In typography, a typeface is a set of one or more fonts designed with stylistic unity, each comprising a coordinated set of glyphs. Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety In typography a font (also fount) is traditionally defined as a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular Typeface. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they A typeface usually comprises an alphabet of letters, numerals, and punctuation marks; it may also include ideograms and symbols, or consist entirely of them, for example, mathematical or map-making symbols. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and The term typeface is frequently conflated with font; the two terms had more clearly differentiated meanings before the advent of desktop publishing. In typography a font (also fount) is traditionally defined as a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular Typeface. Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) combines a Personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout Software to create Publication Documents The current distinction between font and typeface is that a font designates a specific member of a type family such as roman, boldface, or italic type, while typeface designates a consistent visual appearance or style which can be a "family" or related set of fonts. In Typography, emphasis is the exaggeration of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text&mdashto emphasise them In Typography, italic type /ɪˈtælɪk/ or /aɪˈtælɪk/ refers to cursive Typefaces based on a stylized form of calligraphic Handwriting. For example, a given typeface such as Arial may include roman, bold, and italic fonts. Arial, sometimes marketed as Arial MT, is a Sans-serif Typeface and Computer font packaged with Microsoft Windows, other In the metal type era, a font also meant a specific point size, but with digital scalable outline fonts this distinction is no longer valid, as a single font may be scaled to any size.

The art and craft of designing typefaces is called type design. Type design is the art of designing Typefaces Although the technology of printing text using movable type was invented in China and despite the esteem which Calligraphy Designers of typefaces are called type designers, and often typographers. A type designer is a person who designs Typefaces Some type designers are employed by Type foundries, or operate them Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety In digital typography, type designers are also known as font developers or font designers. A type designer is a person who designs Typefaces Some type designers are employed by Type foundries, or operate them

The size of typefaces and fonts is traditionally measured in points;^[1] point has been defined differently at different times, but now the most popular is the Desktop Publishing point of 1/72 in. In typography a font (also fount) is traditionally defined as a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular Typeface. In Typography, a point is the smallest unit of measure being a subdivision of the larger pica. When specified in typographic sizes (points, kyus), the height of an ‘em-square’, an invisible box which is typically a bit larger than the distance from the tallest ascender to the lowest descender, is scaled to equal the specified size. For example, when setting Helvetica at 12 point, the em square defined in the Helvetica font is scaled to 12 points or 1/6 of an inch. Yet no particular element of 12-point Helvetica need measure exactly 12 points.

Frequently measurement in non-typographic units (feet, inches, meters) will be of the ‘Cap-height’, the height of the capital letters. Font size is also commonly measured in millimeters (mm) and qs (a quarter of a millimeter, kyu in romanized Japanese) and inches. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches.

Contents 1 Font, typeface and type family 2 History 3 Digital type 4 Typeface anatomy 4.1 Serifs 4.2 Proportion 4.3 Font metrics 5 Types of typefaces 5.1 Serif typefaces 5.2 Sans serif typefaces 5.3 Script typefaces 5.4 Blackletter typefaces 5.5 Monospaced typefaces 5.6 Ornamental typefaces 5.6.1 Typefaces based upon non-Roman-alphabet writing systems 5.7 Symbol typefaces 5.8 Display typefaces 6 Texts used to demonstrate typefaces 7 Legal aspects 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Font, typeface and type family

In professional typography the term typeface is not interchangeable with the word font, which was historically defined as a given alphabet and its associated characters in a single size. In typography a font (also fount) is traditionally defined as a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular Typeface. For example, 8-point Caslon Italic was one font, and 10-point Caslon Italic was another. Historically, fonts came in specific sizes determining the size of characters, and in quantities of sorts or number of each letter provided. The design of characters in a font took into account all these factors.

As the range of typeface designs increased and requirements of publishers broadened over the centuries, fonts of specific weight (blackness or lightness) and stylistic variants—most commonly "regular" or roman as distinct to italic, as well as condensed—have led to font families, collections of closely related typeface designs that can include hundreds of styles. In Typography, "roman" type has two principal meanings both stemming from the stylistic origin of text typefaces from inscriptional capitals used in In Typography, italic type /ɪˈtælɪk/ or /aɪˈtælɪk/ refers to cursive Typefaces based on a stylized form of calligraphic Handwriting. A font family is typically a group of related fonts which vary only in weight, orientation, width, etc, but not design. For example, Times is a font family, whereas Times Roman, Times Italic and Times Bold are individual fonts making up the Times family. Font families typically include several fonts, though some, such as Helvetica, may consist of dozens of fonts. Helvetica, Times, and Courier are examples of three widely distributed typefaces. Helvetica is the name of a widely used Sans-serif Typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss Typeface designer Max Miedinger. Courier is a monospaced Slab serif typeface designed to resemble the output from a strike-on typewriter

History

Main article: History of western typography

Type foundries have cast fonts in lead alloys from the 1450s until the present, although wood served as the material for some large fonts called wood type during the 19th century, particularly in the United States. Contemporary typographers view typography as craft with a very long History tracing its origins back to the first punches and dies used to make seals and Currency Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the 1890s the mechanization of typesetting allowed automated casting of fonts on the fly as lines of type in the size and length needed. This was known as continuous casting, and remained profitable and widespread until its demise in the 1970s. The first machine of this type was the Linotype, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler. Ottmar Mergenthaler ( May 11, 1854 &ndash October 28, 1899) was a German Inventor, who has been called a second

During a brief transitional period (c. 1950s – 1990s), photographic technology, known as phototypesetting, utilized tiny high-resolution images of individual glyphs on a film strip (in the form of a film negative, with the letters as clear areas on an opaque black background). Phototypesetting is a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the Personal computer and Desktop publishing software that A high-intensity light source behind the film strip projected the image of each glyph through an optical system, which focused the desired letter onto the light-sensitive phototypesetting paper at a specific size and position. This photographic typesetting process permitted optical scaling, allowing designers to produce multiple sizes from a single font, although physical constraints on the reproduction system used still required design changes at different sizes—for example, ink traps and spikes to allow for spread of ink encountered in the printing stage. In Euclidean geometry, uniform scaling or Isotropic scaling is a Linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects the Scale factor An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or Manually operated photocomposition systems using fonts on filmstrips allowed fine kerning between letters without the physical effort of manual typesetting, and spawned an enlarged type design industry in the 1960s and 1970s. In Typography, kerning —less commonly mortising (referring to the process of physically removing material from the cast character—is the process of adjusting letter

The mid-1970s saw all of the major typeface technologies and all their fonts in use: letterpress, continuous casting machines, phototypositors, computer-controlled phototypesetters, and the earliest digital typesetters—hulking machines with tiny processors and CRT outputs. From the mid-1980s, as digital typography has grown, users have almost universally adopted the American spelling font, which nowadays nearly always means a computer file containing scalable outline letterforms ("digital font"), in one of several common formats. A computer file is a block of Arbitrary Information, or resource for storing information which is available to a Computer program and is usually Some typefaces, such as Verdana, are designed primarily for use on computer screens. Verdana is a humanist sans-serif Typeface designed by Matthew Carter for Microsoft Corporation, with hand- hinting done by Tom A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video

Digital type

Main article: Computer font

Digital fonts store the image of each character either as a bitmap in a bitmap font, or by mathematical description of lines and curves in an outline font, also called a vector font. This article is about font technology For information about the typographic appearance of individual font sets see Typefaces A computer font (or In Computer graphics, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or Image file format used to store Digital images The This article is about font technology For information about the typographic appearance of individual font sets see Typefaces A computer font (or This article is about font technology For information about the typographic appearance of individual font sets see Typefaces A computer font (or When an outline font is used, a rasterizing routine (in the application software, operating system or printer) renders the character outlines, interpreting the vector instructions to decide which pixels should be black and which ones white. In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels Rasterization is straightforward at high resolutions such as those used by laser printers and in high-end publishing systems. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper For computer screens, where each individual pixel can mean the difference between legible and illegible characters, some digital fonts use hinting algorithms to make readable bitmaps at small sizes. A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video Font hinting is the use of mathematical instructions to adjust the display of an Outline font so that it lines up with a rasterized grid

Digital fonts may also contain data representing the metrics used for composition, including kerning pairs, component creation data for accented characters, glyph substitution rules for Arabic typography and for connecting script faces, and for simple everyday ligatures like fl. Common font formats include METAFONT, PostScript Type 1, TrueType and OpenType. Metafont is a Programming language used to define vector fonts. PostScript ( PS) is a dynamically typed concatenative Programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982 PostScript fonts are Outline font specifications developed by Adobe for professional digital typesetting, which uses PostScript file format to TrueType is an Outline font standard originally developed by Apple Computer in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe 's Type 1 fonts OpenType is a scalable format for Computer fonts initially developed by Microsoft, later joined by Adobe Systems. Applications using these font formats, including the rasterizers, appear in Microsoft and Apple Computer operating systems, Adobe Systems products and those of several other companies. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California Digital fonts are created with font editors such as FontForge, Fontlab's TypeTool, FontLab Studio, Fontographer, or AsiaFont Studio. FontForge (formerly known as PfaEdit) is a typeface (font editor program developed by George Williams. FontLab is both the name of a company FontLab Ltd and the former name of their flagship Font editor product now called FontLab Studio.

Typeface anatomy

Typographers have developed a comprehensive vocabulary for describing the many aspects of typefaces and typography. Some vocabulary applies only to a subset of all scripts. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. Serifs, for example, are a purely decorative characteristic of typefaces used for European scripts, whereas the glyphs used in Arabic or East Asian scripts have characteristics (such as stroke width) that may be similar in some respects but cannot reasonably be called serifs and may not be purely decorative.

Serifs

	Sans serif font
	Serif font
	Serif font with serifs highlighted in red

Typefaces can be divided into two main categories: serif and sans serif. Origins & etymology Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with inscriptional lettering —words carved into stone in Roman antiquity History Ancient usages Sans-serif letter forms can be found in Latin Etruscan, and Greek inscriptions for as early as 5th century BC Serifs comprise the small features at the end of strokes within letters. Origins & etymology Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with inscriptional lettering —words carved into stone in Roman antiquity The printing industry refers to typeface without serifs as sans serif (from French sans: "without"), or as grotesque (or, in German, grotesk). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Great variety exists among both serif and sans serif typefaces. Both groups contain faces designed for setting large amounts of body text, and others intended primarily as decorative. The presence or absence of serifs forms is only one of many factors to consider when choosing a typeface.

Typefaces with serifs are often considered easier to read in long passages than those without. Studies on the matter are ambiguous, suggesting that most of this effect is due to the greater familiarity of serif typefaces. As a general rule, printed works such as newspapers and books almost always use serif typefaces, at least for the text body. Web sites do not have to specify a font and can simply respect the browser settings of the user. But of those web sites that do specify a font, most use modern sans serif fonts, because it is commonly believed that, in contrast to the case for printed material, sans serif fonts are easier than serif fonts to read on the low-resolution computer screen.

Proportion

A proportional typeface displays glyphs using varying widths, while a non-proportional or fixed-width or monospaced typeface uses fixed glyph widths.

Most people generally find proportional typefaces nicer-looking and easier to read, and thus they appear more commonly in professionally published printed material. For the same reason, GUI computer applications (such as word processors and web browsers) typically use proportional fonts. A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text images videos music games and other information typically located on a However, many proportional fonts contain fixed-width figures so that columns of numbers stay aligned.

Monospaced typefaces function better for some purposes because their glyphs line up in neat, regular columns. Most manually-operated typewriters and text-only computer displays use monospaced fonts. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium Most computer programs which have a text-based interface (terminal emulators, for example) use only monospace fonts in their configuration. A terminal emulator, terminal application, term, or tty for short is a program that emulates a "dumb" video terminal within some other Most computer programmers prefer to use monospace fonts while editing source code. A programmer is someone who writes Computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable

ASCII art usually requires a monospace font for proper viewing. History Typewriter art Since 1867 typewriters have been used for creating visual art In a web page, the <tt> </tt> or <pre> </pre> HTML tag most commonly specifies non-proportional fonts. A web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a Web browser. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure In LaTeX, the verbatim environment uses non-proportional fonts. LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ

Any two lines of text with the same number of characters in each line in a monospace typeface should display as equal in width, while the same two lines in a proportional typeface may have radically different widths. This occurs because wide glyphs (like those for the letters W, Q, Z, M, D, O, H, and U) use more space, and narrow glyphs (like those for the characters i, t, l, and 1) use less space than the average-width glyph when using a proportional font.

In the publishing industry, editors read manuscripts in fixed-width fonts for ease of editing, and it is considered discourteous to submit a manuscript in a proportional font. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way

Font metrics

Most scripts share the notion of a baseline: an imaginary horizontal line on which characters rest. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 In Typography and Penmanship, the baseline is the line upon which most letters "sit" and under which Descenders extend In some scripts, parts of glyphs lie below the baseline. The descent spans the distance between the baseline and the lowest descending glyph in a typeface, and the part of a glyph that descends below the baseline has the name "descender". Typography, a descender is the portion of a letter in a Latin alphabet that extends below the baseline of a font. Conversely, the ascent spans the distance between the baseline and the top of the glyph that reaches farthest from the baseline. The ascent and descent may or may not include distance added by accents or diacritical marks.

In the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic (sometimes collectively referred to as LGC) scripts, one can refer to the distance from the baseline to the top of regular lowercase glyphs (mean line) as the x-height, and the part of a glyph rising above the x-height as the "ascender". The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by In Typography, the mean line, also (and more simply known as midline, is the line that determines where non- ascending lowercase In Typography, the x-height or corpus size refers to the distance between the baseline and the Mean line in a Typeface. Typography, an ascender is the portion of a letter in a Latin-derived alphabet that extends above the Mean line of a font. The distance from the baseline to the top of the ascent or a regular uppercase glyphs (cap line) is also known as the cap height. ^[2] The height of the ascender can have a dramatic effect on the readability and appearance of a font. The ratio between the x-height and the ascent or cap height often serves to characterize typefaces.

Types of typefaces

Because a plethora of typefaces have been created over the centuries, they are commonly categorized according to their appearance. At the highest level, one can differentiate between serif, sans serif, script, blackletter, ornamental, monospace, and symbol typefaces. Historically, the first European fonts were blackletter, followed by serif, then sans serif and then the other types.

Serif typefaces

Main article: Serif

Serif, or "Roman", typefaces are named for the features at the ends of their strokes. Origins & etymology Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with inscriptional lettering —words carved into stone in Roman antiquity Times Roman and Garamond are common examples of serif typefaces. Times New Roman is a Serif Typeface commissioned by the British newspaper The Times, in 1931, designed by Stanley Garamond is the name given to a group of old style serif Typefaces named for the punch-cutter Claude Garamond (c Serif fonts are probably the most used class in printed materials, including most books, newspapers and magazines. Serif fonts are often classified into three subcategories: Old Style, Transitional, and Modern. Old Style typefaces are influenced by early Italian lettering design. ^[3] Though some argument exists as to whether Transitional fonts exist as a discrete category among serif fonts, Transitional fonts lie somewhere between Old Style and Modern style typefaces. Transitional fonts exhibit a marked increase in the variation of stroke weight and a more horizontal serif compared to Old Style, but not as extreme as Modern. Lastly, Modern fonts often exhibit a bracketed serif and a substantial difference in weight within the strokes. Examples of these are Times, New Baskerville, and Bodoni, respectively.

Roman, italic, and oblique are also terms used to differentiate between upright and italicized variations of a typeface. The difference between italic and oblique is that the term italic usually applies to serif faces, where the letter forms are redesigned. ^[4]

Sans serif typefaces

Main article: Sans serif

Sans serif (lit. History Ancient usages Sans-serif letter forms can be found in Latin Etruscan, and Greek inscriptions for as early as 5th century BC without serif) designs appeared relatively recently in the history of type design. The evolution of the sans serif font very likely stemmed from the slab serif font. The earliest slab serif font, "Antique", later renamed "Egyptian", designed in 1815 by the English typefounder Vincent Figgins^[5] was succeeded one year later by the first sans serif font, created by William Caslon IV. The evidence of this is clearly shown in the uniform strokes in the letter forms. Sans serif fonts are commonly but not exclusively used for display typography such as signage, headings, and other situations demanding legibility above high readability. The text on electronic media offers an exception to print: most web pages and digitized media are laid out in sans serif typefaces because serifs often detract from readability at the low resolution of displays. A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video

A well-known and popular sans serif font is Max Miedinger's Helvetica, popularized for desktop publishing by inclusion with Apple Computer's LaserWriter laserprinter and having been one of the first readily available digital typefaces. Max Miedinger (1910-12-24 - 1980-03-08 was a Swiss typeface designer. Helvetica is the name of a widely used Sans-serif Typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss Typeface designer Max Miedinger. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Arial, popularized by Microsoft, is a widely used sans serif font that is often compared to and substituted for Helvetica. Arial, sometimes marketed as Arial MT, is a Sans-serif Typeface and Computer font packaged with Microsoft Windows, other Other fonts such as Futura, Gill Sans, Univers and Frutiger have also remained popular over many decades. Futura is a geometric Sans-serif Typeface designed between 1924 and 1926 by Paul Renner. Gill Sans is a humanist Sans-serif Typeface designed by Eric Gill in 1927 and released 1928 Univers (ynivɛʀ French: "universe" is the name of a realist Sans-serif Typeface designed by Adrian Frutiger in 1954 Frutiger (pronounced with a hard g) is a series of Typefaces named after its designer Adrian Frutiger.

Script typefaces

Script typefaces simulate handwriting or calligraphy. Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 They do not lend themselves to quantities of body text, as people find them harder to read than many serif and sans-serif typefaces; they are typically used for logos or invitations. In Computing, an HTML element indicates structure in an HTML document and a way of hierarchically arranging content Examples include Coronet and Zapfino. Coronet is an American Typeface designed in 1937 by Robert Hunter Middleton. Zapfino is a calligraphic Typeface designed for Linotype by renowned Typeface designer Hermann Zapf in 1998

Blackletter typefaces

Main article: Blackletter

Blackletter fonts, the earliest typefaces used with the invention of the printing press, resemble the blackletter calligraphy of that time. Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Many people refer to them as "gothic script". Various forms exist including textualis, rotunda, schwabacher, and fraktur. Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 The Rotunda is a specific medieval Blackletter script It originates in Carolingian minuscule. The German word Schwabacher (ˈʃvaːˌbaxər refers to a specific Blackletter Typeface. The German word Fraktur () refers to a specific sub-group of Blackletter Typefaces The word derives from the past participle fractus (“broken”

Monospaced typefaces

Main article: Monospace font

Monospaced fonts are typefaces in which every glyph is the same width (as opposed to variable-width fonts, where the w and m are wider than most letters, and the i is narrower). A monospaced font, also called a fixed-width or Non-proportional font, is a Font whose letters each occupy the same amount of space The first monospaced typefaces were designed for typewriters, which could only move the same distance forward with each letter typed. Their use continued with early computers, which could only display a single font. Although modern computers can display any desired typeface, monospaced fonts are still important for computer programming, terminal emulation, and for laying out tabulated data in plain text documents. In Computing, plain text is a term used for an ordinary "unformatted" sequential file readable as textual material without much processing Examples of monospaced typefaces are Courier, Prestige Elite, and Monaco. Courier is a monospaced Slab serif typeface designed to resemble the output from a strike-on typewriter Prestige Elite, also known simply as Prestige, is a monospaced Typeface. Monaco is a monospaced sans-serif typeface designed by Susan Kare and Kris Holmes.

Ornamental typefaces

Ornamental (also known as "novelty" or sometimes "display") typefaces are used exclusively for decorative purposes, and are not suitable for body text. They have the most distinctive designs of all fonts, and may even incorporate pictures of objects, animals, etc. into the character designs. They usually have very specific characteristics (e. g. evoking the Wild West, Christmas, horror films, etc. ) and hence very limited uses. See below for the historical definition of "display typeface".

Typefaces based upon non-Roman-alphabet writing systems

A group of decorative typefaces, sometimes called "simulation" typefaces, have been designed that take the form of the Roman alphabet but evoke another writing system. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. This group includes typefaces designed to appear as Arabic, Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, Chinese, Cyrillic, Devanāgarī, Greek, Hebrew, Katakana, and Thai. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with Hiragana, Kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet The Thai Alphabet (อักษรไทย àksŏn thai) is used to write the Thai language and other minority languages in Thailand There are many caveats to these including unusual key mappings on a standard keyboard, and lack of support for logographic writing systems. These are used largely for the purpose of novelty to make something "appear" foreign, or to implement a symbol, such as π, that is not otherwise available. IMPORTANT NOTICE Please note that Wikipedia is not a database to store the millions of digits of π please refrain from adding those to Wikipedia as it could cause technical problems

Symbol typefaces

Main article: Dingbat

Symbol, or Dingbat, typefaces consist of symbols (such as decorative bullets, clock faces, railroad timetable symbols, CD-index, or TV-channel enclosed numbers) rather than normal text characters. A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in Typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a "printer's ornament" Examples include Zapf Dingbats, Sonata, and Wingdings. Zapf Dingbats is one of the more common Dingbat Typefaces It was designed by the Typographer Hermann Zapf in 1978 and licensed by International Wingdings are a series of fonts which render letters as a variety of symbols

Display typefaces

In the days of letterpress and phototypesetting, many of the most commonly used typefaces were available in a "display face" variation. Display faces were created for best appearance at large "display" sizes (typically 36 points or larger) as might be used for a major headline in a newspaper or on the cover of a book. The main distinction of a display face was the lack of "ink traps", small indentations at the junctions of letter strokes. In smaller point sizes, these ink traps were intended to fill up when the letterpress was over-inked, providing some latitude in press operation while maintaining the intended appearance of the type design. At larger sizes these ink traps are not necessary, so display faces do not have them. Today's digital typefaces are most often used for offset lithography, electrophotographic printing or other processes that are not subject to the ink supply variations of letterpress, so ink traps have largely disappeared from use. This is why display cases are rarely found in the world of digital typography, whereas they were once common in letterpress printing. When digital fonts feature a "display" variation, it is to accommodate stylistic differences that may benefit type used at larger point sizes. Unfortunately, some 20 years plus into the desktop publishing revolution, few typographers with metal foundry type experience are still working, so the misuse of the term "display typeface" as a synonym for "ornamental type" has become widespread.

Texts used to demonstrate typefaces

A sentence that uses all of the alphabet (a pangram), such as "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", is often used as a design aesthetic tool to demonstrate the personality of a typeface's characters in a setting. A pangram ( Greek: pan gramma, "every letter" or holoalphabetic sentence, is a sentence using every letter of the Alphabet at least " The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog " is a Panagram (a Phrase that uses all the letters of the Alphabet) that has been used to test For extended settings of typefaces graphic designers often use nonsense text (commonly referred to as "greeking"), such as lorem ipsum or Latin text such as the beginning of Cicero's In Catilinam. Greeking is term that refers to a style of displaying or rendering text or symbols For the Wikipedia template see lorem ipsum In Publishing and Graphic design, lorem ipsum lipsum)--> is Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman The Catiline Orations or Catilinarian Orations were speeches given in 63 BC by Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Consul Greeking is used in typography to determine a typeface's "colour", or weight and style, and to demonstrate an overall typographic aesthetic prior to actual type setting. In Typography, type color refers to the weight or boldness of a Typeface and is used by designers and typographers to describe the visual tone of a mass of text on

Legal aspects

Under United States law, typeface designs are not subject to copyright; however novel and nonobvious typeface designs are subject to protection by design patents. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for In the United States, a design patent is a Patent granted on the ornamental design of a functional item Digital fonts that embody a particular design are often subject to copyright as computer programs. Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. The names of the typefaces can become trademarked. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual As a result of these various means of legal protection, sometimes the same typeface exists in multiple names and implementations.

Some elements of the software engines used to display fonts on computers have software patents associated with them. Software patent does not have a universally accepted definition In particular, Apple Inc. has patented some of the hinting algorithms for TrueType, requiring open source alternatives such as FreeType to use different algorithms. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Font hinting is the use of mathematical instructions to adjust the display of an Outline font so that it lines up with a rasterized grid In Mathematics, Computing, Linguistics and related subjects an algorithm is a sequence of finite instructions often used for Calculation Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge FreeType is a software library written in C that implements a Font rasterization engine

Although typeface design is not subject to copyright in the United States under the 1976 Copyright Act, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in Adobe Systems, Inc. The United States District Court for the Northern District of California is the federal United States district court whose jurisdiction comprises following counties and Emigre, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc. and King (No. C95-20710 RMW, N. D. Cal. Jan. 30, 1998[1]) found that there was copyright in the placement of points on a computer font's outline, i. e. , because a given outline can be expressed in myriad ways, a particular selection and placement of points has sufficient originality to qualify for copyright.

Many western countries extend copyright protection to typeface designs. However, this has no impact on protection in the United States, because all of the major copyright treaties and agreements to which the U. S. is a party (such as the Berne Convention, the WIPO Copyright Treaty, and TRIPS) operate under the principle of "national treatment", under which a country is obligated to provide no greater or lesser protection to works from other countries than it provides to domestically produced works. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing Copyright The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty, abbreviated as the WIPO Copyright Treaty, was an international Treaty on Copyright law adopted TRIPS redirects here For the new microprocessor design see TRIPS architecture. National treatment is a principle in Customary international law vital to many Treaty regimes

See also

• ATypI, Association Typographique Internationale
• Calligraphy
• Computer font
• Dingbat
• Expert font
• Font
• Font family (HTML)
• Fontlab
• Font-management program
• HTML
• Intellifont
• List of type designers
• List of typefaces
• List of typographic features
• Samples of display typefaces
• Samples of simulation typefaces
• Sans serif
• Screenfont
• Serif
• Society of Typographic Aficionados
• Type design
• Type Directors Club
• Type foundry
• Typography
• Typographic unit
• Unicode font

References

External links

• comp.fonts FAQ
• Twenty Faces
• ABC typography - Introduction to the most famous typefaces

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