Turnstones
Ruddy Turnstone in nonbreeding plumage Black Turnstone in winter plumage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Infraclass: Neoaves Order: Charadriiformes Suborder: Scolopaci Family: Scolopacidae (partim) Genus: Arenaria Brisson, 1760
Species
Arenaria interpres Arenaria melanocephala

Turnstones are the bird species in the genus Arenaria in the family Scolopacidae. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Modern birds (subclass Neornithes) are the members of class Aves that have survived into recent times and have coexisted with Humans Modern birds are Neognaths ( Neognathae) are Birds within the Subclass Neornithes of the class Aves. Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large Birds It includes about 350 Species and has members in all parts of the world "Sandpiper" redirects here For the 1965 film see The Sandpiper. Mathurin Jacques Brisson ( 30 April 1723 &ndash 23 June 1806) was a French Zoologist and natural philosopher In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The Ruddy Turnstone ( Arenaria interpres) is a small wading Bird, one of two species of Turnstone in the genus Arenaria. The Black Turnstone ( Arenaria melanocephala) is a species of small wading Bird. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biological classification, family ( Latin "Sandpiper" redirects here For the 1965 film see The Sandpiper. They are closely related to calidrid sandpipers and might be considered members of the tribe Calidriini. The calidrids or typical waders are a group of Arctic -breeding strongly migratory wading Birds These birds form huge mixed flocks In Biology, a tribe &mdashor infrafamily&mdashis a Taxonomic rank between family and Genus. ^[1]

Both birds are distinctive medium-sized waders. Waders, called shorebirds in North America (where "wader" is used to refer to long-legged wading Birds such as Storks and They are high Arctic breeders, and are migratory. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability These chunky powerful birds have strong necks and bills well suited to their feeding technique. As the name implies, these species readily turn stones or seaweed looking for hidden invertebrates. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate They are strictly coastal, preferring stony beaches to sand, and are often found with other waders such as Purple Sandpipers. The Purple Sandpiper, Calidris or Erolia maritima is a small Shorebird.

Their appearance is striking in flight, with white patches on the back, wings and tail.

Ruddy Turnstone in breeding plumage.

Black Turnstone in summer plumage.

The Ruddy Turnstone (or just Turnstone in Europe), Arenaria interpres, has a circumpolar distribution, and is a very long distance migrant, wintering on coasts as far south as South Africa and Australia. The Ruddy Turnstone ( Arenaria interpres) is a small wading Bird, one of two species of Turnstone in the genus Arenaria. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. It is thus a common sight on coasts almost everywhere in the world.

In breeding plumage, this is a showy bird, with a black-and-white head, chestnut back, white underparts and red legs. Plumage refers both to the layer of Feathers that cover a Bird and the pattern colour and arrangement of those feathers The drabber winter plumage is basically brown above and white below.

This is a generally tame bird and is an opportunist feeder. Unlike most waders, it will scavenge, and has a phenomenal list of recorded food items, including human corpses and coconut. The Coconut Palm ( Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family

The call is a staccato tuck- tuck- tuck.

The Ruddy Turnstone is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

The Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) has a similar structure to its widespread relative, but has black upperparts and chest, and white below. The Black Turnstone ( Arenaria melanocephala) is a species of small wading Bird. It has a much more restricted range than the Ruddy Turnstone, breeding in western Alaska, and wintering mainly on the Pacific coast of the USA. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

There exists a fossil bone, a distal piece of tarsometatarsus found in the Edson Beds of Sherman County, Kansas. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. In fields of Anatomy, anatomical terms of location are descriptive terms to help identify relative positions or directions within a species The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain Tetrapods namely Birds It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types Sherman County (standard abbreviation SH) is a County located in the U Dating from the mid-Blancan some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a Pectoral Sandpiper, but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones. The Blancan North American Stage on the Geologic timescale is the North American Faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology The Pectoral Sandpiper, Calidris melanotos, is a small Wader. ^[2] Depending on which traits are apomorphic and plesiomorphic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry

Footnotes

References

• Thomas, Gavin H. ; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 28. The BMC-series of journals are a collection of 64 online research journals published by BioMed Central doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 PDF fulltext Supplementary Material
• Wetmore, Alexander (1937): The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Frank Alexander Wetmore ( June 18, 1886 &ndash December 7, 1978) was an American Ornithologist and avian Paleontologist Condor 39(1): 40. This article is about the journal The Condor for information about the bird from which it takes it name see Condor. PDF fulltext DjVu fulltext

External links

• Ruddy Turnstone - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Ruddy Turnstone Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding