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Main article: Shi'a Islam

Twelver Shi'ism (اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest denomination within the Shi'a branch of Islam. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. An adherent of Twelver Shi'ism is most commonly referred to as a Twelver, which is derived from their belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, or Imams. This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term Approximately 85% of Shi'a are Twelvers, representing the largest branch of Shi'a Islam.

Twelvers share many tenets of Shi'ism with related sects, such as the belief in Imams, but the Ismaili and Zaidi Shi'ite sects each believe in a different number of Imams, and for the most part, a different path of succession regarding the Imamate. For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydism (Arabic الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is a Shī'a Madhhab This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term They also differ in the role and overall definition of an Imam.

The Twelver Shi'a faith is predominantly found in Azerbaijan (est. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South 75%), Iran (est. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 90%) , Iraq (est. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. 65%), Lebanon (est. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية 35%),Turkey (est. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 35%), Kuwait (est. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed 35%), Saudi Arabia (est. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi 10-15%)^[1], Bahrain (est. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf 75%) and form a large minority in Pakistan (est. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and 20%) and Afghanistan (est. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, 12%). They form an overwhelming majority in Iran and Azerbaijan with a majority in Iraq and Bahrain. [5] [6]

Contents 1 Alternate names 2 Overview 3 Theology 3.1 Shari'ah: Religious law 3.2 Main doctrines 3.3 The concept of Imams 3.4 The role of Imam al-Mahdi 4 Comparative jurisprudence: Twelver - Sunni 4.1 Shahada: Declaration of faith 4.2 Taqlid: Accepting a scholar's verdict 4.3 Salat / Namaz: Prayer 4.4 Khums: One-fifth tax 4.5 Mut'ah: Temporary marriage 5 Calendar 6 Martyrdom of Imam Husayn 7 Notable Twelver Scholars 7.1 Historical Scholars 7.2 Contemporary scholars 7.2.1 Iraq 7.2.2 Iran 7.2.3 Lebanon 7.2.4 Pakistan 7.2.5 India 8 References 9 See also 10 External links

Alternate names

See also: Shia Etymology

Shī‘a terms

Shi'a Islam Moderate Shi'a Real Shi'a Shi'a of Ali Shi'a of Uthman Shi'a of Mauwiyah

The Twelvers are also known by other names, each connoting some aspect of the faith. This is a sub-article of Shi'a Islam. Shi'a ( "follower" or " partisan) as an Islamic term traces its A moderate Shi'a is a Sunni Term for the Salaf who loved Ali When Sunnis use this term they mean to differentiate between the Salaf who were the partisans A Real Shi'a is a recurring thought in the Shi'a Theology. It implies that it is not enough to be the partisan of Ali to qualify to bear the title "Shi'a" This is a sub-article of Shi'a Islam. Shi'a ( "follower" or " partisan) as an Islamic term traces its This is a sub-article of Shi'a Islam. Shi'a ( "follower" or " partisan) as an Islamic term traces its This is a sub-article of Shi'a Islam. Shi'a ( "follower" or " partisan) as an Islamic term traces its

• Shīa normally used to refer to the Twelvers since they are the "orthodox" variant of Shiˤa. In any extended usage, "Shia" can refer to other groups as well.
• Ja'farī is always taken to refer to Twelvers to the exclusion of the Ismā'īlī and Zaydī ("Fivers"). For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydism (Arabic الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is a Shī'a Madhhab The term Ja'farī is used for the Ja'farī Madhhab and Fiqh ("Jurisprudence"). Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the It is attributed to Ja'far as-Sādiq, who the Shīa consider to be their Sixth Imam. Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn The founders of the Sunni Hanafi and Maliki schools of thought narrated Hadith from Jaˤfar as-Sādiq. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic
• Imāmī is a reference to the Twelver belief in holy and infallible Imams after the time of Muhammad. Though the Ismaili (including the Seveners) also accept the concept of Imams, this term is also used for the Twelvers. Seveners (Arabic سبعية are a branch of Ismā'īlī Shīˤa.

Overview

Shia Twelver hadith

Mut'ah Hadith of Umar and Mut'ah Hadith of the Twelve Successors Hadith-e-Thaqalayn Death of Fatima Hadith of Mut'ah and Imran ibn Husain Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance Hadith of the Pen and Paper

Twelvers believe that the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali (the Imams) are the best source of knowledge about the Qur'an and Islam, the most trusted carriers and protectors of Muhammad's Sunnah (traditions) and the most worthy of emulation. There are several recorded oral traditions (Arabic Hadith) from Muhammad used either to prove or to disprove the legality of Nikah Mut'ah, an Islamic marriage A famous recorded oral tradition among Muslims (Arabic Hadith) is about public speech held by Umar ibn al-Khattab, whom Sunni Muslims regard as the second The Hadith of the Twelve Successors is a famous Hadith in Islam, in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad speaks about Twelve Muslim rulers The Hadith al-Thaqalayn refers to a saying (hadith about al-Thaqalayn, which translates to "the two weighty things Background The episode about the attack on Fatima’s house by Umar and his supporters is a subject of considerable debate between Sunnis and Shi’ites A famous recorded oral tradition among Muslims (Arabic Hadith) is about comment made by Imran ibn Husain, one of the companions of Muhammad This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad Muhammad's inheritance is a well-documented and controversial topic both then and at the This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad. The Hadith of the pen and paper is a famous Hadith in Islam about an event IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet”

In particular, Twelvers recognize the succession of Ali (Muhammad's cousin), son-in-law, the first man to accept Islam (second only to Muhammad's wife Khadija), the male head of the Ahl al-Bayt or "people of the [Prophet's] house" and the father of Muhammad's only bloodline) as opposed to that of the caliphate recognized by Sunni Muslims. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid or Khadijah al-Kubra The following is a NAMED REFERENCE See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Twelvers also believe that Ali was appointed successor by Muhammad's direct order on many occasions, and that he is therefore the rightful leader of the Muslim faith.

Ali was the third successor to Abu Bakr and, for the Shia, the first divinely sanctioned "imam," or male descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe The seminal event in Shia history is the martyrdom in 680 CE of Ali's son Husayn, who led an uprising against the "illegitimate" caliph. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina For the Twelvers, as well as most Shi'a, Husayn came to symbolize resistance to tyranny.

Regardless of the dispute about the Caliphate, Twelvers recognize the religious authority of the Twelve Imams, also called Khalifa Ilahi.

Theology

Shari'ah: Religious law

Main article: Shari'ah

The Ja'farī derive their Sharia, or religious law, from the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” The difference between Sunni and Shīˤa Sharia results from a Shīˤa belief that Muhammad assigned ˤAlī to be the first ruler and the leader after him (the Khalifa). Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Moreover, according to Shīˤa, an Imam or a Caliph can not be democratically elected and has to be nominated by God. Sunnis believe that their Caliphs were popular and had greater vote so they were made caliphs. This difference resulted in the Shīˤa:

1. Following hadith from Muħammad and his descendants the 12 Imāms. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic ^[2]
2. Not accepting the "examples", verdicts, and ahādīth of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman (who are considered by Sunnīs to be the first three Caliphs). Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah
3. Attributing the concept of the masūm "infallibility" to the Twelve Imāms or Fourteen Infallibles (including Muhammad and his daughter Fatima Zahra) and accepting the examples and verdicts of this special group. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija.

Main doctrines

Twelvers believe in the five pillars of Islam, as do Sunnis, but categorize them differently. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. Twelver beliefs include the following:

Theology of Shi'a (Usūl al-Dīn)

• Tawhīd (Oneness): The Oneness of God
• Adalah (Justice): The Justice of God
• Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (that is, a perfect system of how to live in "peace" ("submission to God")). In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the Principles of the Religion ( Usūl al-Dīn) are the five main theological beliefs that Shi'a Muslims must possess Adalah (عدالة means justice and denotes The Justice of God. In Islam, Nubuwwah (نبوة means "Prophethood" and denotes that God has appointed perfect Prophets and Messengers to teach mankind Gods religion
• Imamah (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and guide mankind — a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion before his demise.
• Qiyamah (The Day of Judgment): God will raise mankind for Judgment - the Day of Resurrection

Branches of Religion (Furū al-Dīn)

• Salat (Prayer) — meaning "connection", establish the five daily prayers, called "Namaaz" in Persian and Urdu
• Sawm (fast) — fasting during the holy month of Ramadhan, called "Roozeh" in Persian
• Hajj (Pilgrimage) – performing the pilgrimage to Mecca. In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah "the Day of Resurrection" (يوم القيامة or Yawm ad-Din "the Day of Faith" (يوم الدين is God's final In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the ten Practices of the Religion ( Furū al-Dīn) are the ten practices that Shi'a Muslims must perform Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored
• Zakat (Poor-rate) – charity Zakat means 'to purify'. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Etymology The word "charity" entered the English language through the Old French word " charité " which was derived from the
• Khums (One-fifth of savings) – tax
• Jihad (Struggle) – struggling to please God. Khums ( خمس xʊms is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5 According to Shia Islamic legal terminology it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. The greater, internal Jihad is the struggle against the evil within one's soul in every aspect of life, called Jihad Akbar. The lesser, or external, Jihad is the struggle against the evil of one's environment in every aspect of life, called Jihad Asghar. This is not to be mistaken with the common modern misconception that this means "Holy War". Writing the truth (Jihad bil qalam) and speaking truth in front of an oppressor are also forms of Jihad.
• Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf – commanding what is good
• Nahi-Anil-Munkar – forbidding what is evil
• Tawalla – loving the Ahlul Bayt and their followers
• Tabarra – dissociating oneself from the enemies of the Ahlul Bayt

The concept of Imams

Main article: Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)

• Twelvers recognize the following Imams:

1. Ali ibn Abu Talib (600–661), also known as Ali, Amir al-Mo'mineen (Commander of the Faithful), also know as Shah-e Mardan Ali (King of Men), Ayen-Allah (Eyes of God), Wajhullah (Face of God), Yadullah (Hands of God), Nisanullah (Tongue of God), Waliullah (One who Represents God), Ayethullah-ul-Uzma (Superior Sign of Allah), Noorullah (Light of God), Mashiyathullah (One Who Has the Willings of Allah), Hujjathullah (One Who Certifies on Behalf of Allah), Sirathul-Musthaqeem (Straight Path), Qaseemun naar-e-wal-jinnah (One Who Distributes Hell and Heaven). Commanding the just ( Arabic: Amr bil Ma'rūf امر بالمعروف) is a part of Shia Islam 's Branches of Religion and Forbidding what is evil (النهي عن المنكر "Nahy an al-Munkar") is a part of Islam and means for example to oppose injustice Tawalla (تولّى - Loving the Ahl al-Bayt, is a part of the Twelver Shi'a Branches of Religion and is derived from a Qur'anic See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Tabarra (تبرأ - is a Shia Muslim doctrine that refers to the obligation of hating those who hate Allah and cursing those who reject the Wilayah of This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH
2. Hasan ibn Ali (625–669), also known as Hasan al-Mujtaba
3. Husayn ibn Ali (626–680), also known as Husayn al-Shaheed, also known as Sah Hüseyin
4. Ali ibn Husayn (658–713), also known as Ali Zain al-Abideen
5. Muhammad ibn Ali (676–743), also known as Muhammad al-Baqir
6. Ja'far ibn Muhammad (703–765), also known as Jafar al-Sadiq
7. Musa ibn Jafar (745–799), also known as Musa al-Kazim
8. Ali ibn Musa (765–818), also known as Ali al-Ridha
9. Muhammad ibn Ali (810–835), also known as Muhammad al-Jawad (Muhammad al-Taqi), also known as Taki
10. Ali ibn Muhamad (827–868), also known as Ali al-Hadi, also known as Naki
11. Hasan ibn Ali (846–874), also known as Hasan al-Askari
12. Muhammad ibn Hasan (868–Present), also known as Hojjat ibn al-Hasan, also known as al-Mahdi, also known as al-Qa'im

The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (Arabic علي بن حسين) (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712 is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir (محمد ابن علي الباقر) (676-743 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH was the Fifth Imām Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn Mūsá ibn Ja‘far ibn Muḥammad al-Kāżim (الإمام موسى الكاظم‎ ( October 28, 746 AD - September 1, 799 / Ali ibn Musa al-Rida ( علي بن موسى الرضا) (Commonly known as Ali ar-Ridha Ali Reza (Eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH – Seventeenth of Muhammad al-Taqi or Muhammad al-Jawad ( Arabic: الإمام محمد الجواد) ( Rajab 10 195 AH - Dhu al-Qi'dah 29 Imam Ali al-Hadi (الإمام علي الهادي also known as Imam Ali al-Naqi ( September 8, 828 &ndash July 1, 868) was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar According to Twelver Shi'as Imam Hujjat al-Mahdī ( ar المهدى) (or Hujjat ibn Hasan ibn Ali is the twelfth Imam and the Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. It is an important aspect of Shia theology that they are not prophets (nabi) nor messengers (rasul), but instead carry out Muhammad's message. Shi'a Muslims do not consider the Imams as superior to the prophets. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets This is an image that is misconstrued by many Muslims. Shia Muslims view all religions and groups that accept prophets or messengers after Muhammad to be heathen or heretical.

The role of Imam al-Mahdi

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

See also: Mahdi

In Twelver eschatology, Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Ali, or al-Mahdi (مهدي transliteration: Mahdī, also Mehdi; "Guided One"), is the twelfth Imam and the Mahdi, the ultimate savior of mankind and prophesied redeemer of Islam. According to Twelver Shi'as Imam Hujjat al-Mahdī ( ar المهدى) (or Hujjat ibn Hasan ibn Ali is the twelfth Imam and the In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth The Mahdi is a novel by Philip Nicholson writing as A J Quinnell. Twelvers believe that the Madhi has been hidden by God (referred to as occultation) and will later emerge to change the world into a perfect and just Islamic society alongside Jesus (Isa) before Yaum al-Qiyamah (literally "Day of the Resurrection" or "Day of the Standing"). In Shia Islam The Occultation is a term used to designate the hidden state of the Imam of the Time. Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs Other Shi'a schools, such as Zaidis, Ismailis, Aga Khans Bhoris, adhere to different Imam successions and, along with Sunnis, do not consider Muhammad ibn Hasan the Mahdi.

Comparative jurisprudence: Twelver - Sunni

(This list is not exhaustive nor representative of the Sunni/Shia dispute on religious jurisprudence)

Shahada: Declaration of faith

• Arabic text:

• أشهد أن] لا إله إلاَّ الله و [أشهد أن ] محمد رسول الله ]

• Romanization:

• [ʾašhadu ʾan] lā ilāha illā-llāh, wa [ʾašhadu ʾanna] muḥammadan rasūlu-llāh

• English rendering:

• [I testify that] there is no deity worthy of worshipgod (ilah) but Allah, and [I testify that] Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. See also Shahadah The Six Kalimas (or Six "Words" are recorded in various books of knowledge and are recited (and remembered by Muslims across the The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States (plural ‎ or) is the Arabic for " Deity " or "god"

In usage the two occurrences of ašhadu 'an (or similar) = "I testify that" are very often omitted.

Another rendering current among some English-speaking Muslims, but without a historical tradition, is:

• [ I bear witness that ] there is none worthy of worship except God, and [I testify that] Muhammad is the messenger of God. ^[3] (This version constitutes an interpretation rather than translation, as the words "worthy of worship" are not present in the Arabic. )

Twelvers, along with Sunnis, agree that a single honest recitation of the Shahadah in Arabic is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or

A vast majority of Twelvers often add Alīyun wali Allah (علي ولي الله "Ali is the friend of God") at the end of the Shahadah. Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH This testifies that Ali is also the Leader of the Believers, along with Allah and Muhammad as seen in Qur'an 5:55. Though this form of the Shahadah is recited daily by other Shi'a sects, such as the Nizari Ismailis, Twelvers view it as Mustahab (recommended), but not Wajib (obligatory). For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Mustahabb (Arabic مستحبّ literally "recommended" is an Islamic term referring to recommended favored or virtuous actions Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty

Taqlid: Accepting a scholar's verdict

See also: Marja

See also: Usooli

Salat / Namaz: Prayer

There are minor differences between Sunnis and Shīˤa in how the prayer ritual is performed. Marja ( Arabic / Persian: مرجع also appearing as Marja Taqlid or Marja Dini ( Arabic / Persian: مرجع تقليد Usulis ( are the majority Twelver Shi'a Muslim group They differ from their now much smaller rival Akhbari group in favoring the use of During the purification ritual in preparation for prayer (which consists of washing the face, arms, feet, etc. and saying of some prayers), the Shīˤa view wiping the feet with wet hands as sufficient, as opposed to some of the Sunnis who consider complete washing of the feet necessary. Also, Shīˤa do not use their fingers to clean inside the ears during the ablution ritual. A prerequisite for purification is that one has to be clean before he perform the purification ritual.

Name	Prescribed time period (waqt)	Voluntary before fard1		Fard	Voluntary after fard1
		Sunni	Shi'a		Sunni	Shi'a
Fajr (فجر)	Dawn to sunrise	2 Raka'ah2	2 Raka'ah2	2 Raka'ah	-	-
Dhuhr (ظهر)	After true noon until Asr	4 Raka'ah2	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah4	2 Raka'ah2	-
Asr (عصر)	See footnote5 and 6	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	-	-
Maghrib (مغرب)	After sunset until dusk	3 Raka'ah	3 Raka'ah	3 Raka'ah	2 Raka'ah2	2 Raka'ah3
Isha'a (عشاء)	Dusk until dawn6	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	2 Raka'ah + 3 Raka'ah Witr	2 Raka'ah 3 and 7, 8 raka'ah (4 x 2 Raka'ah) Salat al-Layl3

• Sunni often pray two Raka'ah Nafl after Dhuhr, Maghrib and Isha'a. The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the Dawn refers to the Twilight before Sunrise. It is recognized by the presence of weak sunlight while the sun itself is still below the horizon Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the Horizon in the East. The dhuhr (ظهر prayer ("dh" representing Ẓāʼ, an Emphatic voiced dental fricative" it is often simplified to "z" is See also ASR The Asr (عصر prayer is the afternoon daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset Sunset, also called sundown in some American English Dialects is the instant when the trailing edge of the Sun 's disk disappears below Dusk refers to the period of time following Sunset. Although commonly confused with twilight dusk is the time frame that occurs either before or after a twilight - when the The Isha (عشاء prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims It is the fifth of the five daily prayers ( Salah) Witr (وتر is a Muslim prayer that is performed at night after Isha'a and before Fajr. Tahajjud (تهجد also known as the "night prayer" is a voluntary prayer performed by followers of Islam Nafilah salah (صلاة نفل is a type of optional Salah in Islam.

¹ According to Shia Muslims, these are to be performed in sets of two raka'ah each.
² Prayed daily by Muhammad (Sunnis)
³ Mustahab (praiseworthy) to do everyday. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Mustahabb (Arabic مستحبّ literally "recommended" is an Islamic term referring to recommended favored or virtuous actions (Shias)
⁴ Replaced by Jumu'ah on Fridays, which consists of two raka'ah. "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people.
⁵ According to Imam Abu Hanifa, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes twice its height (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Dhuhr). Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت‎) better known by " For the rest of Imams, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes equal to its length (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Dhuhr). " Asr ends as the sun begins to set.
⁶ According to Shia Muslims, 'Asr prayer and 'Ishaa prayer have no set times but are performed from mid-day. Zuhr and 'Asr prayers must be performed before sunset, and the time for 'Asr prayer starts after Zuhr has been performed. Maghrib and 'Ishaa prayers must be performed before midnight, and the time for 'Ishaa prayer can start after Maghrib has been performed, as long as no more light remains in the western sky signifying the arrival of the true night.
⁷ According to Shia Muslims, this prayer is termed nawafil.

During prayer, it is the Jaˤfarī view that it is preferable to prostrate on earth, leaves that are not edible or wood, as these three things are considered purest by Muhammad in Hadith specifically mentioning Tayammum. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Tayammum (تيمم refers to the dry Ablution in Islam using sand or dust which may Hence many Shīˤa use a small tablet of soil (a mixture of earth and water, and often taken from the ground of a holy site) or wood during their daily prayers upon which they prostrate.

In the Jaˤfarī view, the hands are to be left hanging straight down the side during the standing position of the prayer, while the Sunni schools of thought (except for the majority of Malikis) hold that they should be folded. The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam The Jaˤfarī consider the five daily prayers to be compulsory, though the Jaˤfarī consider it acceptable to pray the second and third prayer, and the fourth and fifth prayer, one after the other during the parts of the day where they believe the timings for these prayers to overlap. The other three Sunni schools allow this consolidation of daily prayers only while travelling or under some other constraint.

Khums: One-fifth tax

Khums (خمس) is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5). In Islamic legal terminology, it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person acquires as wealth, and which must be paid as an Islamic tax". ^[4] The items eligible for khums are referred to as Ghanima (الْغَنيمَة) in the Quran. The Arabic word Ghanima has two meanings

• "spoils of war" or "war booty"
  
• gain or profit

The Sunni translate this word exclusively as "war booty" or "spoils of war" [7]. The Twelvers hold the view that the word Ghanima has two meanings as mentioned above, the second meaning is illustrated by the common use of the Islamic banking term al-ghunm bil-ghurm meaning "gains accompany liability for loss or risk". ^[5][6]

Also, in a famous supplication, the supplication after the noon prayer, the person asks God to bestow on him His favors, one of those favors which the person asks is the benefit or gain from every act of righteousness, the word used here is al-ghanima (وَالْغَنيمَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ بِر ) this is in accordance with the second meaning of the word. ^[7]

Mut'ah: Temporary marriage

Main article: Nikah Mut‘ah

Nikāḥu’l-Mut‘ah, Nikah el Mut'a (Arabic: نكاح المتعة, also Nikah Mut‘ah literally, "marriage for pleasure"),^[8][9] or sighah, is a fixed-time marriage which, according to the Usuli Shia schools of Shari‘a (Islamic law), is a marriage with a preset duration, after which the marriage is automatically dissolved. Nikāḥu l-Mut‘ah (نكاح المتعة marriage for pleasure) or sigheh, is a time-delimited Marriage contract according to the Usuli Nikah, or nikkah, ( النكاح) is the contract between a Bride and Bridegroom and part of an Islamic marriage, a strong covenant for other uses see Muta Mut'ah is an Arabic word meaning literally "joy" The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Usulis ( are the majority Twelver Shi'a Muslim group They differ from their now much smaller rival Akhbari group in favoring the use of Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. It has many conditions that can be considered as pre-requisite, similar to that of permanent marriage. It is the second form of Islamic marriage (Nikah), described in the Qur'an (4:24). In Islamic law Marriage ("ʿurs" عرس is a legal bond and Social contract between a man and a woman as prompted by the Shari'a. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran However, it is regarded as haram (prohibited) by Sunnis. Haraam (حرام is an Arabic term meaning "forbidden" Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic This is a highly controversial fiqh topic; Sunnis and Shi‘a hold diametrically opposed views on its permissibility, however see Misyar. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Nikah Misyar or " travellers' marriage " ( Arabic: ar '''نكاح المسيار''' is the Sunni Muslim Nikah ( Marriage

Calendar

All Muslims, Sunni or Twelver Shi'a, celebrate the following annual holidays:

• Eid ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر), which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan and falls on the first day of Shawwal. Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic Shawwal (ar شوّال is the tenth month of the lunar Islamic calendar.
• Eid ul-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Makkah, starts on the 10th day of Dhul Hijja. Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Dhu al-Hijja (ar ذو الحجة is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic Calendar.

The following holidays are observed by Twelvers Shi'as, unless otherwise noted:

• The Remembrance of Muharram and Ashurah (عاشوراء) for Shia commemorates Imam Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Imam Husayn was grandson of Muhammad, who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah, the Sunnis' 6th Khalif. Ashurah is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of Muharram. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Sunnis also celebrate Ashurah, but give it a different meaning (see Ashurah). The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax
• Arba'een commemorates the suffering of the women and children of Imam Husayn's household. Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation After Husayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (Damascus, Syria). Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arba'een occurs on the 20th of Safar, 40 days after Ashurah. Safar (ar صفر is the second month in the Islamic calendar. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax
• Milad al-Nabi, Muhammad's birth date, is celebrated by the Shia on the 17th of Rabbi al-Awwal, which coincides with the birth date of the sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq. Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn
• Mid of Shaban is the birth date of the 12th and final imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. According to Twelver Shi'as Imam Hujjat al-Mahdī ( ar المهدى) (or Hujjat ibn Hasan ibn Ali is the twelfth Imam and the It is celebrated by Twelvers on the 15th of Shaban. Shaban may refer to Sha'aban, a month of the Islamic calendar Shaban Afghanistan Many Shia fast on this day to show gratitude.
• Eid al-Ghadeer celebrates Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali's imamate before a multitude of Muslims. Eid al-Ghadeer is the anniversary commemorating Muhammad 's last sermon at Ghadir Khumm, which occurred on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic Wadi Rabigh is a Wadi situated inland of the town of Rabigh, extending along the border of the Al Madinah and Makkah provinces of Saudi Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhil-Hijjah. Dhu al-Hijja (ar ذو الحجة is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic Calendar.
• Al-Mubahila celebrates a meeting between the household of Muhammad and a Christian deputation from Najran. AL Mubahalah or Mubahila Sixty chiefs and `Ulama of Najran headed by Sayyid Aqib and Usquf (religious personalities ofthe region in the 10th year A See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Najran (formerly Aba as Sa'ud) (نجران is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the frontier with Yemen. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhil-Hijjah.

Martyrdom of Imam Husayn

The death of the grandson of Muhammad and the son of Ali Husayn ibn Ali on the Tenth of Muharram - known as Ashura - plays a significant role in Twelver theology. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax This day is annually commemorated with grief and sorrow; some participate in ritual beating of their chests, as some believe this is a form of expressing the helplessness that comes from a practical inability to have helped Husayn and his small troop of 72 family and supporters. Some hit themselves as a form of emotional and love for the ahlulbayt and their sacrifice and martyrdom. In most nations with significant Shia populations, one can observe large crowds in processions grieving over Husayn's death.

Notable Twelver Scholars

Historical Scholars

See also: List of Shia Islamic scholars

• Muhammad Ya'qub Kulainy
• Shaikh Saduq
• Sheikh al-Mufid
• Sayyed Murtaza
• Sayyed Razi
• Abu Ja'far al-Tusi
• Nasir al-Din Tusi
• Baqir Majlisi
• Allama Hili
• Qazi Noor Ullah Shoostri

Contemporary scholars

Iraq

• Ayatollah al Baghdadi
• Ali al-Sistani
• Bashir Hussain Najafi
• Muhammed Saeed Al-Hakeem
• Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad
• Sayed Muhsin al-Hakim (late)
• Abul-Qassim Khoei (late)
• Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (late)

Iran

• Yousef Saanei
• Hossein Vahid Khorasani
• Ali Khamenei
• Taqi Bahjat
• Naser Makarem Shirazi
• Hossein Noori Hamedani
• Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani
• Ruhollah Khomeini (late)
• Sheikh Mirza Jawad Tabrizi (late)

Lebanon

• Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
• Hassan Nasrallah

Pakistan

• Ali Alhari (Allama Hindi)(late)
• Syed Arif Hussain Rizvi (late)
• Syed Talib Johri
• Syed Muhammad Abbas Naqvi
• Muhammad Hussain Najafi
• Abbas Ali Najfi(late)
• Hamid Ali Mosvi
• Sayyad Iejaz Kazmi
• Mohsin Najfi
• Safdar Najfi (late)
• Naseem Abbass Razvi
• Al-Ahammad Bilgrami
• Irfan Haider Abdi(late)
• Najmul Hassan Kararvi(late)
• Allama Farman Ali(late)
• Maulana Syed Ali Raza Naqvi of Lahore
• Syed Baqir Nisar Zaidi
• Molana Hafiz Mohammad Ismail(late)
• Janab AbdulKarim Mushtaq shaheed(late)
• Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi
• Syed Zamir Akhter Naqvi
• Syed Majid Raza Abbdi

India

• Maulana Syed Mazhar Abbas Rizvi Najafi, residing at Bangalore (VAKIL of Ayatollah al-Sistani)
• Maulana Kalbe Abid(late)
• Maulana Kalbe Sadiq
• Maulana Kalbe Jawaad
• Maulana Athar
• Shaik Ahmad Mohammadi,, president islamia scholl KARGIL j&k
• Allama Syed Aqeel-ul-Gharavi

References

See also

• Persecution of Shia Muslims
• Ja'fari Fiqh
• Shi'a Islam
• World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities
• The Fourteen Infallibles

External links

• Ithna 'Ashariyah An article by encyclopedia Britannica online
• al-Islam.org - Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
• Twelver Media Source
• Imamia Mission Shia Organisation in United Kingdom
• The Shia Islamic Guide / Imam Stories (shiacode. The dispute over the right successor to Muhammad resulted in the formation of two main sects the Sunni, and the Shia. This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Twelvers. Jaʿfarī school of thought, Jaʿfarī jurisprudence or The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia com)[[th:อิมามสิบสองISMILIS

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