U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word U-Boot (help·info), itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot (undersea boat), and refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Although in theory U-boats could have been useful fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, in practice they were most effectively used in an economic-warfare role, enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from the British Empire and the United States to the Island of Great Britain. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Austrian submarines of World War I were also known as "U-Boats".

The distinction between U-boat and submarine is common in English-language usage (where U-boat refers exclusively to the German vessels of the World Wars) but is unknown in German, in which the term U-Boot refers to any submarine.

Contents 1 Pre-War 2 World War I 3 Inter-war 4 World War II 4.1 Torpedoes 4.2 U-boat developments 4.3 Classes 4.4 Counter-measures 4.5 Enigma 4.6 Battle of the St. Lawrence 5 Post-WWII 6 Media 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Pre-War

The first submarine built in Germany was the Brandtaucher, designed in 1850 by the inventor and engineer Wilhelm Bauer and built by Schweffel & Howaldt in Kiel for the German Navy. Brandtaucher was a Submersible designed by the German Inventor and Engineer Wilhelm Bauer and built by Schweffel An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Wilhelm Bauer ( December 23, 1822 - June 20,1875 was the German Inventor and Engineer, who built several hand-powered August Ferdinand Howaldt ( 23 October 1809 &ndash 4 August 1883) was a German Engineer and ship builder For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces

This was followed in 1890 by W1 and W2, built to a Nordenfelt design. In 1904, Krupp's dockyard in Kiel completed a submarine which was sold to Russia. The first works were carried out by the Spanish engineer Raymondo Lorenzo d'Equevilley Montjustin (submarine 'Narval') The first for the German Navy was built in 1905. This was the "Karp" class which had a double hull with a Korting kerosene engine and a single torpedo tube. This was designated U1, with the 50% larger U2 design having two tubes. A diesel engine was not installed in a German Navy boat until the U19 class of 1912-13. At the start of war Germany had 48 submarines in service or under construction. These were of 13 different classes.

World War I

Main article: Battle of the Atlantic (1914-1918)

At the start of World War I, Germany had twenty-nine U-boats in service; in the first ten weeks, five British cruisers had been lost to them. In September, U-9 sank the obsolete British warships Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue (the "Live Bait Squadron") in a matter of an hour. The Live Bait Squadron Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 Aboukir and her sister ships Bacchante, Euryalus

For the first few months of the war, U-boat anti-commerce actions observed the current "prize rules" which governed the treatment of enemy civilian ships and their occupants. On 20 October 1914 the U-boat U17 sank the first merchant ship, the SS Glitra off Norway. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year History SS Saxon Prince was the first ship built for Prince Steam Shipping Ltd ^[1] Surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective, and on 4 February 1915, the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters around the British Isles. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year This was cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping blockades. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force Under the instructions given to U-boat captains, they could sink merchant ships, potentially neutral ones, without warning. A statement by the U. S. Government, holding Germany "strictly accountable" for any loss of American lives, made no material difference.

On 7 May 1915, U-20 sank the liner RMS Lusitania with a single torpedo hit. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Construction and trials Owned by the Cunard Steamship Company built by John Brown and Company Lusitania was named for the ancient Roman province of The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below The sinking claimed 1,198 lives, 128 of them American civilians, including noted theatrical producer Charles Frohman and Alfred Vanderbilt, a member of the prestigious Vanderbilt family. Charles Frohman ( July 15 1856 – May 7, 1915) was a Jewish American theatrical producer Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt ( October 20, 1877 – May 7, 1915) was a sportsman and a member of the prominent United States Vanderbilt This article details the family of Cornelius Vanderbilt For other uses see Vanderbilt (disambiguation. The sinking deeply shocked the Allies and their sympathizers because an unarmed civilian merchant vessel was attacked without any warning. The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. According to the ship's manifest, Lusitania was carrying military cargo[1]. After further investigations, it has been confirmed that the Lusitania was in fact carrying bullets and ammunition for the allies to use against the Germans. However, this was not known at the time and the Lusitania was mistaken for a troopship. It was not until the sinking of the ferry "Sussex" that there was a widespread reaction in the USA.

The initial U. S. response was to threaten to sever diplomatic relations, which persuaded the Germans to re-impose restrictions on U-boat activity. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The U. S. reiterated its objections to German submarine warfare whenever U. S. civilians died as a result of German attacks, which prompted the Germans to fully re-apply prize rules. This, however, removed the effectiveness of the U-boat fleet, and the Germans consequently sought a decisive surface action, a strategy which culminated in the Battle of Jutland. fix various bugs per WikipediaHow to fix bunched-up edit links -->

Although the Germans claimed victory at Jutland, the British Grand Fleet remained in control at sea. The Grand Fleet was a Fleet of the British Royal Navy during the First World War. It was necessary to return to effective anti-commerce warfare by U-boats. Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, Commander in Chief of the High Seas Fleet, pressed for all-out U-boat war, convinced that a high rate of shipping losses would force Britain to seek an early peace before the United States could react effectively. Reinhard Scheer ( September 30, 1863 &ndash November 26, 1928) was an Admiral in the German Imperial Navy The High Seas Fleet (Hochseeflotte was the main battle fleet of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy during World War I.

The renewed German campaign was effective, sinking 1. 4 million tons of shipping between October 1916 and January 1917. Despite this, the political situation demanded even greater pressure, and on 31 January 1917, Germany announced that its U-boats would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare beginning 1 February. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of Naval warfare in which Submarines sink merchant ships without warning as opposed to attacks per prize regulations Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen On 17 March, German submarines sank three American merchant vessels, and the U. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger The First Battle of the Atlantic ( 1914 &ndash 1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British S. declared war in April 1917.

In the end, the German strategy failed to destroy sufficient Allied shipping, largely due to the introduction of escorted convoys, before U. S. manpower and materiel could be brought to bear in France. Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the However, the main reason for the ending of the war was the effectiveness of the British blockade of Germany which brought about an economic collapse. An armistice became effective on 11 November 1918 and all surviving German submarines were surrendered. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Of the 360 submarines that had been built, 178 were lost but more than 11 million tons of shipping had been sunk.

Inter-war

At the end of World War I, as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles restricted the total tonnage of the German surface fleet. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The treaty also restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the construction of submarines. However, a submarine design office was set up in Holland and a torpedo research programme was started in Sweden. Before the start of World War II, Germany started building U-boats and training crews, hiding these activities as "research" or other covers. When this became known, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement limited Germany to parity with Britain in submarines. The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA of June 18 1935 was a Bilateral agreement between the United Kingdom and the German ''Reich'' ^[2] When World War II started, Germany already had 65 U-boats with 21 of those at sea ready for war.

World War II

Main article: Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

During World War II, U-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic, which lasted the duration of the war. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns Germany had the largest submarine fleet in World War II, since the Treaty of Versailles had limited the surface navy of Germany to six battleships (of less than 10,000 tonnes each), six cruisers and 12 destroyers. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy ^[3] Prime Minister Winston Churchill wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-Boat peril". Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874

In the early stages of the war, the U-boats were extremely effective in destroying Allied shipping, initially in the gap between Canadian and British escorts. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Later when the USA entered the war the U-boats ranged from the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Arctic to the west and southern African coasts and even as far east as Penang. The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia It is even rumored that one German U-boat managed to make it all the way down to Galveston Bay, Texas. Galveston Bay is a large Estuary located along Texas 's upper coast Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Because speed and range were severely limited underwater while running on battery power, U-boats were required to spend most of their time surfaced running on diesel engines, diving only when attacked or for rare daytime torpedo strikes. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr The most common U-boat attack during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night, see Submarine warfare. Naval warfare is divided into three operational areas Surface warfare, Air warfare and underwater warfare. This period, before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare (ASW) tactics, was referred to by German submariners as "Die Glückliche Zeit" or the "happy time. "^[4]

Torpedoes

The U-boat was essentially a launch platform for its main weapon, the torpedo, though mines were also laid. Unterseeboot 534 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat of the Kriegsmarine and was built in 1942 in Hamburg-Finkenwerder by Deutsche Werft AG. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited By the end of the war, almost 3,000 Allied ships (175 warships; the rest were merchant ships) were sunk by U-boat torpedoes. ^[5] Early German World War II torpedoes were straight runners, unlike the homers and pattern-runners of later in the war. They were fitted with one of two types of pistol trigger: impact, which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object, and magnetic, which detonated upon sensing a magnetic field within a few meters. Magnetic pistol is the term for the means by which the fuse on a Torpedo or Naval mine detects its target and then detonates One of the most effective uses of magnetic pistols would be to set the torpedo's depth to just beneath the keel of the target. The explosion under the target's keel would create a shock wave, and the ship could break in two. In this way, even large or heavily-armored ships could be sunk or disabled with a single well-placed hit. In practice, however, both the depth-keeping equipment and magnetic exploders were notoriously unreliable early in the war. Torpedoes would often run at an improper depth, detonate prematurely, or simply fail to explode. This was most evident in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Norway, where various skilled Captains failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The faults were largely due to a lack of testing in the production of the torpedoes. The magnetic detonator was also affected by the Earth's magnetic field—the more so in higher latitudes. The magnetic exploder was eventually phased out, and the depth-keeping problem was solved in early 1942.

Later in the war, Germany developed an acoustic homing torpedo, the G7es. The G7es or Zaunkönig T-5 ( Wren in German was a Torpedo employed by German U-boats during World War II. It was primarily designed to combat convoy escorts. The acoustic torpedo was designed to run straight to an arming distance of 400 meters and then turn toward the loudest noise detected. This sometimes ended up being the U-boat itself; at least two submarines may have been sunk by their own homing torpedoes. (Problems with steering mechanisms on normal torpedoes made them occasionally lethal to the firing boat as well). Additionally, it was found these torpedoes were only effective against ships moving at greater than 15 knots (28 km/h). At any rate, the Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as Foxer, FXR, CAT and Fanfare. Foxer, was the codename for a British built acoustic Decoy, used to confuse German acoustic homing Torpedoes like the G7es torpedo The T-Mk 6 Fanfare is a towed Sonar decoy developed after the Second World War by the United States Navy.

U-boats also adopted "pattern-running" torpedoes which ran to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder-like pattern. When fired at a convoy, this increased the probability of a hit if the weapon missed its primary target.

U-boat developments

During World War II, the Kriegsmarine produced many different types of U-boats as technology evolved. The Kriegsmarine (English "War navy" was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945 during the Nazi regime superseding the Most notable are Type VII, known as the "workhorse" of the fleet, which was by far the most-produced type; Type IX boats were larger and specifically designed for long-range patrols, some traveling as far as Japan. With the Type XXI "Elektroboot", German designers realized the U-boat depended on submerged ability both for survival and lethality. The Type XXI featured a revolutionary streamlined hull design and propulsion system with a large battery which allowed it to cruise submerged for long periods and reach unprecedented submerged speeds. The large battery was because the space was originally intended for hydrogen peroxide storage with a Walter turbine, but this had proved unsuccessful on the Type XVII.

Throughout the war, an arms race evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine, especially in detection and counter-detection. The term arms race, in its original usage describes a competition between two or more parties for real or apparent military supremacy Sonar (ASDIC in Britain) allowed allied warships to detect submerged U-boats (and vice versa) beyond visual range but was not effective against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the war, a U-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Advancements in radar became particularly deadly for the U-boat crews, especially once aircraft-mounted units were developed. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships As a countermeasure, U-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers, to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in. U-boat radar was also developed, but many captains chose not to utilize it for fear of broadcasting their position to enemy patrols.

The Germans took the idea of the Schnorchel (snorkel) from captured Dutch submarines, though they did not begin to implement it on their own boats until rather late in the war. The Schnorchel was a retractable pipe which supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at periscope depth, allowing the boats to cruise and recharge their batteries while maintaining a degree of stealth. It was far from a perfect solution, however. There were problems with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. Waste disposal was a problem when the U-boats spent extended periods without surfacing. Speed was limited to 8 knots (15 km/h), lest the device snap from stress. The schnorchel also had the effect of making the boat essentially noisy and deaf in sonar terms. Finally, Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced such that the schnorchel head itself could be detected. The U-boats had a radar detector but the Allies changed to centimetric radar which the Germans did not discover.

The later U-boats were covered in a sound-absorbent rubber coating to make them less of a torpedo target. They also had the facility to release a chemical bubble-making decoy, known as Bold, after the mythical kobold. The kobold is a sprite of German folklore. Although usually invisible a kobold can materialise in the form of an animal fire a human being and a mundane

Classes

• Type I
• Type II
• Type V
• Type VII
• Type IX
• Type X
• Type XI
• Type XIV - used to resupply other U-boats; nicknamed the Milk Cow
• Type XVII
• Type XVIII
• Type XXI
• Type XXIII
• Type XXVI
• Midget submarines, including Biber, Hai, Molch, Seehund. See also List of U-boats List of ship commissionings in 1936 List of shipwrecks in 1940 The Type II U-boat was designed by Germany as a coastal Submarine, modeled after the submarine CV-707, which was designed by Dutch dummy company Incomplete Classes During World War II the German Navy ( Kriegsmarine) considered a number of Submarine designs for specialized Type VIIA The Type VIIA boats were designed in 1933 until 1934 as the first of a new generation of attack U-boats Most were built at Deschimag AG Weser in Bremen with U33-36 Type IXA Type IXB Type IXC Type IXC/40 Type IXD Type X (XB U-boats were a special type of German Submarine ( U-boat) Incomplete Classes During World War II the German Navy ( Kriegsmarine) considered a number of Submarine designs for specialized Sources "The Milkcows" at uboatnet Incomplete Classes During World War II the German Navy ( Kriegsmarine) considered a number of Submarine designs for specialized Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC. Background When development began on the Type XXI U-boat in late 1942 it was proposed to simultaneously develop a smaller version incorporating the same advanced technology to replace Incomplete Classes During World War II the German Navy ( Kriegsmarine) considered a number of Submarine designs for specialized During the Second World War, the Biber was a German Midget submarine, with two externally mounted 21-inch (53cm Torpedoes Its name is German for " The Hai (shark was an advanced model of the ''Marder'' -class Midget submarines created in Germany during World War II. The Molch (salamander was an unsuccessful one-man series of German Midget submarines created during World War II. The Seehund (seal (also known as Type XXVII) was a successful series of German Midget submarines created during World War II

Counter-measures

Main article: Anti-submarine warfare

Advances in convoy tactics, high frequency direction finding (referred to as "Huff-Duff"), radar, active sonar (called ASDIC in Britain), depth charges, ASW spigot mortars (also known as "hedgehog"), the intermittent cracking of the German Naval Enigma code, the introduction of the Leigh Light, the range of escort aircraft (especially with the use of escort carriers), and the full entry of the U. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines High frequency direction finder is usually known by its Acronym HF/DF, pronounced Huff-Duff. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Depth Charge is a character in the Beast Wars: Transformers universe For the area denial weapon see Czech hedgehog. The Hedgehog was an Anti-submarine weapon developed by the Royal Navy The Enigma machine is any one of a family of related electro-mechanical Rotor machines used to generate Ciphers for the Encryption and decryption of The Leigh Light (abbreviated L/L was a British World War II era anti-submarine device used in the Second Battle of the Atlantic. The escort aircraft carrier or escort carrier (popularly known as the jeep carrier) was a small Aircraft carrier utilized by the Royal Navy S. into the war with its enormous shipbuilding capacity, all turned the tide against the U-boats. In the end, the U-boat fleet suffered extremely heavy casualties, losing 743 U-boats and about 28,000 submariners (a 75% casualty rate).

Enigma

Main article: Enigma machine

The British had a major advantage in their ability to read some German naval Enigma codes. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Enigma machine is any one of a family of related electro-mechanical Rotor machines used to generate Ciphers for the Encryption and decryption of The Enigma machine is any one of a family of related electro-mechanical Rotor machines used to generate Ciphers for the Encryption and decryption of An understanding of the German coding methods had been brought to Britain via France from Polish code-breakers. Thereafter, code-books and equipment were captured by raids on German weather ships and from captured U-boats. A team including Alan Turing used special purpose "Bombes" and early computers to break new German codes as they were introduced. Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (ˈt(jʊ(ərɪŋ (23 June 1912 &ndash 7 June 1954 was an English Mathematician A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The speedy decoding of messages was vital in directing convoys away from wolf-packs and allowing interception and destruction of U-boats. This was demonstrated when the Naval Enigma machines were altered in February 1942 and wolf-pack effectiveness greatly increased until the new code was broken.

The U-110, a Type IXB, was captured in 1941 by the Royal Navy, and its Enigma machine and documents were removed. Type IXA Type IXB Type IXC Type IXC/40 Type IXD The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Further code books were captured by raids on weather ships. The U-505, a Type IXC, was captured by the United States Navy in 1944. Type IXA Type IXB Type IXC Type IXC/40 Type IXD It is presently a museum ship in Chicago at the Museum of Science and Industry. For ships that are not original see Ship replica. For preserved incomplete ships see Ships preserved in museums. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI is located in Chicago, Illinois in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood adjacent to The U-505 was captured along with the current codebooks, but there were fears that a security breach would alert the Germans to the capture of their codes.

Battle of the St. Lawrence

Main article: Battle of the St. Lawrence

Two events in the St Lawrence took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four allied ore carriers at Bell Island, Newfoundland. The Battle of the St Lawrence involved a number of submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower St An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining For the island also in Newfoundland one of the Grey Islands, see Bell Island. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation The carriers SS Saganaga and the SS Lord Strathcona were sunk by U-513 on September 5, 1942, while the SS Rosecastle and PLM 27 were sunk by U-518 on November 2 with the loss of 69 lives. A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of Ship or vessel that carries Cargo, goods and materials from one port to another Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Unterseeboot 518 or U-518 was a Nazi German U-Boat that saw considerable early success during World War II from its February 11th 1942 Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 When the submarine fired a torpedo at the loading pier, Bell Island became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces in World War II. For the island also in Newfoundland one of the Grey Islands, see Bell Island. However, it is rumored that a German U-boat was sighted in Galveston Bay, Texas, during the war. Galveston Bay is a large Estuary located along Texas 's upper coast Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State.

Post-WWII

From 1955 the West German Bundesmarine was allowed to have a small navy. Initially two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired. In the 1960s, West Germany re-entered the submarine business. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Because Germany was initially restricted to a 450 tonne displacement limit, the Bundesmarine focused on small coastal submarines to protect against the Soviet threat in the Baltic Sea. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement, such as amagnetic steel to protect against naval mines and Magnetic anomaly detectors. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field.

The initial Type 201 was a failure because of hull cracking; the subsequent Type 205, first commissioned in 1967, was a success, and 12 were built for the German navy. List of boats List of boats See also To continue the U-Boat tradition and "brand name" the new boats received the classic U designation starting with the U-1.

With the Danish government's purchase of two Type 205 boats, the German government realised the potential for the submarine as an export. Three of the improved Type 206 boats were sold to the Israeli Navy becoming the Gal class. List of boats Ships The first ship commissioned was Gal in December 1976. It was damaged by grounding on her delivery voyage but was repaired The German Type 209 diesel-electric submarine was the most popular export-sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. Background Five variants of this submarine have been produced Type 209/1100 Type 209/1200 Type 209/1300 Type 209/1400 and Type 209/1500 With a larger 1000-1500 tonne displacement, the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies with 51 examples being built as of 2006.

Germany has brought the U-Boat name into the 21st century with the new Type 212. List of boats The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces Kiel Week (Kieler Woche is an annual sailing event in Kiel, Germany. Development At the beginning of the 1990s the German Navy was seeking a replacement for the Type 206 submarines Initial study started on a Type 209 The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (often abbreviated HDW) is a German Shipbuilding company headquartered in Kiel. For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Development At the beginning of the 1990s the German Navy was seeking a replacement for the Type 206 submarines Initial study started on a Type 209 The 212 features an air-independent propulsion system using hydrogen fuel cells. Air-independent propulsion (AIP is a term that encompasses technologies which allow a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the This system is safer than previous closed cycle diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor and quieter than both. While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy, the Type 214 has been designed as the follow-on export model and has been sold to Greece and South Korea. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Variants Type 214TN German- Turkish Co-production version which will utilize 80% Turkish systems including but not limited to Turkish C4I systems and VESTEL Boron-Hydrogen Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː

In July 2006, Germany commissioned its newest U-boat, the U-34, a Type 212.

Media

• Das Boot (1981) is a critically acclaimed German movie adapted from a mini-series about life aboard a U-Boat. Das Boot (das boːt German for The Boat) is a 1981 feature film directed by Wolfgang Petersen, adapted from a novel of the same The mini-series itself was adapted from a novel of the same name by war correspondent Lothar-Günther Buchheim. Lothar-Günther Buchheim ( ( 6 February 1918 &ndash 22 February 2007) was a German Author, painter, and art
• The Enemy Below and the more recent U-571, are movies revolving around WWII submarine warfare. The Enemy Below is a 1957 War film which tells the story of the battle between the captain of an American Destroyer escort and the U-571 is a 2000 film directed by Jonathan Mostow, and starring Matthew McConaughey, Bill Paxton, Harvey Keitel,
• The book Shadow Divers by Robert Kurson tells the story of the discovery and identification of the wreck of U-869 by divers off the coast of New Jersey. Shadow Divers is a non-fictional recounting of the discovery of a World War II German U-Boat sixty miles off the coast of New Jersey, USA Robert Kurson is an American author best known for his 2004 bestselling book Shadow Divers, the true story of two Americans who discover a German U-boat sunk 60 New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

See also

• Submarine warfare
• List of U-boats
• List of U-boats never deployed
• List of successful U-boats
• List of successful U-boat commanders
• Aces of the Deep
• Karl Dönitz

Notes

1. ^ WWI U-Boats U-17. Naval warfare is divided into three operational areas Surface warfare, Air warfare and underwater warfare. The list of U-boats includes all U-boats built or operated by Germany. During the Second World War, Nazi Germany built over a thousand U-boats or Submarines for service in the Second Battle of the Atlantic in the List of successful U-boats contains lists of the most successful German U-boats in the two World Wars based on total Tonnage. List of successful U-boat commanders contains lists of the most successful German U-boat Commanders in the two World Wars based on total The List of U-boat aces -sometimes known as the Aces of the Deep - were the ten German U-Boat commanders during World War II who sank the Karl Dönitz (ˈdøːnɪts) (16 September 1891 &ndash 24 December 1980 was a German naval Commander who served Uboat. net. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
2. ^ For other warships, Germany was permitted lesser amounts compared to the UK
3. ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press, 100-104. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.  
4. ^ Military History Online
5. ^ Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum, 310. ISBN 9781400053636.  

References

• John Abbatiello. Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I: British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats (2005)
• Buchheim, Lothar-Günther, Das Boot (Original German edition 1973, eventually translated into English and many other Western languages). Movie adaptation in 1981, directed by Wolfgang Petersen
• Gannon, Michael (1998) Black May. Das Boot (das boːt German for The Boat) is a 1981 feature film directed by Wolfgang Petersen, adapted from a novel of the same Dell Publishing. ISBN 0-440-23564-2
• Gray, Edwyn A. The U-Boat War, 1914-1918 (1994)
• Kurson, Robert (2004). Shadow Divers: The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II. Random House Publishing. ISBN 0-375-50858-9
• Preston, Anthony (2005). The World's Greatest Submarines.
• Stern, Robert C. (1999). Battle Beneath the Waves: U-boats at war. Arms and Armor/Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-200-6.
• van der Vat, Dan. The Atlantic Campaign Harper & Row, 1988. Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between WWI and WWII, and suggests a continuous war.

Further reading

• Möller, Eberhard and Werner Brack. The Encyclopedia of U-Boats: From 1904 to the Present (2006) ISBN 1-85367-623-3
• Showell, Jak Mallmann. The U-boat Century: German Submarine Warfare, 1906-2006 (2006) ISBN 1-59114-892-8
• Georg von Trapp and Elizabeth M. Campbell. To the Last Salute: Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander (2007)
• Westwood, David. U-Boat War: Doenitz and the evolution of the German Submarine Service 1935 - 1945 (2005) ISBN 1-932033-43-2
• Werner, Herbert. Iron Coffins: A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War II ISBN 978-0304353309
• Von Scheck, Karl. U122: The Diary of a U-boat Commander Diggory Press ISBN 978-1846850493

External links

• uboat.net
• uboataces.com
• ubootwaffe.net
• karldoenitz.com
• The storage battery plant for submarines in Hagen, Germany
• Subsim.com
• The Diary of a U-boat Commander – Project Gutenberg edition (WWI)
• German U-Boats 1935–1945 (in German)
• Book excerpt: U-Boat Attack
• U-Boat U-35 and Prisoners-of-War, WWII
• U-Boat U-434, POWs in Canada
• German Midget submersible-MOLCH
• Wrecks

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

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