Užice dialect ужички говор
Pronunciation:	[ˈuʃə̆ʧkiː ˈgɔʋɔːr]
Spoken in:	primarily Serbia
Region:	Stari Vlah (Užice)
Language extinction:	suppressed by the literary language
Language family:	Slavonic  South Slavonic   Central South Slavonic    Štokavian     Younger Ijekavian      Užice dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	–
ISO 639-3:	–
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Stari Vlah ( Serbian: Стари Влах English: Old Vlach, see History of the term Vlach) is a historic and geographical region in Southwestern Užice ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ужице IPA:) is a town and municipality located in Serbia at 43 According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Užican speech (also spelled Užičan speech) or Zlatiborian speech (Serbian Cyrillic: ужички говор or златиборски говор) is a dialect in the Central South Slavonic dialect continuum, classified amongst Eastern Herzegovinian speeches of the Štokavian super-dialect. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages ^[1] It is traditionally spoken by c. 500,000 people — the Užičans — in the Zlatibor and Moravica Districts in the Užice region (Stari Vlah) in the south-western part of Serbia. Užičans (Ужичани Užičani) generally refers to the locals of the western Serbian city of Užice its local discrict and the surrounding area Zlatibor District ( Serbian: Златиборски округ Zlatiborski okrug) is a district in the western mountainous The Moravica District (Моравички округ Moravički okrug) is located in the central parts of Serbia Užice ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ужице IPA:) is a town and municipality located in Serbia at 43 Stari Vlah ( Serbian: Стари Влах English: Old Vlach, see History of the term Vlach) is a historic and geographical region in Southwestern Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country ^[2][3][4]

Contents 1 Names 2 Classification 3 History 4 Characteristics 5 Phonetics 6 Literature 7 Examples 8 References 9 See also 10 External links

Names

One of the earliest mentions of the local dialect of Užice region is found in Ottoman geographer Evliya Çelebi’s record on his visit to the Užice nahiya in 1664. Užice ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ужице IPA:) is a town and municipality located in Serbia at 43 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Evliya Çelebi (اوليا چلبي the son of the imperial goldsmith Derviş Mehmed Zılli ( March 25 (? 1611 &ndash 1682 was the most famous Ottoman Nahiya or Nahia ( ناحية,; pl Nawahi, Arabic نواحي translit Nāwaḥy is a term for an Administrative unit used in ^[5] In his travelogue, the language of Užičans is called the Bosnian language. Užičans (Ужичани Užičani) generally refers to the locals of the western Serbian city of Užice its local discrict and the surrounding area ^[6]

Today Užičans of Christian faith usually name their language Serbian, while those of the Sunni Muslim faith (who primarily dwell in the municipalities of Nova Varoš, Priboj, Prijepolje, and Sjenica in the Zlatibor District) name their language Bosnian or Bosniac. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Nova Varoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Нова Варош is a town and municipality in Zlatibor District of Serbia. Priboj ( Serbian Cyrillic: Прибој is a town and municipality located in the Zlatibor District of Serbia at 43 Prijepolje ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пријепоље) is a Town and Municipality in the Zlatibor District of Serbia. Sjenica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Сјеница Bosnian: Sjenica) is a town and municipality in Zlatibor District of Serbia, in the Zlatibor District ( Serbian: Златиборски округ Zlatiborski okrug) is a district in the western mountainous Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" The name Serbo-Croatian was also used during the Yugoslav era. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian ^[7]

Classification

South Slavic languages and dialects Western South Slavic Slovene Language Dialects Slovene dialects Central South Slavic diasystem Croatian language Dialects Kajkavian · Chakavian Western Shtokavian Burgenland · Molise Bosnian language Dialects Central Shtokavian Serbian language Dialects Eastern Shotkavian · Slavoserbian Romano-Serbian · Užice Differences between Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian Deprecated or non-ISO recognized languages Serbo-Croatian language Bunjevac language Montenegrin language Šokac language Eastern South Slavic Old Church Slavonic Church Slavonic Bulgarian · Macedonian Dialects Banat Bulgarian · Shopski Slavic dialects of Greece Dialects of Macedonian Transitional dialects Eastern-Central Torlak dialects · Našinski Western-Central Kajkavian Alphabets Modern Gaj’s Latin alphabet1 Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Macedonian Cyrillic Bulgarian Cyrillic Slovene alphabet Historical Bohoričica · Dajnčica · Metelčica Arebica · Bosnian Cyrillic Glagolitic · Early Cyrillic 1 Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet which is based on it. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Spoken Slovene has at least 32 main Dialects ( narečje) ( dI) and speeches ( govor) ( sP) Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Croatian Kajkavian dialect ( Croatian: kajkavski, proper name kajkavica or kajkavština) is one of the three main dialects of the Croatian Chakavian dialect ( Čakavian; Croatian: čakavski, proper name čakavica or čakavština) is a dialect of the Croatian language Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Burgenland Croatian language or dialect ( gradišćanskohrvatski jezik) belongs to the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages. Molise Croatian dialect (also Molise Slavic Slavisano na-našo) is spoken in the Campobasso Province in the Molise Region of Italy, in three Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages The Slavonic-Serbian language (славяносербскій / slavjanoserbskij or словенскій slovenskij; славеносрпски / slavenosrpski The Serbian Romany language (ISO 639-3/SIL code rsb) is the Mixed language of Serbian (a South Slavic language) and Romany (an ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Montenegrin language ( Cyrillic script: Црногорски језик, Latin: Crnogorski jezik) is the name given to the Ijekavian- Shtokavian The Šokac language ( Šokački jezik) was a language listed in Austro-Hungarian censuses to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Banat Bulgarians ( Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common банатски българи banatski balgari) are a distinct Shopi (шопи Scientific transliteration šopi singular шоп šop with various regional names also existing is a regional term referring to the inhabitants of the The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Bulgarian or Macedonian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace The dialects of Macedonian comprise the Slavic dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia as well as some varieties spoken in the wider geographic region of Macedonia Torlak ( Cyrillic: Торлачки говор Торлашки говор Latinic: Torlački govor) or simply Torlakian, is the name used Našinski, meaning "our (language" or Goranian is a South Slavic idiom more specifically a Torlakian dialect spoken by the Gorani Croatian Kajkavian dialect ( Croatian: kajkavski, proper name kajkavica or kajkavština) is one of the three main dialects of the Croatian The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (српска/Вукова ћирилица srpska/Vukova ćirilica, literally " Serbian/Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet " is The Macedonian alphabet (Македонска азбука Makedonska azbuka) is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet used to write the modern Macedonian language Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Slovene alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet and is used in the Slovene. The Bohorič alphabet (bohoričica was an Orthography used for the Slovene language between the 16th and 19th centuries Dajnko alphabet or dajnčica was a Slovene writing system invented by Peter Dajnko. Metelko alphabet (Slovene metelčica) was a Slovene writing system developed by Franc Serafin Metelko. Arebica or arabica was a variant of the Perso-Arabic script used by Bosnian Muslims to write the Bosnian language. Bosnian Cyrillic is an extinct Cyrillic script that originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical v • d • e

The Užican speech is a Neo-Štokavian dialect of the Ijekavian rendering of the old Slavonic vowel yat. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly It is characterized by an Eastern Herzegovinian accenting system consisting of four melodic accents with long vowels following accented syllables, and a case system using full declension. In Linguistics, an accent is a manner of Pronunciation of a language In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the ^[8] Today many modern Užičans, especially in urban areas, use the Ekavian rendering of yat (which is dominant in Serbia) in speech and writing, instead of the traditional Užican Ijekavian rendering. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages ^[9] Nevertheless, the original Ijekavian forms of local toponyms such as Bioska, Đetinja, Prijepolje, Bjeluša, Kosjerić, Drijetanj etc. Bioska ( Serbian Cyrillic: Биоска is a village located in the Užice municipality of Serbia. Đetinja ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ђетиња) is a river in western Serbia, a 75 km long natural but shorter headstream of the Zapadna Prijepolje ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пријепоље) is a Town and Municipality in the Zlatibor District of Serbia. Kosjerić (Косјерић is a town and municipality in Western Serbia. Drijetanj ( Serbian Cyrillic: Дријетањ is a village located in the Užice municipality of Serbia. , are usually preserved, as these are the names used in official documents and other publications. ^[10] However, there is also a number of toponyms which were Ekavized in the written language, although their original Ijekavian forms have often survived in the spoken language. These include Bela Reka, Kriva Reka, Seništa and others, which can often be heard as Bijela Rijeka, Kriva Rijeka, Sjeništa etc. Bela Reka is a Serbian toponym meaning "white river" It can refer to the following Bela Reka (Šabac, village in Šabac municipality in conversation among the locals. ^[11]

In the Central South Slavonic dialect continuum, the Užican speech forms a transition between the neighbouring dialects of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the dialects of Serbia. A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Some of its characteristics are shared with either dialects, but many of them are common with the Bosnian vernacular rather than the dialects of the rest of Serbia; including the traditional Ijekavian rendering of yat, the reduction of short unaccented vowels in speech, and other characteristics of the local phonetics, morphology, and lexis, the latter manifested primarily in many loanwords from Turkish, Persian, and Arabic languages, which are, however, suppressed and less used in the modern language. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly Vowel reduction is the term in Phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of Vowels which are related to changes in stress Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, lexis (in Greek λέξις = word describes the storage of language in our mental Lexicon as prefabricated patterns ( Lexical units Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The connections between the Užice region and Bosnia were even stronger in the past, as parts of this region once belonged to the mediaeval Bosnian state, and the mediaeval local population were followers of the Church of Bosnia. Stari Vlah ( Serbian: Стари Влах English: Old Vlach, see History of the term Vlach) is a historic and geographical region in Southwestern The Bosnian Church ( crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosniensis) seems to have been a Catholic monastic order that separated itself from the wider Church possibly over the ^[12]

History

The local population descends from the Slavs who mixed with Illyrian and Celtic tribes in the early Middle Ages^[13], and therefore the dialect in its earliest mediaeval form has been rather influenced by the Celtic and Illyrian languages, the remaining of which are some local toponyms of Illyrian or Romanized Celtic etymology, such as Tara Mountain, Negbina, Murtenica, Čigota etc. Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which Tara Mountain, part of the Outer Dinaric Alps, is located in western Serbia and stands at 1000-1500 meters above sea level ^[14], or the mediaeval Užican personal name Brajan of Celtic origin. ^[15]

Mediaeval records of local toponyms show Ikavian characteristics of the local Slavonic vernacular, similarly to the mediaeval Bosnian language. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native These toponyms include Bika Rika, Siča Rika, Biluša, and others, which are today known as Bela Reka or Bijela Rijeka, Seča Reka, and Bjeluša (either Ijekavian or Ekavized during the 19^th and 20^th centuries). Bela Reka is a Serbian toponym meaning "white river" It can refer to the following Bela Reka (Šabac, village in Šabac municipality The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on ^[15]

The dialect’s vocabulary was later influenced by the Ottoman Turkish language. Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the ^[16] A mention of the respectable Turkish influence on Užican language and mentality is also found in the novel Došljaci by a notable Užican writer Milutin Uskoković:

“	The Turkish influence still remained in speech and mentality. The language […] is full with Turkish words. Older Užičans are at home still very much like the Turks…	”
—Milutin Uskoković, Došljaci (1919)

During the 17^th, 18^th, and 19^th centuries, the Užice region was mostly populated by the migrants from Herzegovina, Montenegro, and other Dinaric regions. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Stari Vlah ( Serbian: Стари Влах English: Old Vlach, see History of the term Vlach) is a historic and geographical region in Southwestern Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides ( Croatian and Bosnian: Dinarsko gorje or Dinaridi, Alpet Dinaride Most of the present-day Užičans descend from these settlers. Užičans (Ужичани Užičani) generally refers to the locals of the western Serbian city of Užice its local discrict and the surrounding area ^[17] The local dialect was then influenced by the Younger Ijekavian speeches of Herzegovina and Montenegro, and thus became one of the Eastern Herzegovinian speeches. ^[18]

Characteristics

• Interrogatory pronouns are šta (what) and ko (who), according to which the pronoun nešta (something) is used instead of the standard nešto; and što (why) is used with the meaning of the standard zašto.
• The dialect has younger Štokavian accentuation consisting of four accents and long vowels following the accented syllables, and the full declension using the ending -a in genitive plural and a same form for dative, instrumental, and locative plural. Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location The post-accent long vowels are more frequent in the Užican dialect than in the standard language, appearing on all vocative endings and the praeterite suffixes. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc The past tense is a Verb tense expressing action activity state or being in the past of the current moment (in an Absolute tense system or prior
• The old vowel yat is replaced with ije in long syllables and je in the short ones. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly Before another vowel or a palatal consonant, it is replaced with i, and after a consonant cluster or the consonant r, it is rendered as e. Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel. The reflex of long yat (ije) is always bisyllabic, while it is diphthongal in some other Ijekavian dialects. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with
• The older Ijekavian yat reflex has been kept in several pronouns and declension endings: ovijem instead of the standard ovim, moijem instead of mojim, starijem for starim etc. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly
• The dialectal Ijekavian iotation (dj > đ [ʥ], tj > ć [ʨ]) has been preserved: đe for gdje, đevojka for djevojka, đeca for djeca, međed for medvjed, lećeti for letjeti, ćerati for tjerati etc. Iotation is a form of Palatalization which occurs in Slavic languages. The iotation also affects sound /s/, and to a lesser degree sounds /z/ and /ʦ/, yielding [ɕ] or [ʃʲ] for sj, [ʑ] or [ʒʲ] for zj, and [ʨ] for cj: sjutra > śutra, posjek > pośek, cjepanica > ćepanica etc. More archaic Ijekavian iotation affecting labial sounds (pj > plj [pʎ], vj > vlj [vʎ]) is found in the text of the Prophecy of Kremna but is, however, usually omitted.
• Several dialectal words and expressions are differently built, such as: sjutra or sjutre (that is, śutra or śutre when the iotation occurs) instead of the standard sutra; puštiti instead of pustiti; jošte instead of još; računjati instead of računati; morem, more instead of mogu, može; bidem or bidnem instead of budem; četri instead of četiri; potlje and pošlje instead of poslije or posle; as well as dialectal expressions najvolim and najposle.
• The ending -t is used instead of -n for the passive voice of the verbs of the II, IV, V, and VII grammatical conjugation: napisat, napisata for napisan, napisana; izabrat for izabran and so on. In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection
• Sounds /f/ and /x/ have been either lost or replaced with sounds /p/, /ʋ/, /j/, /k/, /g/ or /s/: ljeb for hljeb, njig for njih, kava for kafa, oras for orah, stio for htio, kujna for kuhinja etc. The sound /j/ is also less used when occurs near the vowel /i/ giving starii for stariji, moi for moji, Alin for Alijin (as in toponym Alin Potok) etc.
• Several sound changes such as sibilarization, assimilation, metathesis or elision occur more frequently in the Užican dialect, whilst i-mutation usually occurs less frequently. Sound change includes any processes of Language change that affect pronunciation ( phonetic change) or sound system structures ( Phonological change Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process Metathesis (məˈtæθəsɨs is a Sound change that alters the order of Phonemes in a Word. Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is an important type of Sound change Vowel groups ao and ae have merged into o and e: rekao > reko, posao > poso, dvanaest > dvanes.
• Short unaccented vowels /i/, /ɛ/, and /u/ are being reduced in common speech, a manner of articulation that is widespread in the related dialects of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vowel reduction is the term in Phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of Vowels which are related to changes in stress Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally
• The dialect’s lexis includes some regional and archaic expressions as well as many loans from Turkish. In Linguistics, lexis (in Greek λέξις = word describes the storage of language in our mental Lexicon as prefabricated patterns ( Lexical units In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the

Phonetics

Part of a series of articles on Serbs Serbian culture Literature · Music · Art · Cinema Epic poetry · Clans · Costume Religion · Kinship · Cuisine · Sport By region or country (including the diaspora) Serbia (Kosovo · Vojvodina) Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro · Croatia Macedonia · Hungary · Romania Albania · Greece · Germany Austria · France · Switzerland Canada · United States · Mexico Australia · New Zealand Argentina · Brazil · Chile By town or city Budapest · Chicago · Dubrovnik Istanbul · London · Los Angeles Mostar · Osijek · Paris Sarajevo · Szentendre · Toronto Trieste · Vienna · Zagreb Subgroups and closely related peoples Sorbs · Bosniaks · Bunjevci · Croats Ethnic Muslims · Goranci · Krashovani Macedonians · Montenegrins · Shopi Šokci · Torlaks · Užičans · Yugoslavs Serbian political entities Serbia (Kosovo · Vojvodina) BiH (RS · Brčko · FBiH) · Montenegro Historical Serbian and Serb-inhabited political entities Ancient: White Serbia · Limes Sorabicus Medieval: Doclea · Rascia · Bosnia · Zachlumia Travunia · Pagania · Republic of Ragusa Serbian Empire Moravian Serbia · Serbian Despotate Zeta · Herzegovina of St. Sava Modern: Revolutionary Serbia · Principality of Serbia Voivodship of Serbia · Principality of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia · Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdoms of SHS and Yugoslavia Socialist Republic of Serbia (within the Second Yugoslavia) SAP Voivodina · SAP Kossovo-Metochia Republic of Serb Krajina Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro Serbian Orthodox Church Patriarchs · Monasteries · Saints Serbian language and dialects Serbian · Serbo-Croat Romano-Serbian · Shtokavian Torlakian · Šatrovački · Užičan (Old) Church Slavonic · Slavoserbian Differences between standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian History · Timeline · Monarchs Persecution of Serbs Serbophobia · Jasenovac Persecution in World War II Other articles Serbian-Greek friendship v • d • e

Vowels

	front	central	back
close	i		u
mid	ɛ	(ə, ə̆) 1	ɔ
open		ä 2

1. Schwa is an allophone of /i/, /u/ or /ɛ/, which are reduced in mid-word position when not stressed. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Serbian culture refers to the culture of Serbia as well as the culture of Serbs in other parts of the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere in the world Serbian literature is Literature written in Serbian and/or in Serbia. The Music of the Serbian people and Serbia presents a mixture of the traditional music which is part of the wider Balkan tradition with its own distinctive The territory of today's Serbia has been inhabited since pre-historical times Serbia (both as an independent country and as part a part of former Yugoslavia has been home to many internationally acclaimed films and directors Serbian epic poetry (Српске епске народне песме is a form of Epic poetry originating in the Serbian lands, today's Serbia, The following is an overview of Serb clans, a general term referring to what are known as plemena (племена and bratstva (братства in Serbian Traditional Serbian costumes like any other Traditional dress of a nation or culture has been lost to the advent of Urbanization, Industrialization, and The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the The Serbian language is one of the richest languages regarding Kinship terminology The Serbian cuisine is a heterogeneous one influenced by Mediterranean ( Byzantine Empire / Greece) Oriental (Turkish and Austro-Hungarian The Sport in Serbia revolves mostly around team sports football, Basketball, Water polo, Volleyball, Handball, and more There are currently 45 to 55 million Serbs in Diaspora throughout the world (those that are not constitutional peoples like in Serbia, Montenegro and Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Serbs are currently the largest ethnic minority in Kosovo. Population According to the Statistical Office of Kosovo in 2006 there were 111300 Serbs are one of the three constitutive nations of Bosnia-Herzegovina, predominantly concentrated in the Republic of Srpska Serbs are the largest National minority in the Republic of Croatia. The Serbs are an ethnic minority in Hungary. According to the 2001 census there were 7350 Serbs in Hungary or 0 The Serbs in Greece form a number of approximately 5200 people born in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with Greek citizenship according to the 2001 census Several thousand Canadians are of Serbian origin Serbs have migrated to Canada in various waves during the 20th century Serbian Americans are Citizens of the United States who are of Serbian ancestry Serbian Australians are Citizens of Australia who are of Serbian ancestry Serbs have a long history on the territory of today's Budapest ( Serbian: Будимпешта or Budimpešta) Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bošnjak pl Bošnjaci bɔ'ʃɲaːt͡si are a South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina ("Bosnia" Bunjevci ( Bunjevac, Croatian and Serbian: Bunjevci / Буњевци singular Bunjevac / Буњевац (pronounced 'boo-nyev-tsi Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Muslims by nationality ( Muslimani, Муслимани was a term used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as an official designation of nationality of The Goran or Gorani are a Balkan Ethnic group characterised by their adherence to Islam and by their dwelling in the border region between Albania The Krashovani ( Croatian and Serbian: Krašovani (Крашовани Karašovani or Krašovanje, Karaševci and The Macedonians (Македонци transliterated Makedonci) also referred to as Macedonian Slavs --> --> are a South Slavic people Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro Shopi (шопи Scientific transliteration šopi singular шоп šop with various regional names also existing is a regional term referring to the inhabitants of the Šokci, ( Croatian, Bosnian Šokci, singular Šokac, Serbian Cyrillic: Шокци in Hungarian: Sokácok Torlaks (Торлаци Torlaci is a name for Slavic inhabitants of south-eastern Serbia and northern Macedonia who speak the Torlakian dialect. Užičans (Ужичани Užičani) generally refers to the locals of the western Serbian city of Užice its local discrict and the surrounding area Yugoslavs ( Bosnian: Jugosloveni/Jugoslaveni; Macedonian and Serbian: Југословени Jugosloveni; Croatian This is a list of political entities (states and provinces that were inhabited or ruled by Serbs during history Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska Brčko District ( Bosnian / Serbian / Croatian: Brčko distrikt (Брчко дистрикт in Cyrillic) in northeastern Bosnia The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine Федерација Босне и Херцеговине) is one of the two political Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! This is a list of political entities (states and provinces that were inhabited or ruled by Serbs during history This article presents the history of the Serbs from the first mention of the people by Roman historians to events in the 20th century White Serbia, also known as Bojka ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бојка) was the traditional homeland of the White Serbs in Europe. The Sorb ( ian) March ( Limes Sorabicus; Sorbenmark was a frontier district on the eastern border of East Francia in the Тhe medieval history of Serbia begins in the 5th century AD with the arrival of the Slavs in the Balkans and ends with the occupation of Serbia by the Ottoman Empire in 1459 Doclea can refer to Doclea (city, ancient Illyrian and Roman city Duklja, medieval Slavic principality Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian The Byzantines restored control over Bosnia at the end of 10th century but not for long as it was soon taken by Emperor Samuil of Bulgaria. Zachlumia ( Croatian: Zahumlje Serbian: Захумље also known as the Land of the Hum and Chelm, was a Medieval Travunia ( Serbian: Травунија or Травуња Transliterations: Travunija, Travunja; Latin: Terbounia) was a Pagania, Merania or Neretvia (the Narentine Frontier, Ancient Greek:, Italian: Narentani The Republic of The Serbian Empire ( Serbian: Српско Царство Srpsko Carstvo) was a medieval empire in the Balkans that emerged from the medieval Moravian Serbia ( Serbian: Моравска Србија Moravska Srbija) was the most important of the Serbian states that emerged from the collapse of the The Serbian Despotate ( Serbian: Српска деспотовина or Srpska despotovina) was among the last Serbian states to be conquered by the Zeta (Serbian Cyrillic Зета, Latin Zenta) was a principality whose territory was mostly Serbian territories that approximately encompass present-day Duchy of Herzegovina was a South Slavic duchy that existed between 14th and 15th century in Herzegovina region of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two revolutions in 1804 and 1815, though Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital Belgrade Serbian revolution or Revolutionary Serbia refers to the national and Social revolution of the Serbian people between 1804 and 1817 during The Serbian Principality (Serbian Кнежевина Србија Kneževina Srbija) was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the The Serbian Vojvodina ( Serbian Voivodship, Serbian Duchy, Srpska Vojvodina, Српска Војводина was a Serbian autonomous region within the The Principality or Princedom of Montenegro was a principality in Southeastern Europe. The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler The Kingdom of Montenegro ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Црнa Горa or Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a kingdom in southeastern Europe The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Socialist Republic of Serbia ( Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Република Србија Socijalistička Republika Srbija) was a Socialist The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Аутономна Покрајина Војводина Socijalistička Autonomna The Republic of Serbian Krajina abbreviated RSK (Република Српска Крајина РСК sometimes also translated "Republic of Serb Krajina" The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the This is a list of the Archbishops and Patriarchs of Peć and the Serbs from the creation of the church as an archdiocese in 1219 to today's Patriarchate This is a list of Serbian Orthodox Monasteries. Monasteries in Serbia Central Serbia Vojvodina Fruška Gora Over the history of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the church has had many people who were venerated to sainthood Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem The Serbian Romany language (ISO 639-3/SIL code rsb) is the Mixed language of Serbian (a South Slavic language) and Romany (an Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski is the main dialect of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages Torlak ( Cyrillic: Торлачки говор Торлашки говор Latinic: Torlački govor) or simply Torlakian, is the name used Šatrovački (Шатровачки is a feature of permuting syllables of words used in Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Macedonian. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox The Slavonic-Serbian language (славяносербскій / slavjanoserbskij or словенскій slovenskij; славеносрпски / slavenosrpski This article presents the history of the Serbs from the first mention of the people by Roman historians to events in the 20th century Timeline This is a list of Serbian monarchs. Notes Entries bounded within parentheses are for reference only for instance the Roman numerals keep counts of Stefans Serbophobia, or Anti-Serb sentiment, is a term used to describe a sentiment of hostility or Hatred towards Serbs or Serbia. During World War II, between 500000 and 750000 Serbs were killed A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an The open-mid front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral The open-mid back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as The open front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. Vowel reduction is the term in Phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of Vowels which are related to changes in stress In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word
2. The open back unrounded vowel may also occur as an allophone of /a/. The open back unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet

Consonants

	bilabial	labio- dental	dental & alveolar	post- alveolar	alveolo- palatal	palatal	velar
plosive	p  b		t  d 1				k  g
nasal	m		n			ɲ	(ŋ) 2
fricative			s  z 1	ʃ  ʒ	ɕ  (ʑ) 3
affricate			ʦ 1	tʃ  dʒ	ʨ  ʥ
trill			r 4
approximant		ʋ				j
lateral approximant			l  (ɫ) 5			ʎ

1. Sounds /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, and /ʦ/ are pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge, thus being more dental than truly alveolar. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the In Phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) Consonants are palatalized postalveolar Fricatives articulated with Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiceless velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the The bilabial nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in almost all spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The alveolar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in numerous spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The palatal nasal is a type of Consonant, used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The voiced alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a Sibilant The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative ( IPA) is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into The voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It is The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. The alveolar trill is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The labiodental approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The palatal approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The Velarized Alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be Pharyngealized, also known as dark l is a type of Consonantal sound The palatal lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet An alveolar ridge (also known as the alveolar margin) is one of the two Jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the Hard palate In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets
2. The velar nasal is not a phoneme, it only occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants, e. The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. g. [ˈbraːŋko].
3. The alveolo-palatal fricatives occur when /s/ or /ʃ/ and /z/ or /ʒ/ undergone iotation. In Phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) Consonants are palatalized postalveolar Fricatives articulated with Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Iotation is a form of Palatalization which occurs in Slavic languages. The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative is much rarer because the iotation with /z/ is usually omitted. The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
4. The alveolar trill can be syllabic in some words. The alveolar trill is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental
5. The alveolar lateral approximant is usually velarized in this dialect. The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The Velarized Alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be Pharyngealized, also known as dark l is a type of Consonantal sound

Literature

The significant portion of the Užican vernacular literature is comprised of local anecdotes and proverbs, as well as the epic and lyric poems, both of which are usually sung according to a common metric system consisting of ten units (ten syllables in a verse), and often performed with gusle. Vernacular literature is Literature written in the Vernacular - the speech of the "common people" For other uses see Anecdota. For a comparison of anecdote with other kinds of stories see Myth legend fairy tale and fable. A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete Saying popularly known and repeated An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music The gusle or gusla (гусле gusle, lahuta гусла is a single- stringed musical instrument used in the Balkans and in the Dinarides ^[19] The hero of all Užican anecdotes is called Ero (another name for an Užičan, also spelled Era), who is portrayed as a most clever, witty, and hospitable person, although he is just a simple Zlatiborian peasant. Užičans (Ужичани Užičani) generally refers to the locals of the western Serbian city of Užice its local discrict and the surrounding area For other meanings see Zlatibor (disambiguation. Zlatibor ( Serbian Cyrillic: Златибoр is a mountain region situated in In these short anecdotes, he always succeeds to trick the others at the end, even though they hold a higher position in the society or are often considered smarter than him (priests, Ottoman and Serbian nobility, the police, etc. ). ^[20] Characters similar to smart and clever Ero are found in anecdotes across the Balkans: in the stories about Nasredin Hodža, of oriental origin, or Karagiozis in the Greek and Turkish literatures. Nasreddin ( Turkish "Nasreddin Hoca", Persian ملا نصرالدین, Arabic: جحا transl Karagiozis ( Greek: Καραγκιόζης, from Turkish: Karagöz) is a Shadow puppet and Fictional character ^[21]

The written literature, on the other hand, usually stuck to the standard language; that is Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic in the Middle Ages, and later the standard Serbian language. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The first Užican printed book, Rujansko četvorojevanđelje (the Gospels of Rujno), was printed in Church Slavonic in 1537. ^[22] Other Church Slavonic books printed in the Užice region include Psalter printed in Mileševa monastery in 1544, and Evangelion and Pentecostarion printed in Mrkša’s Church in 1562 and 1566, respectively. A Psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms and which often contains other devotional material Mileševa ( Serbian Cyrillic: Милешева is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Prijepolje, in southwest Serbia. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Pentecostarion ( Greek: Πεντηκοστάριον Pentekostárion; Slavonic: Цвѣтнаѧ Трїωдь Tsvyetnaya Triod' ^[23] After the printing centres in Užican monasteries were demolished by the Ottoman Turks, a manuscript culture arose in the Rača monastery. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Manuscript culture refers to the development and use of the Manuscript as a means of storing and disseminating information until the age of Printing. The Rača monastery ( Serbian Cyrillic: Манастир Рача is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery 7 km south of Bajina Bašta The manuscripts produced in Rača were written in Church Slavonic, but they contained many elements of the Užican vernacular. ^[24] The first works compiled in the local dialect by literate Užičans appeared in the 19^th century. They include Miladin Radović’s chronicle Samouki rukopis, and the Prophecy of Kremna which was told by Zechariah Zaharić, the protopope of Kremna. A Protopope (Greek for 'first Pope' or Protopresbyter, is a priest of higher rank in the Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches corresponding Kremna ( Serbian Cyrillic: Кремна is a village located in the Užice municipality of Serbia.

Examples

“	Сишао Ера са Златибора и свратио у чувену Ђерову механу, и рече газди: „Газда, оћеш ли ми дати сатлук ракије и ручак?“ Газда му донесе и Ера поједе, па опет упита: „Оћеш ли ми дати још један сатлук ракије?“ Пошто се Ера накреса, газда му приђе с рачуном, а овај рече: „Мој лијепи газда, ја немам пара да ти платим трошак, а ја сам те и питао оћеш ли ми дати, а ти си као добар човјек доносио и давао једном сиромашном Ери и без пара. “ Газда га салети да плати, а Ера ни да чује, па се погоде да Ера пева све док се газда не насмеје. Ера певао, а газда никако да се насмеје. Најзад Ера запева колико га грло носи: „Ој, Еро, један будаласти, што пјеваш кад платити мораш?!“ Газда се насмеја и рече: „Тако је. “ Ера преста са песмом, узе капу у руке и рече: „Сад сам ти одужио и вала ти!“ То рече и изађе на улицу.	”
—Zlatiborian vernacular anecdote, published by Ljubiša R. Đenić[25]

“	Точак је једна дрвена направа на форму дрљаче. На раскршћу побије се један дирек од 2 до 3 хвата висине. На њега се дигне та дрљача, ту доведу кривца и убију га па га дигну на ону дрљачу нако са аљинама. Лице и трбу окрену доље, кроз дрљачу-точак провуку ноге и руке и ту га оставе да га тице једу и оставе га за углед свијету… Тада су се тим Цигани користили. Они ноћу одсеку руке ономе на точку па иг осуше. [Циганин потом] своју руку завуче у рукав од гуња, а ону суву држи у руци па је помоли на рукав и тако моли за милостињу, јер кука како су му руке пропале и осушиле се… Била су око Ужица махом турска имања. Све њиве по Крушчици и лединама биле су њине. Турци изађу петком уз Крушчицу па ударају у шаркије и тамбуре и пјевају оне њине пјесме на српскоме језику јер они нису знали турски ни бекнути… Сви су дућани били од дасака и шашоваца, а куће од чатме, покривене даскама и сламом… Ватра се појавила ниже садашње Житне пијаце и брзо се раширила и обукватила целу доњу страну вароши… Гледо сам онаи пламен из Татинца. Слушо сам онаи прасак и падање кућа. Ватра је била, чини ми се, у небо ударила. Наимању иглу могло се наћи у свои околини Ужица. Кад се запали дућан где има барута, а било иг је млого, просто је страшно било слушати ону праску. Само се ломи, само пуца. Горело је до Слануше и Кадинца.	”
—Miladin Radović, Samouki rukopis (19th century)[26]

“	Чујеш ли ти бабо! Немој ме молити да се женим. Ја се женити нећу! Кад будем имао четрдесет и пет година, ондакар ћеш ме укопати, а женити ме никад нећеш! […] Ја се, Босо, женити нећу а ти ћеш се удати… И удаћеш се добро. Добићеш и ђеце, али ће ти све најмилије помријети у цвету младости! Тада ће доћи вријеме, када ћеш се покајати и мене сетити, па ћеш рећи: „Е, јадна Босо! Камо лијепе среће да се нијесам ни удавала!“ […] Оће, оће, куме и то скоро! Чућеш! Баш зато сам те и звао, да ти јопет кажем и потврдим да ће се све то ускоро догодити. Скоро ћеш чути, ђе ће у двору погинути и краљ и краљица. Они ће за једну ноћ нестати, као да их је гром побио.	”
—The Prophecy of Kremna, 19th century[27]

References

See also

• Užice
• Užičans
• Serbian language
• Bosnian language
• Central South Slavic diasystem

External links

• The history of the traditional dialect of Užice
• Kratka istorija starovlaške književnosti

Užice ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ужице IPA:) is a town and municipality located in Serbia at 43 Užičans (Ужичани Užičani) generally refers to the locals of the western Serbian city of Užice its local discrict and the surrounding area Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic