Citizendia

USS Cole bombing
USS Cole bombing
Damage to USS Cole
LocationAden, Yemen
DateOctober 12, 2000
11:18 am (UTC+3)
Attack typesuicide bombing
Deaths19 (including the 2 perpetrators)
Injured39
Perpetrator(s)al-Qaeda, carried out by Ibrahim al-Thawr and Abdullah al-Misawa

The USS Cole bombing was a suicide bombing attack against the U.S. Navy guided missile destroyer USS Cole (DDG 67) on October 12, 2000 while it was harbored in the Yemeni port of Aden. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Guided Missile is a London based Independent record label set up by Paul Kearney in 1994. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy History See also USS Cole bombing On 12 October 2000 while at anchor in Aden the Cole was attacked by Al-Qaeda suicide bombers who sailed Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Seventeen sailors were killed.

Contents

The attack

On October 12, 2000, USS Cole, under the command of Commander Kirk Lippold, set in to Aden harbor for a routine fuel stop. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service Commander Kirk S Lippold, USN (Ret was the Commanding officer of the USS ''Cole'' on October 12, 2000 when the ship was attacked Cole completed mooring at 0930. Refueling started at 10:30. Around 11:18 local time (08:18 UTC), a small craft approached the port side of the destroyer, and an explosion occurred, putting a 40-by-60-foot gash in the ship's port side according to the memorial plate to those that lost their lives. It was reported that the boat was so close that the attackers (trying to appear friendly) aboard the boat and the sailors greeted each other before the blast. It is believed that the men aboard the USS Cole thought that the boat was just a garbage service boat. [1] The blast hit the ship's galley, where crew were lining up for lunch. The galley is the compartment of a Ship, Submarine, Train or Aircraft where food is cooked and prepared [2] The crew fought flooding in the engineering spaces and had the damage under control by the evening. Divers inspected the hull and determined the keel was not damaged. In boats and ships keel can refer to either of two parts a structural element or a hydrodynamic element

Seventeen sailors were killed and thirty nine others were injured in the blast. The injured sailors were taken to the United States Army's Landstuhl Regional Medical Center near Ramstein, Germany, and later to the U. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force base in the German state of Rheinland-Pfalz. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. S. The attack was the deadliest against a US Naval vessel since the Iraqi attack on the USS Stark (FFG-31) on May 17th, 1987. Hanzo missed identifiershiptablefatestatus --> Missile attack Stark was deployed to the Middle East Force in 1984 and 1987

The attack, organized and directed by Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda terrorist organization, was carried out by suicide bombers Ibrahim al-Thawr and Abdullah al-Misawa. Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [3]

Responsibility

On March 14, 2007, a federal judge in the United States, Robert Doumar ruled that the Sudanese government was liable for the bombing. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. [4]

The ruling was issued in response to a lawsuit filed against the Sudanese government by relatives of the victims, who claim that Al-Qaeda could not have carried out the attacks without the support of Sudanese officials. The judge stated "There is substantial evidence in this case presented by the expert testimony that the government of Sudan induced the particular bombing of the Cole by virtue of prior actions of the government of Sudan. "[5] On July 25 2007, Doumar ordered the Sudanese government pay $8 million to the families of the 17 sailors who died. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler He calculated the amount they should receive by multiplying the salary of the sailors by the number of years they would have continued to work. [6] Sudan's Justice Minister Mohammed Ali al-Mard has stated that Sudan intends to appeal the ruling. [7]

By May 2008, all defendants convicted in the attack had escaped from prison or been freed by Yemeni officials. International holidays May 1 - Labour Day ( Pakistan) May 1 - Labour Day ( Singapore) [8]

After the attack

The Military Sealift Command fleet ocean tug USNS Catawba tows Cole to the MV Blue Marlin
The Military Sealift Command fleet ocean tug USNS Catawba tows Cole to the MV Blue Marlin

The first naval ship on the scene to assist the stricken Cole was the Royal Navy Type 23 frigate, HMS Marlborough, under the command of Capt Anthony Rix, RN. MV Blue Marlin and her sister ship ''Black Marlin'' comprise the Marlin class of semi-submersible heavy-lift ship. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Design Origin The Type 23 was initially conceived as an Anti-submarine warfare platform with a Westland Lynx or EHI Merlin Helicopter History Marlborough was the first naval ship on the scene to assist the stricken USS ''Cole'' after she was attacked in Aden Yemen in October 2000 She was on passage to the UK after a six-month deployment in the Gulf. Marlborough had full medical and damage control teams on board and when her offer of assistance was accepted she immediately diverted to Aden. 11 of the most badly injured sailors were sent MEDEVAC to a French military hospital in Djibouti and underwent surgery before being sent to Germany.

The first U. S. military support to arrive was a small group of U. S. Marines from the IMCSF Company, Bahrain. The Marines were flown in by P-3 a few hours after the ship was struck. These Marines were followed by a U.S. Marine platoon with the 2nd Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team Company (FAST), based out of Yorktown, Virginia. Yorktown is a Census-designated place (CDP in York County, Virginia, United States. The Marines from 4th Platoon, 2nd FAST arrived on the 13th from a security mission in Doha, Qatar. Doha (الدوحة or Ad-Dōḥah) is the Capital city of Qatar. The FAST platoon secured the USS Cole and a nearby hotel that was housing the U. S. Ambassador to Yemen.

USS Donald Cook and USS Hawes made best speed to arrive in the vicinity of Aden that afternoon providing repair and logistical support. Further reading (Describes the construction of Cook at Bath Iron Works. Catawba, Camden, Anchorage, Duluth, and Tarawa arrived in Aden some days later, providing watch relief crews, harbor security, damage control equipment, billeting, and food service for the crew of the Cole. History Camden was commissioned 1 April 1967 as the second of four vessels in its class History 1965-1970 The ship sailed to Danang, Republic of Vietnam, in May 1965 to operate with Amphibious Ready Group U History She was laid down in November 1972 at Pascagoula Mississippi, by Ingalls Shipbuilding, launched 1 December 1973, sponsored by LCU 1666 provided daily runs from the Tarawa with hot food and supplies and ferrying personnel to and from all other Naval vessels supporting USS Cole. In the remaining days LCU 1632 and various personnel from LCU 1666 teamed up to patrol around the Cole while the MV Blue Marlin was preparing to take up station to receive the Cole.

MV Blue Marlin carrying USS Cole
MV Blue Marlin carrying USS Cole

In a form of transport pioneered in 1988 by the USS Samuel B. Roberts aboard the Mighty Servant 2, Cole was hauled from Aden aboard the Norwegian heavy semi-submersible salvage ship MV Blue Marlin (see Figure 2). Commissioning and namesake The frigate was named for Samuel B Mighty Servant 2 was a 29000-ton semi-submersible heavy-lift ship. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A semi-submersible or semisubmersible is a Watercraft that can put much of its bulk underwater MV Blue Marlin and her sister ship ''Black Marlin'' comprise the Marlin class of semi-submersible heavy-lift ship. She arrived in Pascagoula, Mississippi December 24, 2000. Pascagoula is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

American FBI agents sent to Yemen to investigate the bombing in the days following the blast worked in an extremely hostile environment. They were met at the airport by Yemen Special forces "each soldier pointing an AK-47 at the plane. " Speakers in the Yemeni parliament "calling for jihad against America," were broadcast on local television each night. After some delay Yemenis produced a CCTV video from a harborside security camera, but with the crucial moment of the explosion deleted. [9] "There were so many perceived threats that the agents often slept in their clothes and with their weapons at their sides. " At one point the hotel where the agents stayed "was surrounded with men in traditional dress, some in jeeps, all carrying guns. " Finally the agents abandoned their hotel to stay at a Navy vessel in the Bay of Aden, but even that was not safe. After being granted "permission from the Yemeni government to fly back to shore," their helicopter "was painted by an SA-7 missile" and "had to take evasive maneuvers". [10]

Rules of engagement

The destroyer's rules of engagement, as approved by the Pentagon, kept its guards from firing upon the small boat loaded with explosives as it neared them without first obtaining permission from the Cole's captain or another officer. [11]

Petty Officer John Washak said that right after the blast, a senior chief petty officer ordered him to turn an M-60 machine gun on the Cole's fantail away from a second small boat approaching. "With blood still on my face," he said, he was told: "That's the rules of engagement: no shooting unless we're shot at. " He added, "In the military, it's like we're trained to hesitate now. If somebody had seen something wrong and shot, he probably would have been court-martialed. " Petty Officer Jennifer Kudrick said that if the sentries had fired on the suicide craft "we would have gotten in more trouble for shooting two foreigners than losing seventeen American sailors. "[12]

Consequences and after-effects

President Bill Clinton declared, "If, as it now appears, this was an act of terrorism, it was a despicable and cowardly act. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States We will find out who was responsible and hold them accountable". Some critics have pointed out that, under U. S. law, an attack against a military target does not meet the legal definition of terrorism[13][14][15][16] (see: 22 USC § 2656f(d)(2)).

On January 19, 2001, The Navy completed and released its Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) investigation of the incident, concluding that Cole's commanding officer Commander Kirk Lippold "acted reasonably in adjusting his force protection posture based on his assessment of the situation that presented itself" when Cole arrived in Aden to refuel. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Judge Advocate General's Corps, also known as JAG, can refer to the judicial arm of any of the United States Armed Forces including the Air Force Commander Kirk S Lippold, USN (Ret was the Commanding officer of the USS ''Cole'' on October 12, 2000 when the ship was attacked The JAGMAN also concluded that "the commanding officer of Cole did not have the specific intelligence, focused training, appropriate equipment or on-scene security support to effectively prevent or deter such a determined, preplanned assault on his ship" and recommended significant changes in Navy procedures.

In Afghanistan the bombing was a "great victory for bin Laden. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Al-Qaeda camps . Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The . . filled with new recruits, and contributors from the Gulf States arrived carrying Samsonite suitcases filled with petrodollars. "[17]

Both the Clinton Administration and the Bush Administration have been criticized for failing to respond militarily to the attack on the USS Cole before September 11, 2001. The United States Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the Federal The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The 9-11 Commission Report cites one source who said in February 2001, "[bin Laden] complained frequently that the United States had not yet attacked [in response to the Cole]. 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to . . Bin Ladin wanted the United States to attack, and if it did not he would launch something bigger. "[18]

Evidence of al-Qaeda's involvement was inconclusive for months after the attack. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The staff of the 9-11 Commission found that al-Qaeda's direction of the bombing was under investigation but "increasingly clear" on November 11, 2000. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It was an "unproven assumption" in late November. By December 21 the CIA had made a "preliminary judgment" that "al Qaeda appeared to have supported the attack," with no "definitive conclusion. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian "[19]

Accounts thereafter are varied and somewhat contradictory.

Then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice told the Commission that when the administration took office on January 20, 2001, "We knew that there was speculation that the 2000 Cole attack was al Qaeda. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States . . We received, I think, on January 25th the same assessment [of al-Qaeda responsibility]. It was preliminary. It was not clear. "

Newsweek reported that on the following day, "six days after Bush took office," the FBI "believed they had clear evidence tying the bombers to Al Qaeda. "[20] The Washington Post reported that, on February 9, Vice President Dick Cheney was briefed on bin Laden's responsibility "without hedge. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. "[21]

These conclusions are contrasted by testimony of key figures before the 9/11 Commission, summarized in the 9/11 Commission Report. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to Former CIA Director George Tenet testified (page 196) that he "believed he laid out what was knowable early in the investigation, and that this evidence never really changed until after 9/11. George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency "[22] The report suggests (pages 201 - 202) that the official assessment was similarly vague until at least March of 2001:

On January 25, Tenet briefed the President on the Cole investigation. The written briefing repeated for top officials of the new administration what the CIA had told the Clinton White House in November. This included the "preliminary judgment" that al Qaeda was responsible, with the caveat that no evidence had yet been found that Bin Ladin himself ordered the attack. . . in March 2001, the CIA's briefing slides for Rice were still describing the CIA's "preliminary judgment" that a "strong circumstantial case" could be made against al Qaeda but noting that the CIA continued to lack "conclusive information on external command and control" of the attack. [22]

According to Dr. Rice, the decision not to respond militarily to the Cole bombing was President Bush's. She said he "made clear to us that he did not want to respond to al Qaeda one attack at a time. He told me he was 'tired of swatting flies. '" The administration instead began work on a new strategy to eliminate al-Qaeda. [23]

On November 3, 2002, the CIA fired a AGM-114 Hellfire missile from a Predator UAV at a vehicle carrying Abu Ali al-Harithi, a suspected planner of the bombing plot. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The AGM-114 Hellfire is a multi-platform multi-target United States modular Missile system WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Abu Ali al-Harithi ( Arabic: أبو علي الحاريثي) (b Also in the vehicle was Ahmed Hijazi, a U. Ahmed Hijazi (d November 5 2002) also known as Kamal Derwish, was a United States citizen killed by the U S. citizen. Both were killed. This operation was carried out on Yemeni soil.

On September 29, 2004, a Yemeni judge sentenced Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri and Jamal al-Badawi to death for their roles in the bombing. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri ( عبد الرحيم النشيري) is one of the aliases of the Saudi Al-Qaeda member Abdul-Rahim Hussein Muhammad 'Abdu (عبد Jamal Mohammed al-Bedawi (جمال محمد البدوي (born July 22, 1960; or October 23, 1960; or 1963or 1969 is a Yemeni Al-Nashiri, believed to be the operation's mastermind, is currently being held by the U. S. at Guantanamo Bay detention camp. The Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp is a controversial United States Detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo [24] Al-Badawi, in Yemeni custody, denounced the verdict as "an American one. " Four others were sentenced to prison terms of five to 10 years for their involvement, including one Yemeni who had videotaped the attack.

On February 3, 2006, 23 suspected or convicted Al-Qaeda members escaped from jail in Yemen. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. This number included 13 who were convicted of the USS Cole bombings and the bombing of the French tanker Limburg in 2002. The Maritime Jewel is a double hull Oil tanker built in 2000; its length is and its width is. Among those who reportedly escaped was Al-Badawi. Al-Qaeda's Yemeni number two Abu Assem al-Ahdal may also be among those now on the loose. [25]

On October 17, 2007, al-Badawi surrendered to Yemeni authorities as part of an agreement with al-Qaeda militants. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Following his surrender, Yemeni authorities released him in return for a pledge not to engage in any violent or al-Qaeda-related activity, despite a $5 million reward for his capture. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Two other escapees remained at large. [26][27]

As a result of the USS Cole bombing, the US Navy began to reassess its anti-terrorism and force protection methods, both at home and abroad. The Navy stepped up Random Anti-Terrorism Measures (RAM), which are meant to complicate the planning of a terrorist contemplating an attack by making it difficult to discern a predictable pattern to security posture [1].

In November 2001, the Navy opened an Anti-Terrorism and Force Protection Warfare Center at Naval Amphibious Base (NAB) Little Creek, in Virginia Beach, VA, with the objective of developing tactics, equipment and training to combat terrorists. November 2001: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - [2]

Then in October 2004, the Navy consolidated the forces it deploys for anti-terrorism and force protection under a single command at NAB Little Creek. October 2004: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - The new Maritime Force Protection Command (MARFPCOM) was activated to oversee the administration and training of the expeditionary units the Navy deploys overseas to protect ships, aircraft and bases from terrorist attack. MARFPCOM aligned four existing components: the Mobile Security Forces, Naval Coastal Warfare, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), and Expeditionary Mobile Diving and Salvage Forces. [3]

Related attacks

One of the 2000 millennium attack plots, the attempted bombing of USS The Sullivans, is widely seen as a trial run of the Cole bombing. The 2000 millennium attack plots were Terrorist attacks planned by members of Al-Qaeda to occur on or near January 1, 2000: the bombing of four Construction The contract to build The Sullivans was awarded to Bath Iron Works Corporation in Bath Maine on 8 April 1992 and her keel was laid down This attack failed when the bombers' boat, overloaded with explosives, began to sink.

In June 2000 Tamil Tigers used a speedboat filled with explosives to attack the Sri Lankan naval vessel MV Uhana. "LTTE" redirects here For the Led Zeppelin bootleg see Listen to This Eddie. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The MV Uhana is a Sri Lankan naval vessel that was subjected to a suicide attack in June 2000 [28] Rohitha Bogollagama, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka, compared the attack on the Uhana to the attack on the [[USS Cole bombing, four months later. The Minister of Foreign Affairs is an appointment in the Cabinet of Sri Lanka. He suggested that al Qaeda and the Tamil Tigers learned techniques from one another.

References

  1. ^ JS Online: Cole sailor saw men in boat
  2. ^ ""I Survived a Terrorist Attack": Jennifer Kudrik talks about the attack on the USS Cole", Cosmopolitan, September 1, 2001. Cosmopolitan is the best-selling young women's magazine in the world  
  3. ^ Yemeni pair charged in USS Cole bombing. CNN (May 15, 2003). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner
  4. ^ NBC News. Federal judge rules Sudan responsible for USS Cole bombing in 2000. NBC News. Retrieved on March 14, 2007. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Judge Finds Sudan Is Liable in Cole Case - New York Times
  6. ^ Sudan must pay USS Cole victims. July 25 2007.
  7. ^ Sudan to appeal verdict in USS Cole bombing case. July 26 2007.
  8. ^ Whitlock, Craig (2008-05-04). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Probe of USS Cole Bombing Unravels: Plotters Freed in Yemen; U.S. Efforts Frustrated. Washington Post.
  9. ^ p. 325
  10. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006), p. 322-331 ISBN 037541486X
  11. ^ Washington Times 11/14/200
  12. ^ Washington Times 11/14/2000
  13. ^ Jeremy Lewis. International Terrorism and Response: notes. Huntingdon College. Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  14. ^ Giuseppe Furioso. Who Are You Calling A Terrorist. Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  15. ^ Is the MOAB Terrorism? (August 25, 2003). Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  16. ^ David Dieteman. Acts of War. Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  17. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006), p. 322-331 ISBN 037541486X
  18. ^ Chapter 6. 911 Commission. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  19. ^ Staff Statement 8. 911 Commission. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  20. ^ Michael Hirsh, Michael Isikoff. "The inside story of the missed signals and intelligence failures that raise a chilling question: did September 11 have to happen?", Newsweek, May 27, 2002. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on March 4. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth  
  21. ^ Barton Gellman. "A Strategy's Cautious Evolution: Before Sept. 11, the Bush Anti-Terror Effort Was Mostly Ambition", Washington Post, Sunday, January 20, 2002. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on March 4. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth  
  22. ^ a b 911 Commission Report. 911 Commission. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  23. ^ Hearing transcript from 2004-04-08. 911 Commission. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Retrieved on March 4, 2007. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  24. ^ Biographies of 14 detainees, Office of the Director of National Intelligence
  25. ^ "Hunt on for Yemeni jailbreakers", BBC, Saturday, February 4, 2006. The Director of National Intelligence ( DNI) is the United States government official subject to the authority direction and control of the President Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on March 4. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth  
  26. ^ Agence France-Presse. Agence France-Presse ( AFP) is the oldest News agency in the world and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. Top al-Qaeda suspect turns himself in. October 17, 2007. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  27. ^ Whitlock, Craig, "Probe Of USS Cole Bombing Unravels", Washington Post, May 4, 2008, pg. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 1.
  28. ^ Rohitha Bogollagama. "How Successful is Counter Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific? - Sri Lanka's Experience", May 31, 2008. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks  "The precision targeting and execution of the attack by the terrorists on the hull of the vessel by Al-Qaeda operatives was almost identical to the mode of attack conducted by the LTTE's sea Tigers. One could discern from the similarity of attacks that there would have been a transfer of knowledge and expertise in the field of maritime terrorism. " 

External links

The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
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