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Tuscan
Toscano
Spoken in: Flag of Italy Italy 
Region: Tuscany except the Province of Massa-Carrara
Total speakers: 3,500,000
Language family: Indo-European
 Italic
  Romance
   Italo-Western
    Italo-Dalmatian
     Tuscan
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2:
ISO 639-3: –
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Massa-Carrara ( Provincia di Massa-Carrara) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Tuscan dialect (dialetto toscano) or the Tuscan language (lingua toscana) is an Italian dialect spoken in Tuscany, Italy. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Italian people generally indicates as Italian dialects all Vernacular Idioms spoken in Italy other than Italian and other Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In many respects it wandered less than other Romance dialects from the Latin language and evolved linearly and homogeneously, without major influences from other foreign languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Italian is in practice a "literary version" of Tuscan. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. It became the language of culture for all the peoples of Italy, thanks to the prestige of the masterpieces of Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini. Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar Francesco Guicciardini ( March 6, 1483 - May 22, 1540) was an Italian Historian and Statesman. It would later become the official language of all the Italian states and of the Kingdom of Italy, when it was formed. Italy until the present era was a conglomeration of city-states and small independent nations There have been several distinct entities known as the Kingdom of Italy.

Contents

Subdialects

Dialects of Italy by groups (Tuscan dialect group in azure).
Dialects of Italy by groups[1][2][3][4] (Tuscan dialect group in azure).

The Tuscan dialect is an ensemble with many lesser local dialects, with small differences among them.

The main subdivision is between Northern Tuscan dialects and Southern Tuscan dialects.

The Northern Tuscan dialects are (from east to west):

The Southern Tuscan dialects are (from east to west):

Speakers

Excluding the inhabitants of Massa-Carrara province, who speak Emiliano-Romagnolo, around 3,500,000 people speak the Tuscan dialect. Arezzo ( Latin Arretium) is a city in central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Siena. Grosseto is a town and Comune in the central Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of the Province of Grosseto. Massa-Carrara ( Provincia di Massa-Carrara) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Emiliano-Romagnolo (also known as Emilian-Romagnolo) is a Romance language mostly spoken in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

Dialectal features

The Tuscan dialect has homogeneous features inside itself but all subdialects have some small differences among themselves.

Phonetics

Tuscan gorgia

Main article: Tuscan gorgia

Weakening of G and C

A phonetic phenomenon is the intervocalic weakening of the Italian soft g IPA: [ʤ] (g in George) and soft c IPA: [ʧ] (ch in church), known as attenuation. The Tuscan gorgia (Italian Gorgia toscana, "Tuscan throat" is a phonetic phenomenon which characterizes the Tuscan dialects in

Between two vowels, the voiced post-alveolar affricate consonant is realized as voiced post-alveolar fricative:

/ʤ/ → [ʒ].

This phenomenon is very evident and can be heard in daily speech (common also in Umbria and elsewhere in Central Italy): the word la gente, 'the people', in standard Italian is spoken as /la 'ʤɛnte/ [la 'ʤɛnte], but in Tuscan is spoken as [la 'ʒɛnte]. Umbria is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Perugia.

Similarly, the voiceless post-alveolar affricate consonant is pronounced as a voiceless post-alveolar fricative between two vowels:

/ʧ/ → [ʃ].

The sequence /la 'ʧena/ la cena, 'the dinner', in standard Italian is spoken as [la 'ʧe:na], but in Tuscan it is spoken as [la 'ʃe:na]. As a result of this weakening rule, there are a few minimal pairs distinguished only by length of the voiceless fricative (e. g. [laʃe'rɔ] lacerò 'it/he/she ripped' vs. [laʃʃe'rɔ] lascerò 'I will leave/let').

Affrication of S

A common phonetic phenomenon is the transformation of voiceless s or voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ into the voiceless alveolar affricate IPA: [ʦ] when preceded by /r/, /l/, or /n/. The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet

/s/ → [ʦ].

For example, il sole (the sun), pronounced in standard Italian [il 'soːle], will be pronounced by a Tuscan speaker [il 'ʦoːle]; this can be heard also word internally, as in falso (false) /'falso/ → ['falʦo]. This is a common phenomenon in Central Italy, but it is not exclusive of that area; for example it also happens in Switzerland (Canton Ticino). Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Canton Ticino or Ticino ( Italian: tiˈtʃiːno French and German: Tessin and) is the southernmost canton of

No dipththongization of /ɔ/

There are two Tuscan historical outcomes of Latin ŏ in stressed open syllables. Passing first through a stage [ɔ], the vowel then develops as a diphthong /wɔ/. This phenomenon never gains full acceptance by all speakers, however, so that while forms with the diphthong come to be accepted as Standard Italian (e. g. fuoco, buono, nuovo), the monophthong remains in popular speech (foco, bono, novo).

Morphology

Double dative pronoun

A morphological phenomenon, cited also by Alessandro Manzoni in his masterpiece "I promessi sposi" (The Betrothed), is the doubling of the dative pronoun. Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Manzoni ( March 7, 1785 May 22, 1873) was an Italian Poet and Novelist.

For the use of a personal pronoun as indirect object (to someone, to something), also called dative case, the standard Italian makes use of a construction preposition + pronoun a me (to me), or it makes use of a syntethic pronoun form, mi (to me). The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given The Tuscan dialect makes use of both them in the same sentence as a kind of intensifying of the dative/indirect object:

This form is widespread throughout the central regions of Italy, not only in Tuscany, and until recently, it was considered redundant and erroneous by Italian linguists. Nowadays linguists no longer inveigh against it. More on this issue (in Italian) can be found at article.

In some dialects the double accusative pronoun (me mi vedi (lit: You see me me) can be heard, but it is considered an archaic form and is no longer current.

Masculine definite articles

The singular and plural masculine definite articles are both phonetically [i] in Florentine varieties of Tuscan, but are distinguished by their phonological effect on following consonants. The singular provokes lengthening: [i kkaːne] 'the dog', whereas the plural permits consonant weakening: [i haːni] 'the dogs'. As in Italian, masc. sing. lo before consonants long by nature or not permitting /l/ in clusters is normal (lo zio 'the uncle', lo studente 'the student'), although forms such as i zio can be heard in rustic varieties.

Noi + impersonal Si

A morphological phenomenon found throughout Tuscany is the personal use of the particle identical to impersonal si (not to be confused with passive Si or the reflexive Si), as the first person plural. It is basically the same use of on in French language. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

It's possible to make use of the construction Si + Third person in singular, which can be joined by the first plural person pronoun Noi, because the particle "si" is no more perceived as an independent particle, but as a piece of verbal conjugation.

The phenomenon is found in every verb tense, including compound tenses. In these tenses, the use si requires a form of essere (to be) as auxiliary verb, even if the verb would normally have avere (to have) as auxiliary. The past participle must be marked to agree with the subject in gender and number if the verb usually would require essere as auxiliary, while it does not agree in gender and number if the verb usually requires avere.

Usually Si becomes S' before è.

Fo (faccio) and vo (vado)

Another morphological phenomenon in the Tuscan dialect is what might appear to be shortening of the first singular persons for the present tense of the verbs fare (to do, to make) and andare (to go).

These forms are due to two causes. Natural phonological change alone can account for loss of /d/ and reduction of /ao/ to /o/ in the case of /vado/ > */vao/ > /vo/. A case such as Latin: sapio > Italian so (I know), however, admits no such phonological account: the expected outcome of /sapio/ would be */sappjo/, with common lengthening of the consonant preceding yod.

What seems to have taken place is a realignment of the paradigm in accordance with the statistically minor but highly frequent paradigms of dare (give) and stare (be, stay). Thus so, sai, sa, sanno (all singulars and 3rd personal plural) come to fit the template of do, dai, dà, danno, sto, stai, sta, stanno, and fo, fai, fa, fanno follows the same pattern. The form vo, while quite possibly a natural phonological development, is thus also supported by dint of fitting a viable template.

Loss of infinitival "-re"

A phonological phenomenon that might appear morphological, quite naturally native to Tuscany, is the loss of the infinitival ending -re of verbs.

An important feature of this loss is that main stress does not shift to the new penultimate syllable, as phonological rules of Italian might suggest. Thus infinitive forms can come to coincide with various conjugated singulars: pèrde 'to lose', pèrde 's/he loses'; finì 'to finish', finì 's/he finished'. Distinctions in syntax assure that this homophony seldom, if ever, causes confusion.

The motionless stress can be explained with an intermediate form in -r (as in the Spanish verbal infinitive).

While the infinitive without -re is constant in some subtypes such as Pisano-Livornese, in the area of Florence alternations are regular, so that the full infinitive (e. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany g. vedere 'to see') appears when followed by pause, and the clipped form (vedé) is phrase internal. The consonant of enclitics is lengthened if preceded by stressed vowel (vedéllo 'to see it', portácci 'to bring us'), but not if the preceding vowel of the infinitive is unstressed (lèggelo 'to read it', pèrdeti 'to lose you').

Lexicon

The biggest differences among dialects are in the lexicon, which also distinguishes the different subdialects. In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions The Tuscan lexicon share with standard Italian the almost totality of its words, but many of them may be perceived as obsolete or unusual for non-Tuscans. There is a number of only regional words and expressions too.

We show now some of the most known Tuscan words:

See also

External links

The Florentine language was the language spoken in the Italian city of Florence.
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