 9 (pre-2. 0 release). The server installation included MySQL 4. 1, PHP 5. 0, and Python 2. 4. Ubuntu 5. 10 used Linux 2. 6. 12 and X. Org 6. 8.

Ubuntu 6. 06 (Dapper Drake)

Ubuntu 6. 06 (Dapper Drake), released on 2006-06-01,^[66][67] was Canonical's fourth release, and the first Long Term Support (LTS) release. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Ubuntu 6. 06's support will end in June 2009 for desktops and June 2011 for servers. Events in June Madaraka Day June 1 to commemorate when Kenya gained internal self-rule This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. 2011 ( MMXI) will be a Common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Ubuntu 6. 06 included several new features, including a having the Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc^[68], a graphical installer on Live CD (Ubiquity), Usplash on shutdown as well as startup, a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections, Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown, and GDebi graphical installer for package files^[69][70]. A live CD or live distro is a computer Operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a Hard disk drive. Installation (or setup) of a program (including drivers is the act and the effect of putting the program in a computer system so that it can be Usplash is a Software project started by Ubuntu to replace the starting text scroll screens that appear while booting a Linux-based computer with a graphical Tango pallettesvg|292px|thumb|right|The Tango Desktop Project's Color Palette]] The Tango Desktop Project aims to provide a consistent User experience for applications Clearlooks is a theme engine for GTK+, the main Widget Toolkit used by the GNOME desktop environment deb is the extension of the Debian software package format and the most often used name for such binary packages Like the "Deb" part Ubuntu 6. 06 did not include a means to install from a USB device, but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices.

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 6. 06 included, among other programs, Gaim 1. 5, GIMP 2. 2, GNOME 2. 14, Mozilla Firefox 1. 5, and OpenOffice. org 2. 0. The server installation included MySQL 5. 0, PHP 5. 1, and Python 2. 4, as well as an option to install LAMP. The Acronym LAMP refers to a Solution stack of software usually Free and open source software, used to run dynamic Web sites or servers Ubuntu 6. 06 used Linux 2. 6. 15 and X. Org 7. 0.

Ubuntu 6. 10 (Edgy Eft)

Ubuntu 6. 10 (Edgy Eft), released on 2006-10-26,^[71][72] was Canonical's fifth release of Ubuntu Linux. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Ubuntu 6. 10's support ended on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. ^[73] Ubuntu 6. 10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports (Apport), Tomboy note taking application, and F-spot photo manager. Upstart is an event-based replacement for the Init daemon It was written by Scott James Remnant, an employee of Canonical Ltd init (short for " Initialization " is the program on Unix and Unix-like systems that spawns all other processes Tomboy is a free and Open-source desktop Notetaking application for Unix -like systems written in C# using Gtk#. F-Spot is an Image organizer, designed to provide personal photo management for the GNOME desktop EasyUbuntu, a third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6. 10 as a meta-package. ^[74]

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 6. 10 included, among other programs, Gaim 2. 0, GIMP 2. 2, GNOME 2. 16, Mozilla Firefox 2. 0, and OpenOffice. org 2. 0. The server installation included MySQL 5. 0, PHP 5. 1, and Python 2. 4. Ubuntu 6. 10 used Linux 2. 6. 17 and X. Org 7. 1.

Ubuntu 7. 04 (Feisty Fawn)

Ubuntu 7. 04 (Feisty Fawn), released on 2007-04-19,^[75] was Canonical's sixth release of Ubuntu Linux. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Ubuntu 7. 04's support will end in October 2008. October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Ubuntu 7. 04 included several new features, among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu, support for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, assisted codec and restricted drivers installation, Compiz desktop effects, support for Wi-Fi Protected Access, the addition of Sudoku and chess, a disk usage analyzer (baobab), GNOME Control Center, and Zeroconf support for many devices^[76]. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM is a Linux kernel Virtualization infrastructure Compiz is one of the first Compositing window managers for the X Window System that uses 3D graphics hardware to create fast Compositing desktop Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA and WPA2) is a certification program administered by the Wi-Fi Alliance to indicate compliance with the security protocol created by the is a Logic -based number-placement Puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid so that each column each row and each of the nine 3×3 boxes (also called blocks Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Baobab, or Disk Usage Analyzer, is a GNOME graphical disk-space analyzer Zeroconf, or Zero Configuration Networking, is a set of techniques that automatically create a usable IP network without configuration or special servers Ubuntu 7. 04 dropped support for PowerPC architecture. PowerPC is a RISC Instruction set architecture created by the 1991 Apple – IBM – Motorola alliance known as AIM

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 7. 04 included, among other programs, Gaim 2. 0, GIMP 2. 2, GNOME 2. 18, Mozilla Firefox 2. 0, and OpenOffice. org 2. 2. The server installation included MySQL 5. 0, PHP 5. 2, and Python 2. 5. Ubuntu 7. 04 used Linux 2. 6. 20 and X. Org 7. 2.

Ubuntu 7. 10 (Gutsy Gibbon)

Ubuntu 7. 10 (Gutsy Gibbon), released on 2007-10-18,^[77][78] was Canonical's seventh release of Ubuntu Linux. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Ubuntu 7. 10's support will end in April 2009. April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. Ubuntu 7. 10 included several new features, among them AppArmor security framework^[79], fast desktop search^[80], a firefox plug-in manager (Ubufox)^[81], a graphical configuration tool for X.org^[81], full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G, and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default^[81]. AppArmor ("Application Armor" is security software for Linux, released under the GNU General Public License. Desktop search is the name for the field of search tools which search the contents of a user's own Computer files, rather than searching the Internet The XOrg Server (officially the XOrg Foundation Open Source Public Implementation of X11) is the X server in the official reference implementation of the X NTFS (New Technology File System Is the standard File system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows NTFS-3G is an Open source Cross-platform implementation of the Microsoft Windows NTFS file system with read-write support Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7. Compiz Fusion is a collection of plugins and a configuration system for the Compiz Compositing window manager for the X Window System. 10^[82] and Fast user switching was added^[80]. Fast user switching is a feature on some modern Multi-user Operating systems such as Windows XP,

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 7. 10 included, among other programs, GIMP 2. 4, GNOME 2. 20, Mozilla Firefox 2. 0, OpenOffice. org 2. 3, and Pidgin 2. Pidgin (formerly named Gaim) is a multi-platform Instant messaging client. 2. The server installation included MySQL 5. 0, PHP 5. 2, and Python 2. 5. Ubuntu 7. 10 used Linux 2. 6. 22 and X. Org 7. 2.

Ubuntu 8. 04 (Hardy Heron)

Ubuntu 8. 04 (Hardy Heron), released on 2008-04-24,^[83] is Canonical's eighth and latest release of Ubuntu Linux. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to It is the second Long Term Support (LTS) release. ^[84][85] Ubuntu 8. 04's support will end in April 2011 for desktops and April 2013 for servers. Ubuntu 8. 04 included several new features, among them Tracker desktop search integration^[86], Brasero disk burner^[87], Transmission BitTorrent client^[87], Vinagre VNC client^[87], system sound through PulseAudio^[88]. Tracker is a search system for Linux and other Unix-like systems Brasero is a free disc - burning program for Unix-like systems, which serves as a graphical front-end (using GTK+ Transmission is a free lightweight BitTorrent client which features a simple interface on top of a Cross-platform back-end A BitTorrent client is a program that manages torrent downloads Vinagre is a VNC client for the GNOME Desktop environment. It is slated for inclusion in GNOME 2 In computing Virtual Network Computing ( VNC) is a graphical Desktop sharing system which uses the RFB protocol to remotely control another Computer PulseAudio (formerly PolypAudio) is a Cross-platform, networked Sound server project In addition Ubuntu 8. 04 included updates for better Tango compliance^[89], various Compiz usability improvements, automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine, and an easier method to remove Ubuntu. Tango pallettesvg|292px|thumb|right|The Tango Desktop Project's Color Palette]] The Tango Desktop Project aims to provide a consistent User experience for applications VMware Inc ( is a Software developer and a global leader in the Virtualization market Ubuntu 8. 04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the LiveCD.

The desktop installation of Ubuntu 8. 04 included, among other programs, GIMP 2. 4, GNOME 2. 22, Mozilla Firefox 3. 0 Beta 5, OpenOffice. org 2. 4, and Pidgin 2. 4. The server installation included MySQL 5. 0, PHP 5. 2, Python 2. 5. Ubuntu 8. 04 uses Linux 2. 6. 24 and X. Org 7. 3.

Ubuntu 8. 10 (Intrepid Ibex)

Ubuntu 8. 10 (Intrepid Ibex), to be released on 2008-10-30,^[90] will be Canonical's ninth release of Ubuntu Linux and Ubuntu's fourth anniversary on October 10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. ^[52] It will be supported until April 2010. For the film see 2010 The Year We Make Contact. For the book see 2010 Odyssey Two. Ubuntu 8. 10 has several planned new features including a complete desktop redesign^[91], improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability, increased flexibility for Internet connectivity, OpenGL face browser for GDM^[92].

Release History

Colour	Meaning
Red	Old release; not supported
Yellow	Old release; still supported
Green	Current release
Blue	Future release

Version	Code name	Testing name	Release date	Supported until
				Desktops	Servers
4. 10	Warty Warthog	Sounder[93]	2004-10-20[52]	2006-04-30[55]
5. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule 04	Hoary Hedgehog	Array[94]	2005-04-08[57]	2006-10-31[58]
5. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse 10	Breezy Badger	Colony	2005-10-13[61][62]	2007-04-13[63]
6. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople 06 LTS	Dapper Drake	Flight	2006-06-01[66][67]	June 2009	June 2011
6. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Events in June Madaraka Day June 1 to commemorate when Kenya gained internal self-rule This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. 2011 ( MMXI) will be a Common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. 10	Edgy Eft	Knot	2006-10-26[71][72]	2008-04-25[73]
7. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. 04	Feisty Fawn	Herd	2007-04-19[75]	October 2008
7. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 10	Gutsy Gibbon	Tribe	2007-10-18[77][78]	April 2009
8. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. 04 LTS	Hardy Heron[95]	Alpha/Beta	2008-04-24[83]	April 2011	April 2013
8. A software release is the distribution whether public or private of an initial or new and upgraded version of a Computer software product A software release is the distribution whether public or private of an initial or new and upgraded version of a Computer software product 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to 2013 ( MMXIII) will be a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 10	Intrepid Ibex[14][96]	Alpha/Beta	2008-10-30[90]	April 2010

ShipIt

Canonical offers Ubuntu installation CDs at no cost, including postage paid for destinations in most countries around the world, via a service called ShipIt. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. ^[97] After a request for CDs is made and approved, disks are sent to the user's postal address in the mail without charge. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks. ^[98] Currently, only Ubuntu, Kubuntu, and Edubuntu are offered for free via ShipIt. Other variants, including the popular Xubuntu are not available through this service. ^[98] ShipIt offers only the most recent version of Ubuntu.

Variants

See also: List of Ubuntu-based distributions

Several official and unofficial variants Ubuntu exist. Of the official variants, Kubuntu^[99] and Edubuntu^[100] are also available free of charge via mail order through Ubuntu's ShipIt service, but Xubuntu is not available. Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu ^[101] These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. A software repository (sometimes abbreviated as a repo) is a storage location from which software packages may be retrieved and installed on a Computer. Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical and are generally forks with different goals in mind. Canonical Ltd is a Private company founded (and funded by South African Entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth for the promotion of Free software In Software engineering, a project fork happens when developers take a copy of Source code from one software package and start independent development These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution. The official sister distributions are:^[102]

• Edubuntu, a distribution designed for classrooms using GNOME
• Gobuntu, a free software distribution
• Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using KDE rather than GNOME
• Xubuntu, a "lightweight" distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME
• Mythbuntu, a distribution that is tied heavily to MythTV
• Ubuntu Studio, a multimedia-creation flavor of Ubuntu
• Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced as "juice"), is described as "an efficient variant . A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle Not to be confused with Goobuntu, a Linux distribution used by Google. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu KDE ( K Desktop Environment) (ˌkeɪdiːˈiː is a Free software project which aims to be a powerful system for an easy-to-use Desktop environment. Xubuntu Xfce ( ɛf siː iː is a Free software Desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms such as Linux, Solaris Mythbuntu is a specialized Operating system based on Ubuntu and MythTV (currently 0 MythTV is a free Unix application which turns a computer with the necessary hardware into a network streaming Digital video recorder Ubuntu Studio is an officially recognized derivative of the Ubuntu Operating system, which is explicitly geared to general Multimedia production Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms. Ubuntu JeOS, (pronounced "juice" is a new official derivative of Ubuntu. . . configured specifically for virtual appliances". A virtual appliance is a minimalist Virtual machine image designed to run under some sort of virtualization technology (like VMware Workstation, Citrix XenServer ^[103]
• Ubuntu Mobile, an Ubuntu edition that targets mobile Internet devices. ^[104]
• Ubuntu Netbook Remix,^[105] to be released later in 2008,^[106] designed for ultra-portables such as the ASUS Eee PC. Ubuntu Netbook Remix is an official distribution of Ubuntu for Netbooks optimized for those using the Intel Atom processor The ASUS Eee PC (pronounced as the letter e, IPA /iː/ is a Subnotebook / Netbook computer designed by ASUS.

System requirements

The desktop version Ubuntu currently supports the Intel x86 and the AMD64 architectures. See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. The server release supports the SPARC architecture^[107][108] in addition to Intel x86 and AMD64. SPARC (from Scalable Processor Architecture is a RISC Microprocessor Instruction set architecture originally See also X86 assembly language The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful Instruction set architecture in the history of Personal x86-64 is a Superset of the x86 instruction set architecture. Unofficial support is available for the PowerPC, IA-64 (Itanium) and PlayStation 3 architectures. PowerPC is a RISC Instruction set architecture created by the 1991 Apple – IBM – Motorola alliance known as AIM Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel Microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64) These architectures are supported and maintained by the community. ^[109]

The minimum system requirements for a desktop installation are a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM, 4 GB of hard drive space^[110], and a video card which supports VGA at 640x480 resolution. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. A megabyte is a unit of Information or Computer storage equal to either 106 (1000000 Bytes or 220 (1048576 bytes depending on A gigabyte (derived from the SI prefix Giga-) is a unit of Information or Computer The term Video Graphics Array ( VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread The recommend system requirements for the desktop installation are a 700 MHz x86 processor, 384 MB of RAM, 8 GB of hard drive space^[110], and a video card which supports VGA at 1024×768 resolution. The server installation requires a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM^[111], and a video card which supports VGA at 640×480

	Desktop & Laptop[112]		Server[112]
	Required	Recommended
Processor	300 MHz(x86)	700 MHz(x86)	300 MHz (x86)
Memory	64 MB	384 MB	64 MB[111]
Hard drive capacity	4 GB[110]	8 GB[110]	500 MB[111]
Video card	VGA @ 640x480	VGA @ 1024×768	VGA @ 640×480

Computers that do not meet the minimum recommended system requirements are suggested to try Xubuntu, based on Xfce, which requires roughly half of the RAM and disk space. A desktop computer is a Personal computer (PC in a form intended for regular use at a single location as opposed to a mobile Laptop or portable computer A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. A server is a Computer dedicated to providing one or more services over a computer network typically through a request-response routine A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to Xubuntu Xfce ( ɛf siː iː is a Free software Desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms such as Linux, Solaris A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device ^[113]

Response

Ubuntu's popularity has climbed steadily since the software's release in 2004. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Ubuntu has been the most viewed Linux distribution on Distrowatch.com three years running, including 2005,^[4] 2006,^[5] 2007^[6] and is currently the most viewed for 2008. DistroWatch is a popular Website which provides news popularity rankings and other general information about various Linux distributions as well as other Free Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[114] This popularity is borne out by a rise in Google searches for "Ubuntu" since 2004 as compared to a shrinking or plateauing number for terms related to other major desktop Linux distributions such as "Fedora", "Debian" or "SUSE" over the same period. The Fedora Operating system is an RPM -based general purpose Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. SUSE (ˈsuːsə German ˈzuːzə is a major retail Operating system, produced worldwide and supported by Novell Inc ^[115] In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux. com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30. 3% of respondents claiming to use it. ^[7]

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,^[116] has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications^{[117][118][119]} and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS. LinuxWorld Conference and Expo is a conference and Trade show that focuses on Open source and Linux solutions in the Information technology InfoWorld is an Information technology online media and events business operating under the umbrella of InfoWorld Media Group a division of IDG (International ^[120]

Mark Shuttleworth indicated at least eight million people used Ubuntu by the end of 2006,^[121] resulting in a large up-spring of non-Canonical websites. These websites include general help sites (Easy Ubuntu Linux^[122]), dedicated weblogs (Ubuntu Gazette^[123]), niche websites (Ubuntu Women^[124]) and online publications (Full Circle^[125]) as opposed to simply offering only .debs for Debian. ^{[126][127][128]}

Ubuntu has received a few negative assessments. Ars Technica concluded in their review of Ubuntu 8. Ars Technica (ˌɑrz ˈtɛknɨkə Latin for "Art of Technology" is a Technology -related Website that caters to PC enthusiasts covering technology 04 that while it was a clear improvement over Ubuntu 7. 10, the failure to fix glaring issues detracted from the value of the release. ^[129] Specifically, Ars Technica felt that Transmission was too simple and lacked features, that Tracker was vastly inferior to Beagle which Tracker had replaced, and that the PulseAudio configuration that shipped is buggy. Transmission is a free lightweight BitTorrent client which features a simple interface on top of a Cross-platform back-end Tracker is a search system for Linux and other Unix-like systems Beagle is a search system for Linux and other such modern Unix-like systems enabling the user to search documents chat logs email and contact lists in PulseAudio (formerly PolypAudio) is a Cross-platform, networked Sound server project ^[129]

See also

• Debian
• List of Linux distributions
• Comparison of Linux distributions
• Ubuntu (philosophy)
• Ubuntu Certified Professional
• Linux Certification

Notes

References

• What is it About Ubuntu? - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005
• Once I have installed Ubuntu, will I be able to upgrade to the next release? by Viktorija, April 10, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Ubuntu & You, Part 1: Trying Today's Most Popular Linux Distribution by Thomas Pletcher, CommunityMX, August 15, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005
• Restricted Formats last edited 2005-12-16 02:24:00 by RichRudnick, Ubuntu Wiki, retrieved June 1st, 2008
• Thomas, K (2006). Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Beginning Ubuntu Linux. US: APress. ISBN 1590596277.  
• Oxer, J (2006). Ubuntu Hacks. US: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0596527209.  
• The Official Ubuntu Book

External links

• Official website
• Ubuntu Forums
• Ubuntu at Launchpad
• Ubuntu at DistroWatch
• Interview with Mark Shuttleworth about Ubuntu

Launchpad is a Web application and Web site supporting software development particularly that of Free software.

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