Turkish people Türkler
Total population
c. 70 million
Regions with significant populations
Turkey c. Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 60,000,000 [1][2]  Germany 2,700,000 [3][4]  Iraq 2,500,000 [5][6]  Syria 1,500,000 [7]  Bulgaria 746,000 [8]-[9]  France 500,000 [10]  Netherlands 420,000 [11]  Belgium 300,000 [9]  United Kingdom 300,000 [12][13] Northern Cyprus 265,000 [14][15]  Austria 250,000 [16]-[9]  Uzbekistan 228,000 [17]  United States 200,000 [18]  Saudi Arabia 120,000 [19]  Azerbaijan 100,000 [20]  Switzerland 100,000 [21]-[22]  Russia 100,000 [23]  Greece 80-120,000 [24][25]  Macedonia 78,000 [26]  Kosovo 75,000 [27]  Sweden 60,000 [28]  Canada 50,000 [29]  Denmark 57,129 [30]  Israel 50,000 [6]  Egypt 40,000 [31]  Romania 33,000 [32]  Norway 15,000 [6]  Italy 11,000 [33]  Japan 10,000
Languages
Turkish
Religions
Predominantly Islam
Footnotes
a An estimated 300,000 Meskhetian Turks and 300,000 Cretan Turks of Turkish decent. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Republic of Macedonia (Република "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia along the border with Turkey. Cretan Turks ( Turkish: Giritli or Girit Türkleri or Türk Giritliler) came about as a consequence of the Ottoman rule in b An additional 4,285 Cypriots live in Canada of undeclared ethnicity.

Part of the series on Turkish people Turkish culture Architecture ·Art · Cinema · Cuisine Dance ·Festivals · Folklore · Holidays · Literature Music · Sport · Theatre· Native Turkish people Turkey · Northern Cyprus Bulgaria · Cretan Turks Greece (Dodecanese, Western Thrace) Iraq ·Kosovo· Macedonia Meskheti· Romania · Syria Turkish peoples diaspora Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan Belgium · Brazil · Canada Denmark · Egypt · Finland · France · Germany Iran · Israel · Italy Japan · Jordan · Liechtenstein Mexico · Netherlands· Norway Poland· Russia Saudi Arabia · Spain · Sweden Switzerland · United Kingdom United States · Uzbekistan · Former Yugoslavia People Turkish People Mustafa Kemal Ataturk · List of Turkish people Related groups Turkic peoples Crimean Tatars Oghuz Turks · Khazars Kipchaks · Krymchaks Nogais · Pechenegs· Tatars Tuvan people· Uyghurs History Gokturk · Oghuz Turks Seljuqs· Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm Beyliks· Ottoman Empire · Republic of Gumuljina Republic of Turkey v • d • e

The Turkish people (Turkish: Türk Halkı), also known as "Turks" (Türkler) are a nation (Millet) defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a first language. The culture of Turkey is diverse combining elements derived from Ottoman, European and Middle Eastern traditions Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Turkish art refers to all works of Art originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey. Turkish cinema is an important part of Turkish culture, and has flourished over the years delivering entertainment to audiences in Turkey, expatriates across Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and Hora (dance region Trakya. Zeybek dance region Aegean,Southern MarmaraMiddle-eastern Anatolia More than 100 Festivals are held in Turkey every year Along with festivals of local scale held in almost every city of the country cultural events and other festivals of international The tradition of Folklore —folktales jokes legends and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich and is incorporated into every day life and events The official Holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 191981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27 1935 Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, The National Sport of Turkey is Yağlı güreş also known as Oiled Wrestling The Turkish Theatre encompasses the traditional theatre practice of the Ottoman period and the modern Turkish theatre Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish Cypriots ( Turkish: Kıbrıs Türkleri or Kıbrıslı Türkler Greek: Τουρκοκύπριοι are the ethnically Turkish inhabitants of the 2001 Distribution of Turks in Bulgaria by Districtjpg|thumb|100px|Distribution of Turks in Bulgaria by District in 2001]] Turks in Bulgaria Cretan Turks ( Turkish: Giritli or Girit Türkleri or Türk Giritliler) came about as a consequence of the Ottoman rule in The Muslim minority of Greece ( Greek: μουσουλμανική μειονότητα Ελλάδας mousoulmaniki meionotita Elladas; Turkish: Yunanistan The Turks of the Dodecanese form a 5000-strong community of ethnic Turks inhabiting the Dodecanese islands of Rhodes and Kos ( İstanköy Turks (Batı Trakya Türkleri form an officially unrecognized minority group in Greece, traditionally settled in the northeastern region of Thrace The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled Turkomen, Turcoman, and Turkman) ( Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri) are a distinct Turkic Turks in Kosovo are an ethnic minority group History The Ottomans brought Islamisation with them particularly in towns and later There are 77959 Turks in the Republic of Macedonia, who live in the municipalities of Centar Župa and Plasnica (in which they form the majority of population Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia along the border with Turkey. History As the entire Balkan Peninsula become an integral part of the emerging Ottoman Empire (a process which concluded with the Fall of Constantinople Syrian Turkmen or Syrian Turks (Suriye Türkleri are Syrian citizens of Oghuz Turkish descent who had been living in the Syrian province of the Ottoman Turkish people in Australia are either Turkish people who live in Australia but were born outside the country or are Australian-born but have Turkish roots (Turkish-Australian Turkish people in Austria are either Turkish people who live in Austria even though having been born outside Austria or are Austrian-born but have Turkish Turks in Azerbaijan are Turkish people who live in Azerbaijan Turkish people in Belgium are either Turkish people who live in Belgium even though having been born outside Belgium or are Belgian-born but have Turkish Turks in Denmark are Danish citizens of Turkish origin Over the last two decades there has been a significant increase in the diversity of culture language and Turkish people in France are either those who live in France even though not being born in the county or are French-born but have Turkish roots (Turkish-French or French-Turks Turks in Germany (occasionally German Turks or Turkish Germans, German: Deutschtürken) are people of Turkish ethnicity living Turks in Japan (在日トルコ人 refer to Japanese citizens who also hold citizenship of Turkey. Turkish people in Liechtenstein are either Turkish people who live in Liechtenstein even though having been born outside Liechtenstein or are Liechtenstein-born but The Turkish-Dutch (Turkse Nederlander are citizens of the Netherlands of Turkish ancestry numbering 357900 people in 2006 according to the Dutch Census Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia along the border with Turkey. Migration of Turks to Sweden is a part of Turkish migration to Western Europe which dates back to the beginning of the 1960’s when the economic and social situation British Turks are either Turkish people who live in the United Kingdom even though having been born outside the UK or are British-born but have Turkish Turkish Americans (Amerikadaki Türkler are people that have Turkish ancestry The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman This is a list of notable Turkish people. Actors/actresses The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. The Krymchaks ( Krymchak: sg кърымчах - qrymchakh, pl The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Tuvans or Tuvinians ( Tuvan: Тывалар Tyvalar) are a group of Mongols or Turkic people. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Republic of Turkey is the Successor state of the Ottoman Empire, created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled thumb|350px|Anatolian Turkish Beyliks map Anatolian Beyliks or Turkmen Beyliks ( Turkish: Anadolu Beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Provisional Government of Western Thrace ( Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت موقته‌سی - Garbi Trakya Hükûmeti Muvakkatesi, Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth ^[34]

In the Republic of Turkey, an early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches " This ideal came from the beliefs of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman ^[35]. Today the word is primarily used for the inhabitants of Turkey, but may also refer to the members of sizeable Turkish-speaking populations of the former lands of the Ottoman Empire and large Turkish communities which been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Contents 1 History 1.1 Göktürk era 1.2 Seljuk era 1.3 Beyliks era 1.4 Ottoman era 1.5 The Republic of Turkey 2 Geographic distribution 2.1 Turks in Europe 2.2 Turks in North America 3 Culture 3.1 Language 3.2 Turkish heritage 3.3 Arts and Calligraphy 3.4 Architecture 3.5 Evil eye 3.6 Music 3.7 Literature 3.8 Religion 3.9 Sciences and technology 3.10 Shadow Plays 3.11 Symbols 4 Turkish Timeline 5 Possible genetic links 6 See also 7 References and notes 8 External links

History

Main article: History of the Turkish people

The word "Turk" was first documented in the 6th century in Central Asia^[36][37] The Oghuz Turks were the main Turkic people^[38] that moved into Anatolia. This page is for Turkish people (Turkic people of Turkey history of Turkic peoples can be found under History of the Turkic peoples. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family ^[39] Many Turks began their migration after the victory of the Seljuks against the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert on August 26, 1071. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26 1071 near Manzikert The victory, led by Alp Arslan, paved the way for Turkish hegemony in Anatolia. Alp Arslan (1029 &ndash December 15, 1072) was the second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the Eponym of ^[40][41]

In the centuries after Manzikert local populations began to assimilate to the emerging Turkish population. ^[42] Over time, as word spread regarding the victory of the Turks in Anatolia, more Turkic ghazis arrived from the Caucasus, Persia, and Central Asia. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Turkish migrants began to intermingle with the local inhabitants, which helped to bolster the Turkish-speaking population.

The Ottoman Empire, originally based in the Söğüt region of western Anatolia, was also founded by the Oghuz Turks. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Söğüt is a town and district of Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Following the Balkan Wars and the Russian conquest of the Caucasus and annexation of Crimea many Turkic speaking Muslims in the North Caucasus, Balkans and Crimea emigrated to the territory of present-day Turkey. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East After the fall of the Ottoman Empire and formation of the Republic of Turkey these various cultures and languages melded into one supra identity and culture. Some scholars argue the power of the Caliphate began waning by 1683 and without the acquisition of significant new wealth the Empire went into a slow decline Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The modern Turks of Turkey thus are composed of various Turkic groups from various regions.

By the late 19th century Turks were evenly spread throughout Eastern Europe and most noticeably the Balkans; however, territorial losses in the Balkans sparked a large scale exodus from that region. This was finalized by a population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century

Göktürk era

Turks are the principal descendants of large bands of nomads who roamed in the Altai Mountains (and thus are also called the Altaic peoples) in northern Mongolia and on the steppes of Central Asia^[43]. The Altai Mountains (Алтай Altay; Алтай 阿尔泰山脉 are a Mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, Altaic peoples are peoples who speak the Altaic languages. Their looks differ from east to west Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The original Central Asian Turkic nomads established their first great empire in the 551 AD, a nomadic confederation that they called Göktürks meaning "Sky Turk"^[44]. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. A confederation of tribes under a dynasty of Khans whose influences extended during the sixth to eighth centuries from the Aral Sea to the Hindu Kush in the land bridge known as Transoxania. The Aral Sea ( Kazakh: Арал Теңізі Aral Tengizi, Orol dengizi Russian: Аральскοе мοре Tajik / Persian: Daryocha-i The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود The Göktürks are known to have been enlisted by a Byzantine emperor in the seventh century as allies against the Sassanians. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire In the eighth century some Turkish tribes, among them the Oghuz, moved south of the Oxus River, while others migrated west to the northern shore of the Black Sea^[45]. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey

Seljuk era

The Seljuks were a Turkic tribe from Central Asia ^[46]. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled In 1037, they entered Persia and established their first powerful state, called by historians the Empire of the Great Seljuks. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled They captured Baghdad in 1055 and a relatively small contingent of warriors (around 5000 by some estimates) moved into eastern Anatolia. In 1071, the Seljuks engaged the armies of the Byzantine Empire at Manzikert, north of Lake Van. Malazgirt (also Malâzgird; Մանզիկերտ Manzikert) is a town in Muş Province in eastern Turkey, with a population of 23697 (year 2000 Lake Van (Van Gölü Gola Wanê Վանա լիճ Daryacheye Van ("Lake of Van" is the largest Lake The Byzantines experienced minor casualties despite the fact that Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes was captured. With no potent Byzantine force to stop them, the Seljuks took control of most of Eastern and Central Anatolia ^[47]. They established their capital at Konya (ca. Konya ( قونیه; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium ( Latin 1150) and ruled what would be known as the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. The success of the Seljuk Turks stimulated a response from Latin Europe in the form of the First Crusade. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing A counteroffensive launched in 1097 by the Byzantines with the aid of the Crusaders dealt the Seljuks a decisive defeat. Konya fell to the Crusaders, and after a few years of campaigning, Byzantine rule was restored in the western third of Anatolia. Although a Turkish revival in the 1140s nullified much of the Christian gains, greater damage was done to Byzantine security by dynastic strife in Constantinople in which the largely French contingents of the Fourth Crusade and their Venetian allies intervened. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica In 1204, these Crusaders conquered Constantinople and installed Count Baldwin of Flanders in the Byzantine capital as emperor of the so-called Latin Empire of Constantinople, dismembering the old realm into tributary states where West European feudal institutions were transplanted intact. The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania " is the Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Independent Greek kingdoms were established at Nicaea (present-day Iznik), Trebizond (present-day Trabzon), and Epirus from remnant Byzantine provinces. The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine The Empire of Trebizond ( was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of The Principality of Epirus can also refer to the pashalik of Ali Pasha The Despotate or Principality of Epirus (Δεσποτάτο της Turks allied with Greeks in Anatolia against the Latins, and Greeks with Turks against the Mongols. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions In 1261, Michael Palaeologus of Nicaea drove the Latins from Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire. Seljuk Rum survived in the late 13th century as a vassal state of the Mongols, who had already subjugated the Great Seljuk sultanate at Baghdad. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Mongol influence in the region had disappeared by the 1330s, leaving behind gazi emirates competing for supremacy. Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally From the chaotic conditions that prevailed throughout the Middle East, however, a new power was to emerge in Anatolia, the Ottoman Turks.

Beyliks era

Political unity in Anatolia was disrupted from the time of the collapse of the Anatolia Seljuk State at the beginning of the 14th century (1308), when until the beginning of the 16th century each of the regions in the country fell under the domination of beyliks (principalities). Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Seljuk ( Arabic: السلاجقة Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks thumb|350px|Anatolian Turkish Beyliks map Anatolian Beyliks or Turkmen Beyliks ( Turkish: Anadolu Beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: Eventually, the Ottoman principality, which subjugated the other principalities and restored political unity in the larger part of Anatolia, was established in the Eskişehir, Bilecik and Bursa areas. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Eskişehir ( eskē'shehēr, Eskişehir "Old City" Latin: Dorylaeum; Greek: Δορύλαιον Dorylaion) is a city Bilecik is the provincial capital of Turkey 's Bilecik Province. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat

On the other hand, the area in central Anatolia east of the Ankara-Aksaray line as far as the area of Erzurum remained under the administration of the Ilhani General Governor until 1336. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Aksaray is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital district of Aksaray Province. Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace The infighting in Ilhan gave the principalities in Anatolia their complete independence. In addition to this, new Turkish principalities were formed in the localities previously under Ilhan occupation. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince

During the 14th century, the Turkomans, who made up the western Turks, started to re-establish their previous political sovereignty in the Islamic world. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Rapid developments in the Turkish language and culture took place during the time of the Anatolian principalities. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. In this period, the Turkish language began to be used in the sciences and in literature, and became the official language of the principalities. New medreses were established and progress was made in the medical sciences during this period.

Ottoman era

Starting as a small tribe whose territory bordered on the Byzantine frontier, the Ottoman Turks built an empire that would eventually stretch from Morocco to Iran, from the deserts of Iraq and Arabia to the gates of Vienna. Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) ( July 20, 1785 July 1, 1839 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.

As the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum weakened in the late 1200s, warrior chieftains claimed the lands of Northwestern Anatolia, along the Byzantine Empire's borders. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Ertuğrul Gazi ruled the lands around Söğüt, a town between Bursa and Eskisehir. Söğüt is a town and district of Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Eskişehir ( eskē'shehēr, Eskişehir "Old City" Latin: Dorylaeum; Greek: Δορύλαιον Dorylaion) is a city Upon his death in 1281, his son, Osman, from whom the Ottoman dynasty and the Empire took its name, expanded the territory to 16,000 square kilometers. Osman I (1258 Sogut, Anatolia, Turkey &ndash1326 Sogut) Ottoman: عثمان بن أرطغرل Turkish: Osman The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Osman I extended the frontiers of Ottoman settlement towards the edge of the Byzantine Empire. Osman I (1258 Sogut, Anatolia, Turkey &ndash1326 Sogut) Ottoman: عثمان بن أرطغرل Turkish: Osman He moved the Ottoman capital to Bursa, and shaped the early political development of the nation. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Given the nickname "Kara" (Turkish for black) for his courage, ^[48]

Osman's son, Orhan, conquered Iznik (Nicaea) and took his armies across the Dardanelles and into Thrace and Europe by 1362. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Orhan I ( Ottoman: اورخان غازی Turkish: Orhan Gazi or Orhan Bey) (1284&ndash1359 was the second Bey, or chief of the Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe By 1452 the Ottomans controlled almost all of the former Byzantine lands except Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS In 1453, Mehmet the Conqueror took the city and made it his capital, extinguishing the 1100-year-old Byzantine Empire forever.

On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople after a 53-day siege and proclaimed that the city was now the new capital of his Ottoman Empire^[49]. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar Sultan Mehmed's first duty was to rejuvenate the city economically, creating the Grand Bazaar and inviting the fleeing Orthodox and Catholic inhabitants to return. See also Grand Bazaar Tehran The Grand Bazaar (or Covered Bazaar, Kapalıçarşı ("Covered Bazaar" Captured prisoners were freed to settle in the city whilst provincial governors in Rumelia and Anatolia were ordered to send four thousand families to settle in the city, whether Muslim, Christian or Jew, to form a unique cosmopolitan society. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions

Selim I (r. Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in 1512-20) extended Ottoman sovereignty southward, conquering Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. He also gained recognition as guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina; he accepted pious title of The Servant of The Two Holy Shrines. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as ^{[50] [51]}

Süleyman I (r. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 1520-66) is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent^[52] and in the East, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى‎, al‐Qānūnī), for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The reign of Süleyman the Magnificent is known as the Ottoman golden age. The brilliance of the Sultan's court and the might of his armies outshone those of England's Henry VIII, France's François I, and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Charles V may refer to Charles V of France Charles V Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Duke of Lorraine When Süleyman died in 1566, the Ottoman Empire was a world power. Most of the great cities of Islam--Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Tunis, and Baghdad were under the sultan's crescent flag. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous After Süleyman, however, the empire declined rapidly due to poor leadership; many successive Sultans largely depended upon their Grand Viziers to run the empire. Grand Vizier, in Turkish Sadr-ı Azam ( Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم

The Ottoman sultanate lasted for over 600 years, but its last three centuries were marked by stagnation and eventual decline. By the 19th century, the Ottomans had fallen well behind the rest of Europe in science, technology, and industry. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Reformist Sultans such as Selim III (1789-1807) and Mahmud II (1808-1839) succeeded in pushing Ottoman bureaucracy, society and culture ahead, but were unable to cure all of the empire's ills. Selim III ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) ( December 24, 1761 &ndash July 28/29 Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) ( July 20, 1785 July 1, 1839 Despite its collapse, the Ottoman empire has left an indelible mark on Turkish culture and architecture. The culture of the Ottoman Empire evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the Turks absorbed adapted and modified the cultures of conquered Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Ottoman culture has given the Turkish people a splendid legacy of art, architecture and domestic refinement, as a visit to Istanbul's Topkapi Palace readily shows. The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and

The Republic of Turkey

The Republic of Turkey was born from the disastrous World War I defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Ottoman war hero, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later called Atatürk), fled Istanbul to Anatolia in 1919; he organized the remnants of the Ottoman army into an effective fighting force, and rallied the people to the nationalist cause. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, (paşa پاشا ( Persian: پاشا ( Armenian: Փաշա was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed ^[53]. By 1923 the nationalist government had driven out the invading armies, abolished the Ottoman Empire, promulgated a republican constitution, and established Turkey's new capital in Ankara ^[54]. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul.

The new government passed drastic reforms in order to reconstruct Ottoman social structure and politics. Atatürk's Reforms ( Turkish: Atatürk Devrimleri or Atatürk İnkılapları) were a series of significant political legal cultural social and economic Polygamy was abolished, women were granted suffrage and equal legal rights, secularism was institutionalized, the Arabic alphabet was replaced by the Latin alphabet for written Turkish. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Fez and veil were outlawed, and European dress was encouraged. A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face.

During a meeting in the early days of the newly proclaimed republic, addressing to the women, Atatürk declaimed:

To the women: 'Win for us the battle of education and you will do yet more for your country than we have been able to do. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman It is to you that I appeal'.
To the men: 'If henceforward the women do not share in the social life of the nation, we shall never attain to our full development. We shall remain irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the civilizations of the West'. ^[55]

—Mustafa Kemal

Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms:

• 1922 Sultanate abolished (November 1). Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• 1923 Treaty of Lausanne secured (July 24). Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Republic of Turkey with capital at Ankara proclaimed (October 29).
• 1924 Caliphate abolished (March 3). Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Traditional religious schools closed, seriat abolished. Constitution adopted (April 20).
• 1925 Dervish brotherhoods abolished. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fez outlawed by the Hat Law (November 25). Veiling of women discouraged; Western clothing for men and women encouraged. Western (Gregorian) calendar adopted.
• 1926 New civil, commercial, and penal codes based on European models adopted. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New civil code ended Islamic polygamy and divorce by renunciation and introduced civil marriage. Millet system ended.
• 1927 First systematic census. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1928 New Turkish alphabet (modified Latin form) adopted. State declared secular (April 10); constitutional provision establishing Islam as official religion deleted.
• 1933 Islamic call to worship and public readings of the Kuran (Quran) required to be in Turkish rather than Arabic. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• 1934 Women given the vote and the right to hold office. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Law of Surnames adopted--Mustafa Kemal given the name Kemal Atatürk (Father Turk) by the Grand National Assembly; Ismet Pasha took surname of Inönü.
• 1935 Sunday adopted as legal weekly holiday. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. State role in managing economy written into the constitution.

Upon the founder's death, his place at the head of the party and the nation was taken by his comrade-in-arms General Ismet Inönü, another hero of the War of Independence. Mustafa İsmet İnönü ( September 24 1884 &ndash December 25, 1973) was a Turkish Army General, Prime Minister Following Atatürk's advice, Inönü preserved Turkey's precarious neutrality during World War II, figuring that the war could only end in disaster for Turkey. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Geographic distribution

See also: Turkish diaspora

Turks primarily live in Turkey; however, when the borders of the Ottoman Empire became smaller after World War I and the foundation of the new Republic; many Turkish people chose to stay outside Turkey's borders. The term Turkish diaspora (Türk diyasporası refers to the estimated population of Turkish people in the world migrated outside of Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Since then, some of them have migrated to Turkey but there are still significant minorities of Turks living in different countries such as in Northern Cyprus (Turkish Cypriots), Greece, Bulgaria, Syria, Iraq, Republic of Macedonia, the Dobruja region of Romania and Kosovo (especially in Prizren). Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its Turkish Cypriots ( Turkish: Kıbrıs Türkleri or Kıbrıslı Türkler Greek: Τουρκοκύπριοι are the ethnically Turkish inhabitants of the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Republic of Macedonia (Република Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea Северна Добруджа Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Prizren ( Albanian: Prizren or Prizreni, Serbian Cyrillic: Призрен is a historical city located in southern Kosovo.

Turks living in other countries can be summarized into three groups; as people who, from Central Asia, have not come to Anatolia, people who have stayed out of the borders after the Republic of Turkey was formed, and people who have gone to other countries as workers. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The 20th century has resulted in large groups of Turkish workers in Germany, America and Australia and a new trend of immigration in European countires such as Austria. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

Turks in Europe

The largest number of Turkish immigrant workers is found in Germany, followed by the Benelux countries, France, Austria, and Switzerland. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Germany took in an influx of men alone between 1961 and 1973. This was followed by the massive arrival of their families up until about 1981. Elsewhere in Europe the purely male migration took place from 1965 to 1974. Family reunifications were likewise spread over the period up until and including the first half of the 1980s. As a result, Europe's Turkish population consists of a majority of families, with almost total male/female parity. The Turkish diaspora in Europe is growing steadily. For Western Europe as a whole it rose from 1. 988 million in 1985 to 3. 034 million in 1996 (2. 944 million in the EU countries); this was a 52. 6% increase over one decade. Germany hosts 2. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 5 million Turkish immigrants. It is followed by importance by the Benelux countries, and France, United Kingdom and Austria. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Between 1961-1973 there was a big influx of Turkish men alone in Germany, which was followed by the arrival of their families up until 1981. Five years later, the same phenomenon took also place in the rest of the countries.

The increasing Turkish population of Europe can be explained by the continuation of migration through marriages and by the high birth rate of the Turkish population. This high rate has as a consequence that Turkish migrant population is very young (1/3 is under 18 years old); more than 80% of these young people have been born and schooled in Europe.

Turks in North America

In the United States, the largest Turkish communities are found in Paterson, New York City, Chicago, Miami, and Los Angeles. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The City of New York Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Since the 1970s, the number of Turkish immigrants has risen to more than 2,000 per year. There is also a growing Turkish population in Canada, Turkish immigrants have settled mainly in Montreal and Toronto, although there are small Turkish communities in Calgary, Edmonton, London, Ottawa, and Vancouver. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The population of Turkish Canadians in Metropolitan Toronto may be as large as 5,000.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Turkey

The culture of Turkish people is a diverse one, derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, European, and the Islamic traditions. The culture of Turkey is diverse combining elements derived from Ottoman, European and Middle Eastern traditions Turkish coffee (see name and variants for other names is coffee prepared by boiling finely powdered roast coffee beans in a pot ( Cezve) possibly with The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Turkish culture is an immense mixture partly produced by the rich history. The original lands of Turks is Central Asia, bordering China. From this location, they were forced to move west for various reasons more than a thousand years ago. On the way to Anatolia they have interacted with Chinese, Indian, Middle Eastern, European and Anatolian civilizations, and today's Turkish culture carries motives from each one of these diverse cultures.

Because of the different historical factors playing an important role in defining a Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey is an interesting combination of clear efforts to be "modern" and Western, alongside a desire to maintain traditional religious and historical values. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin

Language

Main article: Turkish language

The Turkish language is a member of the ancient Oghuz subdivision of Turkic languages, which in turn is a branch of the proposed Altaic language family. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around ^[56][57][58] Turkish is for the most part, mutually intelligible with other Oghuz languages like Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Turkmen and Urum, and to a lesser extent with other Turkic languages. The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language The Gagauz language ( Gagauz dili) is a Turkic language, spoken by the Gagauz people, and the official language of Gagauzia, Republic Turkmen ( Latin script: türkmen Cyrillic: түркмен ISO 639 -1 tk ISO 639-2 tuk is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Diaspora communities world

Modern Turkish differs greatly from the Ottoman Turkish language, the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire was influenced by Arabic and Persian. Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman During the Ottoman period, the language was essentially a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic, differing considerably from the everyday language spoken by the empire's Turkish subjects, to the point that they had to hire arzıhâlcis (request-writers) to communicate with the state. After the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in early 20th century, many of the foreign borrowings in the language were replaced with Turkic equivalents in a language reform by the newly founded Turkish Language Association. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Language reform is a type of Language planning by massive change to a Language. The Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu - TDK is the official regulatory body of the Turkish language, founded on July 12, 1932 and Almost all government documents and literature from the Ottoman period and the early years of the Republic are thus unintelligible to today's Turkish-speaker without translation.

Historically, there were many dialects of Turkish that were spoken throughout Anatolia and the Balkans that differed significantly from each other. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black After the proclamation of the Republic, the Istanbul dialect was adopted as the standard. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey There is no official effort to protect regional dialects, and some are currently under threat of disappearing as they face the standard language used in the media and educational system.

Turkish heritage

Main article: Turkic peoples

Main article: Turkic languages

Some 180 million people have a Turkic language as their native language; an additional 20 million people speak a Turkic language as a second language. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the A second language (L2 is any Language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1 The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers, dwelling predominantly in Turkey proper and formerly Ottoman-dominated areas of Eastern Europe and West Asia; as well as in Western Europe, Australia and the Americas as a result of immigration. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The remainder of the Turkic peoples are concentrated in Central Asia, Russia, the Caucasus, China, and northern and northwestern Iran. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National This article is about the region in Iran for other uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation.

Arts and Calligraphy

Main article: Turkish art

Main article: Turquerie

A transition from Islamic artistic traditions under the Ottoman Empire to a more secular , Western orientation has taken place in Turkey. Turkish art refers to all works of Art originating from the geographical area of what is present day Turkey. Turquerie is the Orientalist fashion for imitating aspects of Turkish art and culture in Western Europe between roughly the 16th to 18th centuries The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkish painters today are striving to find their own art forms, free from Western influence. List of notable Turkish painters History Turkish Painting, in the western sense developed actively starting from the mid 19th century Sculpture is less developed, and public monuments are usually heroic representations of Ataturk and events from the war of independence. Literature is considered the most advanced of contemporary Turkish arts. The reign of the early Ottoman Turks in the (16th and early 17th centuries) introduced the Turkish form of Islamic calligraphy. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Islamic calligraphy, equally known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing and by extension of bookmaking It was invented by Housam Roumi and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520–66). Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word. Diwani is a calligraphic variety of Arabic script a Cursive style developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th century - early

Architecture

Main article: Ottoman architecture

Ortaköy Mosque and the Bosphorus Bridge. Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Ortaköy Mosque, officially the Büyük Mecidiye Camii (Grand Imperial Mosque of Sultan Abdülmecid) in İstanbul, is situated at the waterside of The Bosphorus Bridge, also called the First Bosphorus Bridge ( Turkish: Boğaziçi Köprüsü or 1 Dolmabahce Palace, one of the main palace gates

Yalıs in Arnavutköy on the Bosphorus Hotel Pera Palace,built in 1892 by the French-Turkish architect Alexander Vallaury

Turkish architecture reached its peak during the Ottoman period. The Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı in Istanbul, Turkey, located at the European side of the Bosphorus, served as the main administrative Arnavutköy (meaning "Albanian village" in Turkish) is a historic neighborhood in Istanbul, Turkey, famous for its wooden Ottoman mansions The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the Hotel Pera Palace (Pera Palas Oteli is a historical Four-star hotel located in the Tepebaşı neighborhood of Beyoğlu (Pera district in Istanbul, Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Alexander Vallaury (1850-1921 was a French - Turkish architect who founded architectural education and lectured in the School of Fine Arts in Istanbul, The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Ottoman architecture, influenced by Seljuk, Byzantine and Islamic architecture, came to develop a style all of its own. Ottoman architecture is the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries Seljuk ( Arabic: السلاجقة Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction

The years 1300-1453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. During this period we encounter three types of mosque: tiered single-domed and sub line-angled mosques. The Junior Haci Özbek Mosque (1333) in Iznik, the first important centre of Ottoman art, is the first example of Ottoman single-domed mosques.

The architectural style which was to take on classical form after the conquest of Istanbul, was born in Bursa and in Edirne. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost The Great Mosque (Ulu Cami) in Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. Edirne was the last Ottoman capital before Istanbul, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development that culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. The buildings constructed in Istanbul between the capture of the city and the construction of the mosque of Sultan Bayezit are also considered works of the early period. Among these are the mosques of Fatih (1470), the mosque of Mahmutpasa, Tiled Pavilion and Topkapi Palace.

In Ottoman times the mosque did not exist by itself. It was looked on by society as being very much interconnected with city planning and communal life. Beside the mosque there were soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Hungary, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic

During the years 1720-1890, Ottoman art deviated from the principles of classical times. In the 18th century, during the Lale (Tulip) period, Ottoman art came under the influence of the excessive decorations of the west; Baroque, Rococo, Ampir and other styles intermingled with Ottoman art. Fountains became the characteristic structures of this period. An eclecticism set in. The Aksaray Valide mosque in Istanbul is an example of the mixture of Turkish art and Gothic style.

Evil eye

The belief in the evil eye, known as nazar, is strong in Turkish culture. The evil eye is a belief that the Envy elicited by the good Luck of fortunate people may result in their misfortune The belief says that when someone eyes your good fortune with envy, bad luck in some form may befall you. It is widely feared that an accolade or praise, however well meaning it may be, may be tinged with a bit of envy. The evil eye can be warded of by a nazar amulet (Turkish: nazar boncuğu or nazarlık). A nazar or evil eye stone (nazar boncuğu is an Amulet that protects against the Evil eye.

Music

See also: Music of Turkey

Turkey is a country in western Asia and Southeast Europe and on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is a crossroads of cultures from across Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus and South and Central Asia. The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish Pop star and also a cross-over soprano with a register as high as High-F North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The music of Turkey includes elements of Central Asian folk music, Arabic, Persian classical music, ancient Greco-Roman music and modern European and American popular music. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical Persian traditional music (also known as Iranian traditional music, Musiqi-e Sonati-e Irani, also Persian classical music or Iranian classical music In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Turkey, rich in musical heritage, has developed this art in two areas, Turkish classical music (similar to Greco- Roman) and Turkish folk music (Similar to Central Asian). The biggest Turkish pop star of the 20th century was probably Sezen Aksu, known for overseeing the Turkish contribution to the Eurovision Song Contest and was known for her light pop music. Sezen Aksu (born Fatma Sezen Yıldırım) (born July 13, 1954 in Denizli) is a Turkish pop music singer song-writer

European classical composers in the 18th century were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the brass and percussion instruments in Ottoman Janissary bands called Mehter who were the fist marching military band in History. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system A brass instrument is a Musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular Resonator. The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish ينيچرى ( yeniçeri) meaning "new soldier" comprised Infantry units that formed Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military Marching band in the world Joseph Haydn wrote his Military Symphony to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were also included in Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony Number 9. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Mozart wrote the "Rondo alla turca" in his Sonata in A major and also used Turkish themes in his operas. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's Piano Sonata No 11 in A major K 331 (300i is a sonata in three movements Andante Although this Turkish influence was a fad, it introduced the cymbals, bass drum(called davul), and bells into the symphony orchestra, where they remain. Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their A bass drum is a large Drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone. For details, see Turkish music (style). "Turkish music", in the sense described here is not really Music of Turkey, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the

Jazz musician Dave Brubeck wrote his "Blue Rondo à la Turk" as a tribute to Mozart and Turkish music. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord California) better known as Dave Brubeck, is an American jazz pianist

Turkish pop music boasts numerous mainstream artists with large followings since the 1960s like Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu, and younger pop stars like Sertab Erener, Tarkan, Serdar Ortac and Mustafa Sandal. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Ayşe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish Pop music Singer and Actress Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish Pop star and also a cross-over soprano with a register as high as High-F Tarkan Tevetoğlu (born October 17, 1972) popularly known as Tarkan, is a World Music award winning German-born Turkish Serdar Ortaç (born 16 February 1970) is one of the leading Singers of the Turkish Pop folk music since 1990s Mustafa Sandal, commonly known as Musti, is a famous Turkish pop singer. Underground music and the genres of electronica, hip-hop, rap and dance music saw an increased demand and activity following the 1990s. Underground music refers to a variety of post-1960s rock pop or dance subgenres that developed a Cult following despite their lack of Mainstream appeal visibility Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999

Turkish rock music, sometimes referred to as Anatolian rock, initiated during the 1960s by individuals like Cem Karaca, Barış Manço, and Erkin Koray, has seen wide-range success and has grown a considerable fan base. Turkish rock or Anatolian Rock (Anadolu Rock is a fusion of Turkish folk and Rock music. Cem Karaca ( April 5, 1945 - February 8, 2004) was a prominent Turkish rock musician and one of the most important figures Barış Manço (also spelt Baris Mancho in some European album releases ( January 2, 1943 - February 1, 1999) was a Turkish Erkin Koray (born June 24, 1941) has been in the Turkish Rock music scene since the A few of the more mainstream Turkish rock bands include Moğollar, Mor ve Ötesi, Kurban, Duman, and maNga. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Moğollar (meaning Mongols in Turkish) is one of the pioneer bands in Turkish rock Music for about 40 years and one of the founders Mor ve Ötesi (literally Purple and Beyond; a word play on morötesi, meaning Ultraviolet) is a Turkish Alternative rock band This article is about the Turkish rock band for the religious festival celebrated in Turkey see Kurban Bayramı Kurban (Sacrificial Duman (Smoke is a Turkish rock band The band combines elements of traditional Turkish folk music with Modern rock. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Individual rock performers like Şebnem Ferah, Özlem Tekin, Teoman and Emre Aydın have substantial fan-bases. Şebnem Ferah (born April 12, 1972 in Yalova, Turkey) is a Turkish singer and song-writer Özlem Tekin (born November 18 1971) is a Turkish singer TV show host and occasional actress primarily known for her music Fazlı Teoman Yakupoğlu ( 20 November 1967, Giresun, Turkey) using the stage name Teoman, is a popular Turkish Emre Aydın ( February 2, 1981) is a Turkish rock Singer-songwriter, who used to be the lead singer for 6 Turkey also boasts numerous large-scale rock festivals and events. Annually held rock festivals include Barışarock, Rock'n Coke, ZeytinliRockFest, RockA during many of which internationally renowned bands / artists frequently take the stage together with Turkish artists. Barışarock (read as Barışarak in Turkish, meaning rock for peace or through peace) is an annual Rock Rock'n Coke is a Turkish Rock festival sponsored by Coca-Cola.

In 2003, a Turkish singer Sertab Erener won the Eurovision Song Contest with her song Everyway That I Can. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Everyway That I Can" is the winning song of the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest, by Sertab Erener.

Literature

Main article: Turkish literature

See also: Turkish poetry

See also: Prose of the Republic of Turkey

The history of Turkish literature may be divided into three periods, reflecting the history of Turkish civilization as follows; the period up to the adoption of Islam, the Islamic period, and the period under western influence^[59]. Turkish literature (Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Before the adoption of Islam, the Seljuks had a mainly oral tradition. The Great Seljuq Empire was a Medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled

The oldest known examples of Turkish writings are on obelisks dating from the late 7th and early 8th centuries. An obelisk (from Greek ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos, diminutive of ὀβελός - obelos, "spit nail pointed pillar" The Orhun monumental inscriptions written in 720 for Tonyukuk, in 732 for Kültigin and in 735 for Bilge Khan are masterpieces of Turkish literature with their subject matter and ideal style. Tonyukuk 暾欲谷(died c 724 AD was the Yabgu and Commander-in-chief of four Göktürk Khagans the best known of whom is Bilge Khan Kul Tigin ( Kül (Köl Gül Göl Tigin (Tegin Kul Khan Bengü İnançu Apa Tarkan) 闕特勒 (685 - 731 or 732 CE was a famous general of the Second Turkic Kaganate Turkish epics dating from those times include the Yaratilis, Saka, Oguz-Kagan, Göktürk, Uygur and Manas. The Sakas ( English form of Old Iranian Sakā, Nominative plural masculine case; Ancient Greek Σάκαι, Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The "Book of Dede Korkut", put down in writing in the 9th century, is an extremely valuable work that preserves the memory of that epic era in Turkish literature ^[60]. The Book of Dede Korkut, also spelled as Dada Gorgud, Dede Qorqut, or Korkut ata ( Turkish: Dede Korkut Kitabı Azerbaijani:

Following Turkish migrations into Anatolia in the wake of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the establishment of various Beyliks in Anatolia and the eventual founding of the Seljuk and Ottoman Empires set the scene for Turkish literature to develop along two distinct lines, with "divan" or classical literature drawing its inspiration from the Arabic and Persian languages and Turkish folk literature still remaining deeply rooted in Central Asian traditions. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26 1071 near Manzikert thumb|350px|Anatolian Turkish Beyliks map Anatolian Beyliks or Turkmen Beyliks ( Turkish: Anadolu Beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: Seljuk ( Arabic: السلاجقة Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

In 1928, five years after the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey, the Arabic alphabet was replaced by the Latin one, which in turn speeded up the movement to rid the language of foreign words. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Turkish Language Institute was established in 1932 to carry out linguistic research and contribute to the natural development of the language. As a consequence of these efforts, modern Turkish is a literary and cultural language developing naturally and free of foreign influences.

To a certain extent, the Turkish folk literature which has survived till our day, reflects the influence of Islam and the new life style and form of the traditional literature of Central Asia after the adoption of Islam. Turkish folk literature is an Oral tradition deeply rooted in its form in Central Asian nomadic traditions For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Turkish folk literature comprised anonymous works of bard poems and Tekke (mystical religious retreats) literature. Yunus Emre who lived in the second half of the 13th and early 14th centuries was an epoch making poet and sufi (mystical philosopher) expert in all three areas of folk literature as well as divan poetry. Yunus Emre (1238?–1320? was a Turkish poet and Sufi mystic. Important figures of poetic literature were Karacaoglan, Atik Ömer, Erzurumlu Emrah and Kayserili Seyrani. Karacaoğlan is a 17th century Turkish folk poet and Ashik. His exact dates of birth and death are unknown but it is widely accepted that he was born around 1606 and

Turkish Literature was also influenced by the Western world throguh social, economic and political changes which were reflected in the literature of the time. Leading figures in the first period (1860-1880) in Tanzimat literature were Sinasi, Ziya Pasa, Namik Kemal, and Ahmet Mithat Efendi. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 Namık Kemal, born as Mehmed Kemal ( December 21 1840 - December 2 1888) was a Turkish Nationalist Poet Leading figures during the second period (1880-1896) were Mahmut Ekrem, Abdülhak Hamit, Sami Pasazade Sezai, and Nabizade Nazim. Tevfik Fikret, Süleyman Nazif, and Halit Ziya Usakligil are the important representatives of this trend. Tevfik Fikret ( December 26, 1867 &ndash August 19, 1915) (توفیق فکرت was the pseudonym of Turkish poet Mehmed Tevfik Süleyman Nazif (1870-1927 was an eminent Turkish Poet of Kurdish origin Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil ( 1867 - 27 March 1945) was a Turkish author. Others who adopted the western approach, but who were outside the group, were Ahmet Rasim and Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpinar who supported the new Turkish literature.

The backgrounds of current novelists can be traced back to "Young Pens" (Genç Kalemler) journal in Ottoman period. Young Pens was published in Selanik under the Ömer Seyfettin, Ziya Gökalp ve Ali Canip Yontem. They covered the social and political concepts of their time with the nationalistic perspective. They became the core of a movement which will be called national literature.

With the declaration of republic, Turkish literature becomes interested in folkloric styles. This was also the first time the literature was escaping from the western influence and begin to mix western forms with others. During the 1930s Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu and Vedat Nedim Tor begin to publish Kadro, a leftist revolutionary journal. Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu ( March 27, 1889 in Cairo - December 13, 1974 in Ankara) was a Turkish Novelist Kadro was a leftist journal published in Turkey between 1932 and 1934 Kemal Tahir was a prominent modern Turkish novelist. Kemal Tahir ( March 13, 1910 - April 21, 1973) was a prominent Turkish Novelist and Intellectual. Among authors translated into English is Yaşar Kemal. Yaşar Kemal (born Kemal Sadık Gökçeli He has long been a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, on the strength of Memed My Hawk.

Orhan Pamuk is a Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism He is hugely popular in his homeland, but also with a growing readership around the globe. As one of Europe's most prominent novelists, his work has been translated into more than twenty languages. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards. His most recent novel is "Snow". Pamuk won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2006, with his melancholic point of view to various cultures in Istanbul. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey However, a big debate is going on in Turkey about Pamuk winning; many Turks think that he won the prize because of his political ideas.

Religion

See also: Religion in Turkey

Contacts between the Turks and Islam commenced at the beginning of the 8th century and some of the Turks began to favour Islam. Islam is the largest religion of Turkey More than 99 percent of the population is Muslim, mostly Sunni. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. However the pro-Arab policies of the Umayyads (661-750 A. D. ) restricted these relations somewhat. Later, many Muslem Turks took office in the Abbside government and because of this, great interest in the Islamic world spread among the Turks beyond the River Ceyhun. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings The Turks became fully Muslem by the 10th century, and this resulted in the achievement to political unity. Following these developments, the first Muslem Turkish state was formed by the Karahans. This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids ^[61]

The vast majority of Turks are Muslim. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire. The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic There is, however, a significant number that adheres to the Alevi sect of Shia Islam. Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions The presence of Alevis is estimated at 25-35% of the population,^[62] though some reports indicate only 10%. ^[63] Religion has taken a shift towards more of a cultural identity amongst Turks rather than a set of fixed, theological beliefs due to secularization. Atatürk's Reforms ( Turkish: Atatürk Devrimleri or Atatürk İnkılapları) were a series of significant political legal cultural social and economic

In addition, there are small groups that adhere to Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Although they are primarily Eastern Orthodox, there are Roman Catholics and Protestants as well. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Sciences and technology

Main article: Science and Technology in the Ottoman Empire

From the sixteenth century onwards, noteworthy geographical works were produced by Piri Reis, In 1511, Pîrî Reis drew his first map. Science and Technology in the Ottoman Empire covers the topics related to achievements and distinguished events that happened during the existence of the empire Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465&ndash1554 or 1555 was an Ottoman-Turkish Admiral, geographer and This map is part of the world map prepared on a large scale. If you are looking for an editable blank World political map go to A world map is a Map of the surface of the Earth, which may be It was drawn on the basis of his rich and detailed drafts an in addition, European maps including Columbus' map of America. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America This first Ottoman map which included preliminary information about the New World represents south western Europe, north western Africa, south eastern and Central America. It is a portalano, without latitude and longitude lines but with lines delineating coasts and islands. Pîrî Reis drew his second map and presented it to Süleyman the Magnificent in 1528. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Only the part which contains the North Atlantic Ocean and the then newly discovered areas of Northern and Central America is extant.

Shadow Plays

The Turkish tradition of shadow play called Karagöz and Hacivat was performed by a single puppet master, who voiced all of the characters, and accompanied by a classical Ottoman music ensemble. Karagöz (meaning blackeye in Turkish) and Hacivat (also written Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish Some believe that the first Karagöz-Hacivat play was performed for sultan Selim I in Egypt after his conquest of the Mamluks, but 17th century writer Evliya Çelebi stated that it had been performed in the Ottoman palace as early as the reign of Bayezid I. Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in Evliya Çelebi (اوليا چلبي the son of the imperial goldsmith Derviş Mehmed Zılli ( March 25 (? 1611 &ndash 1682 was the most famous Ottoman The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and Bayezid I ( Ottoman: بايزيد الأول Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman ییلدیرم "the Thunderbolt" The tradition of Shadow plays are still famous today, mainly in Turkey, however is also used in celebrations throughout the Turkish diaspora

Shadow Theater gained great popularity among the people and the Turkish puppeteers much improved the techniques they had inherited from others. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The term Turkish diaspora (Türk diyasporası refers to the estimated population of Turkish people in the world migrated outside of Turkey. The colorless and motionless presentations of the Egyptian shadow play gained much rich coloring and mobility in the Turkish form of the art.

Symbols

The most widely used symbol by Turkish people is the crescent moon and a star. The Turkish flag is also widely used by the Turkish Cypriot community in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The flag of Turkey consists of a white crescent moon and a Star on a Red background Turkish Cypriots ( Turkish: Kıbrıs Türkleri or Kıbrıslı Türkler Greek: Τουρκοκύπριοι are the ethnically Turkish inhabitants of the The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its

The late Ottoman Navy flag

Ottoman Naval Flag, flying on all military vessels 1793-1844

Ottoman Religious Flag, or the Flag of the Caliphate 1793-1844

The last flag of the Ottoman Empire from 1844 to 1923 was adopted with the Tanzimat reforms as the first official Ottoman national flag

Flag of The Republic of Turkey

Turkish Timeline

See also: Timeline of the Ottoman Empire

See also: Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence

See also: Timeline of the Republic of Turkey

Throughout history the Turks have established numerous states in different geographical areas on the continents of Asia, Europe and Africa. See also History of the Turkish Navy The Ottoman Navy was established in the early 14th century The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This article provides a timeline of the Ottoman Empire. See also Timeline of the Republic of Turkey, a chronology of the successor state to the Ottoman Empire This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence ( May 19 1919 October 29 This is a timeline of the Republic of Turkey. To read about the background to these events see History of the Republic of Turkey. Therefore, they encountered different cultures, influenced these cultures and have also been influenced by them. This list consists of the main events of the ancient Turks to today's modern Turks.

Possible genetic links

Turkey is situated on the bridgehead between Europe and Asia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkey is situated in Anatolia and Southeastern Europe (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosphorus is geographically part of Europe and Anatolia The data on the DNA of Turkish people suggests that a human demographic expansion occurred sequentially in the Middle East, through Anatolia, and finally to the rest of Europe. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The estimated time of this expansion is roughly 50,000 years ago, which corresponds to the arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe. ^[64] During antiquity Anatolia was a cradle for a wide variety of numerous indigenous peoples as Armenians, Assyrians, Hattians, Hittites, Hellenes, Pelasgians, Phrygians, Thracians, Medes and others. Antiquities, nearly always used in the plural in this sense is a term for objects from Antiquity, especially the civilizations of the Mediterranean: the Classical Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. The Hattians were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti in present-day central and southeastern parts of Anatolia, Turkey. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The name Pelasgians (from Ancient Greek grc Πελασγοί Pelasgoí, singular Πελασγός Pelasgós) was used by some ancient Greek In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. It is concluded that aboriginal Anatolian groups (older than 2000 BCE) may have given rise to present-day Turkish population. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical ^[65] DNA results suggests the lack of strong genetic relationship between the Mongols and the Turks despite the close relationship of their languages and shared historical neighborhood. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known ^[66] Anatolians do not significantly differ from other Mediterraneans, indicating that while the ancient Asian Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance (language), it is not genetically detectable. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic ^[67] Recent genetic research has suggested the local, Anatolian origins of the Turks and that genetic flow between Turks and Asiatic peoples might have been marginal. ^[68]

According to a 1998 study:

“

Whereas the historical and cultural consequences of the Turkic invasion of Anatolia were profound, the genetic contribution of he Turkic people to the modern Turkish population seems less significant. Previous studies . . . have shown that the mtDNA pool found in Turkey can be interpreted as the result of upper Paleolithic and/or Neolithic expansions from the Middle East to Europe, with a small contribution by Asian sequences. The present results show that those sequences were found in the Turkic central Asian peoples, whose ancestors may have brought the Asian mtDNA sequences to Anatolia. [69]

”

The major components, 94. 1% (haplogroups E3b, G, J, I, L, N, K2, and R1), are shared with European and Near Eastern populations. In the study of Molecular evolution, a haplogroup, from "ἁπλο-" (Greek haplo-: simple or single + "group" is a group of similar Haplotypes The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century In contrast, only a minor share of haplogroups are attributed to Central Asian (C, Q and O; 3. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south 4%), Indian (H, R2; 1. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 5%), and African (A, E3*, E3a; 1%) affinity. ^[70] The comprehensive high resolution SNP analysis of 513 individuals provides slight paternal gene flow (<9%) from Central Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Various estimates exist of the proportion of gene flow associated with the arrival of Central Asian Turkic speaking people to Anatolia. One study based on an analysis of Y-chromosomes from Turkey suggested that Central Asians have only made a 10% genetic contribution (Rolf et al. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers 1999). Another study suggests roughly 30% based upon mtDNA control region sequences and one STR Y-chromosome (Di Benedetto et al. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. ^[71] 2001). While it is likely that genetic flow from Central Asia to Anatolia has occurred repeatedly throughout prehistory, uncertainties exist with respect to the source populations and the number of such episodes between Central Asia and Europe. These uncertainties confound any assessment of the genetic contribution of the 11th century AD Oghuz nomads responsible for the Turkic language replacement. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The recent Y-chromosome data provides candidate haplogroups to differentiate lineages specific to the postulated source populations, thus overcoming potential artifacts caused by indistinguishable overlapping gene flows.

Using Central Asian Y-chromosome data from either 13 populations and 149 samples (Underhill et al. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers 2000) or 49 populations and 1,935 samples (Wells et al. 2001) where these diagnostic lineages occur at 33% and 18%, respectively, their estimated contribution is 8. 5%. During the Bronze Age, the population of Anatolia expanded and reached an estimated level of 12 million people during the late Roman Period (Russell 1958). The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Such a large preexistent Anatolian population would have reduced the impact of the subsequent arrival of the Turkic-speaking Seljuk and Osmanlı groups from Central Asia. Seljuk ( Arabic: السلاجقة Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Although the genetic research of Anatolia still remains somewhat inchoate, the excavations of these new levels of shared Y-chromosome heritage and subsequent diversification provide new clues to Anatolian prehistory, as well as a substantial foundation for comparisons with other populations. The results demonstrate Anatolia’s role as a buffer between culturally and genetically distinct populations, being both an important source and recipient of gene flow. (see the plot:). According to Spencer Wells:^[72]

“

The Turkish and Azeri populations are atypical among Altaic speakers in having low frequencies of M130, M48, M45, and M17 haplotypes. Spencer Wells (born April 6 1969 in Georgia United States) is a Geneticist and Anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the Rather, these two Turkic-speaking groups seem to be closer to populations from the Middle East and Caucasus, characterized by high frequencies of M96- and/or M89-related haplotypes. This finding is consistent with a model in which the Turkic languages, originating in the Altai-Sayan region of Central Asia and northwestern Mongolia, were imposed on the Caucasian and Anatolian peoples with relatively little genetic admixture---another possible example of elite dominance-driven linguistic replacement.

”

A 2007 study suggests that, genetically Anatolians are more closely related with the Balkan populations than to the Central Asian populations. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Central Asian contribution to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans was quantified with an admixture analysis. Furthermore, the association between the Central Asian contribution and the language replacement episode was examined by comparative analysis of the Central Asian contribution to Anatolia, Azerbaijan (another Turkic speaking country) and their neighbors. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South In this study, the Central Asian contribution to Anatolia was estimated as 13%. This was the lowest value among the populations analyzed. This observation may be explained by Anatolia having the lowest migrant/resident ratio at the time of migrations. ^[73]

The question to what extent a gene flow from Central Asia to Anatolia has contributed to the current gene pool of the Turkish people, and what the role is in this of the 11th century invasion by Oghuz Turks, has been the subject of several studies. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, A factor that makes it difficult to give reliable estimates, is the problem of distinguishing between the effects of different migratory episodes. Per Chinese records, Kyrgyz Turks were the last Turks left ancient Mongolia due to massive Mongol settlement from east 600 A. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East D. Kyrgyz Turks possessed lighter hair color (including reddish), lighter eye colors and they were taller in height and strong people. Recent genetics research dated 2003^[74] confirms the studies^[75] indicating that the Turkic peoples^[76] originated from Central Asia and therefore are possibly related with Xiongnu. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes According to the study, Turkish Anatolian tribes may have some ancestors who originated in an area north of Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period (3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE), since modern Anatolian Turks appear to have some common genetic markers with the remains found at the Xiongnu period graves in Mongolia:

“

The researchers found that interbreeding between Europeans and Asians occurred much earlier than previously thought. They also found DNA sequences similar to those in present-day Turks, supporting the idea that most of the Turks originated in Central Asia. Interestingly, this paternal lineage has been, at least in part (6 of 7 STRs), found in a present-day Turkish individual (Henke et al. 2001). Moreover, the mtDNA (female linkeage) sequence shared by four of these paternal relatives (from graves 46, 52, 54, and 57) were also found in a Turkish individuals (Comas et al. 1996), suggesting a possible Turkish origin of these ancient specimens. Two other individuals buried in the B sector (graves 61 and 90) were characterized by mtDNA sequences found in Turkish people (Calafell 1996; Richards et al. 2000). [77][78]

”

See also

History of the Turkish people History of the Turkic peoples Military history of Turkey Republic of Turkey List of Turkish people List of Turkic states and empires Turkish diaspora Turkish minorities

Turks in Australia Turks in Austria Turks in Azerbaijan Turks in Belgium Turks in Bulgaria Turks in Canada Turks in Germany Turks in Japan

Turks in Kosovo Turks in Sweden Turks in the Netherlands Turks in the Republic of Macedonia Turks of Romania Turks of the Dodecanese Turks of Western Thrace

Turkish Cypriots Turkish British Turkish Jews Turkish Syrian Turkish-American Afro-Turks Cretan Turks Meskhetian Turks

Iraqi Turkmen Yörük

References and notes

External links

• 55 milyon kişi 'etnik olarak' Türk
• Bosworth, Clifford E. The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami al-Tawarikh.
• Findley, Carter Vaughn. The Turks in World History.
• Petkova, Lilia. The Ethnic Turks in Bulgaria: Social Integration and Impact on Bulgaria-Turkish Relations, 1947-2000.
• Shaw, George Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.
• Ethnologue report for the Turkish language
• Germany's Second Doubts Abouts its Turkish population
• Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey)
• Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia
• Turkey: Country Studies from the US Library of Congress
• BBC News Country Profile for Turkey
• Cultural Exchange Programs in Turkey
• Council of Europe's Turkey Page
• (English)(Turkish) Ulu Cami: A Turkish Mosque serving Muslim Community in Northern Jersey

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