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Tyrol, or Tirol, is a historical region in Western Central Europe, which includes the Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Tyrol) and the Italian region known as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Austria is a federal republic made up of nine States, known in German as Länder (singular Land) Tyrol ( Tirol) is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. North Tyrol, or North Tirol is the main part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the western part of the country East Tyrol, or East Tirol, is an exclave of the Austrian state of Tyrol, sharing no border with North Tyrol, the main part of the state Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige; German: Trentino-Südtirol; Ladin: Trentin-Adesc Aut
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Prehistory
Historically the region was home to a series of autochthonous cultures occupying roughly the area of the later county of Tyrol. The most prominent are the late Bronze Age Laugen-Melaun/Luco-Meluno and Iron Age Fritzens-Sanzeno cultures. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man.
The Laugen-Melaun/Luco-Meluno culture, named after two important archaeological sites near the modern-day town of Brixen (Bressanone) in Bolzano-Bozen, appears in the 14th century BC in the area of today's Bolzano-Bozen and Trento, while the northern part of Tyrol comes under the influence of the Urnfield Culture[1]. Brixen ( Italian: Bressanone; Ladin: Porsenù or Persenon; Latin: Brixino; also known as Pressena The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. Tyrol ( Tirol) is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. The Urnfield culture (c 1300 BC - 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe. It is characterized by a particular type of richly decorated pottery, while the metal-working is strongly influenced by adjacent cultures. The people of the Laugen-Melaun/Luco-Meluno culture cremated the dead and placed their ashes in urns, and worshipped their gods in sanctuaries sometimes placed in remote areas, on mountain-tops or close to water. An urn is a Vase, ordinarily covered and without handles that usually has a narrowed neck above a footed Pedestal.
Around 500 BC the Fritzens-Sanzeno-culture, also known as culture of the Rhaetics, after the goddess Rhaetia who according to roman authors was the main deity of the people inhabiting the region, succeeds both the Laugen-Melaun/Luco-Meluno culture of the southern and the Urnfield culture of the northern part of Tyrol [2]. Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC As in the preceding culture, the richly ornamented pottery is very characteristic, while many aspects such as the metal-working, burial customs and religion are strongly influenced by its neighbours, mainly the Etruscans and Celts. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Nonetheless, the Fritzens-Sanzeno-people possessed important cultural traits which clearly distinguish them from adjacent groups, such as the typical mountain-sanctuaries already in use during the time of the Laugen-Melaun/Luco-Meluno-Culture, certain types of fibulae, bronze armor, and an own alphabet derived from the Etruscan. A Fibula is an ancient brooch (Plural fibulae Technically the Latin term fibulae refers specifically to Roman brooches however the term is widely used to
Antiquity
In 15 BCE the region was conquered by the Romans and its northern and eastern part were incorporated into the Roman Empire as the provinces of Raetia and Noricum respectively, while the part south of and including the area around the modern day cities of Merano and Bolzano became part of Italia's Regio X. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of Merano ( Italian, now most common in English German: Meran, also used in English Ladin: Meran; Archaic (857 AD Mairania For the mathematician see Bernard Bolzano; for other uses see Bolzano (disambiguation. Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. As in the rest of Europe, the Roman era left deep marks in the culture and in the language (see: Rhaeto-Romance languages). Rhaeto-Romance languages are a Romance language sub-family which includes multiple languages spoken in North-Eastern Italy and Switzerland.
According to a more recent and controversial theory, the Rhaeto-Romance languages are autochthonous and date back to before the Roman conquest (see: Paleolithic Continuity Theory). The Paleolithic Continuity Theory (or PCT,Italian La teoria della continuità) is a Hypothesis suggesting that the hypothetical Proto-Indo-European
Middle Ages and early modern era
From the 6th to the 9th century, the region was settled by the Bavarii and the Langobards. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Bavarii were a large and powerful Tribe which emerged late in Teutonic tribal times in what is now the Czech Republic ( Bohemia) The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from As part of the Frankish Empire and later the Holy Roman Empire the region had a strategic importance as a bridgehead to Italy as the southern part of the duchy of Bavaria. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12
Tyrol, incorporated into the southern part of the Duchy of Bavaria during the Early Middle Ages, consisted largely of ecclesiastical holdings of the Bishops of Brixen and Trento. The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empires The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 Brixen ( Italian: Bressanone; Ladin: Porsenù or Persenon; Latin: Brixino; also known as Pressena Trento (traditional English Trent; Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many Over the centuries, the Counts residing in Castle Tyrol, near Merano, extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops, who were nominally their feudal lords. Merano ( Italian, now most common in English German: Meran, also used in English Ladin: Meran; Archaic (857 AD Mairania Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Later counts came to hold much of their territory directly from the Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Meinhardinger family, originating in Gorizia, held not only Tyrol and Gorizia, but for a time also the Duchy of Carinthia. Gorizia (Gurize Gorica Görz is a town in northeastern Italy, at the foot of the Alps and bordering Slovenia. The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten Vojvodina Koroška was a Duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia.
1363/1369 the Wittelsbach released the country for Habsburg when Margarete Maultasch, lacking any descendants to succeed her, bequeathed Tyrol to Duke Rudolph IV of House of Habsburg. The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. Rudolf IV der Stifter (the Founder ( November 1 1339 &ndash July 27 1365) was a member of the House of Habsburg and From that time onwards, Tyrol was ruled by various lines of the Habsburg family, who held the title of the Count of Tyrol (see List of rulers of Austria). This is a list of Margraves Dukes Archdukes and Emperors of Austria.
The red eagle in Tyrol's coat of arms is derived from the red Brandenburg eagle at the time when Louis V, Duke of Bavaria and Margarete Maultasch governed Brandenburg as well. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Louis V Duke of Bavaria, called the Brandenburger (May 1315 &ndash 18 September 1361 in Zorneding near Munich) was Duke of
Napoleonic Wars and 19th century
Following defeat by Napoleon in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria in the Peace of Pressburg. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern was a German state that existed from 1806&ndash1918 The Peace of Pressburg refers to four peace treaties concluded in Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia) Tyrol as a part of Bavaria became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (Rheinbund États confédérés du Rhin officially and Confédération du Rhin in practice) lasted The Tyroleans, known to be an obstinate and proud people, rose up against the Bavarian authority and succeeded twice in defeating Bavarian and French troops trying to retake the country. Austria lost the war of the Fifth Coalition against France, and got even harsher terms in the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809. The War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon 's French Empire and The Treaty of Schönbrunn (Traité de Schönbrunn Friede von Schönbrunn sometimes known as the Treaty of Vienna, was signed between France and Austria Often glorified as Tyrol's national hero, Andreas Hofer, the leader of the uprising, was executed in 1810 in Mantua, having lost a third and final battle against the French and Bavarian forces. Andreas Hofer ( November 22, 1767 – February 20 1810) was a Tyrolean innkeeper and patriot. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the Tyrol remained divided under Bavarian and Italian authority for another four years before being reunified and returned to Austria following the decisions at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia, but also Regno Italico; 17 March 1805 – 11 April Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Integrated into the Austrian Empire, from 1867 onwards it was a Kronland [Crown Land] of Cisleithania, the western half of Austria-Hungary. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Cisleithania (Cisleithanien Předlitavsko was the name of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918
World War I and its aftermath
The front line during WWI followed mostly the historical border of Tyrol, which ran right through the highest mountains of the Alps. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Austria is a federal republic made up of nine States, known in German as Länder (singular Land) Tyrol ( Tirol) is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The ensuing front became known as the "War in ice and snow", as troops occupied the highest mountains and glaciers all year long. Twelve metres (40 feet) of snow were a usual occurrence during the winter of 1915–16 and tens of thousands of soldiers disappeared in avalanches. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article refers to the natural event For other uses see Avalanche (disambiguation An avalanche is an abrupt and rapid flow of snow often The remains of these soldiers are still being uncovered today. The Italian Alpini, as well as their Austrian counterparts (Kaiserjäger, Standschützen and Landesschützen) and the German Alpenkorps occupied every hill and mountain top and began to carve extensive fortifications and military quarters, even drilling tunnels inside the mountains and deep into glaciers, like at Marmolada. The Alpini, meaning "the Alpines quot, are the elite Mountain warfare soldiers of the Italian Army. The Alpenkorps was a provisional mountain unit of division size formed by the Imperial German Army during World War I. Marmolada (the Italian name also Ladin: Marmoleda, German: Marmolata) is a mountain in northeastern Italy (just east Guns were dragged by hundreds of troops on mountains up to 3,890 m (12,760 ft). Streets, cable cars, mountain railways and walkways through the steepest of walls were built.
But whoever had occupied the higher ground first was almost impossible to dislodge, so both sides turned to drilling tunnels under mountain peaks, filling them up with explosives and then detonating the whole mountain to pieces, including its defenders: Col di Lana, Monte Pasubio, Lagazuoi, etc. Climbing and skiing became essential skills for the troops of both sides and soon Ski Battalions and Special Climbing units were formed.
In the final days of World War I, the troops of the already disintegrating Austrian-Hungarian Empire were defeated on 29 October 1918 in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in Italy. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Battle of Vittorio Veneto was fought between 24 October and 3 November 1918 near Vittorio Veneto, during the Italian Campaign of World War I. The subsequent armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on November 3 but was set into force only a day later on November 4, with the Austrian command having ordered its troops to cease hostilities one day too early. The Armistice of villa Giusti ended warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front during World War I. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani This allowed the Italian troops, which had already advanced into Veneto, Friuli and Cadore, to overrun the now undefended Austrian positions, advance deep into Tyrol and occupy its capital Innsbruck. Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Friuli ( Friulian: Cadore is a " Comunità montana " (mountain community in the Italian region of Veneto, in the northernmost part of the Province of Belluno Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. In the process some 356,000 soldiers of the Austrian army were taken prisoner[3].
The Treaty of Saint-Germain then ruled that, according to the London Pact, the southern part of Tyrol had to be ceded to Italy. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new London Pact ( Italian Patto di Londra) or more correctly the Treaty of London, 1915 was a secret Pact between Italy and Triple Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The region included not only the largely Romance speaking area today known as the province of Trento, but also the province of Bolzano-Bozen which, according to the census of 1910, was inhabited by 92. The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Provincia autonoma di Bolzano Autonome Provinz Bozen Ladin: Provinzia 2% German speakers, and a small part of today's province of Belluno. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Province of Belluno ( Provincia di Belluno) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy.
The Italian annexation thus went against the principle of national self-determination propagated by US-president Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points, specifically against point nine where Wilson explicitly stated that "readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United "[4]
The northern part, consisting of the geographically separate regions of Northern Tyrol and Eastern Tyrol, is today one of nine federal states of the Federal Republic of Austria called Tyrol. Austria is a federal republic made up of nine States, known in German as Länder (singular Land) Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Tyrol ( Tirol) is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria.
Other facts
Tyrol is also known for some of the finest snow skiing in Europe. Some famous resorts in the Tyrolean Alps include Kitzbühel, Wilder Kaiser, Ischgl, and St. Anton, home of the world's first ski school founded by Hannes Schneider. Kitzbühel is a medieval city in Tyrol, Austria, situated along the river Kitzbühler Ache. Ischgl (1377m is a small village (population 1489 in 2001) in the Paznaun Valley in Tyrol ( Austria) Sankt Anton am Arlberg is a village in Tyrol, western Austria, with a population of c
The Tyrol Gröstl is a traditional food which contains potatoes and pieces of cut pork browned lightly together with chopped onion and butter in a frying pan. It is spiced with abundant marjoram, plus salt, pepper, caraway and parsley. Gröstl is often served with fried egg and herbs, sheet or rohnensalat (beetroot).
"The Green Hills Of Tyrol" is a popular bagpiping tune, as a 3/4 retreat march. " A Scottish soldier " is a Scottish Folk song.The lyrics were written by Andy Stewart. It is one of the best known, and oldest tunes played by pipe bands. It was originally transposed by Pipe Major MacLean in Crimea, during the Crimean War.
References
- ^ Gleirscher Paul, Die Laugen-Melaun-Gruppe. In: Die Räter – I Reti. Schriftenreihe der Arge Alp. Hrsg. Kommission III (Kultur), (Bozen 1992) 117-134
- ^ Paul Gleirscher: Die Räter. Rätisches Museum, Chur 1991
- ^ Weltkrieg, Erster
- ^ Sterling J. Kernek (August 1982), “Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination along Italy's Frontier: A Study of the Manipulation of Principles in the Pursuit of Political Interests”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 126(4):243–300 (p246)
External links
- Tirolpanorama - 360 Degree Panoramic Views of Tyrol
- Tyrolean News
- Tyrolean Government
- Maps, charts, tables
- Tyrol Tourist Board
- Tyrolean History
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