| Turkish-Armenian War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Turkish War of Independence | |||||||||
 Armenian civilians fleeing Kars after its capture by Kazım Karabekir's forces. The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Democratic Republic of Armenia |
 Turkish Revolutionaries |
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| Commanders | |||||||||
| Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan |
Kazım Karabekir | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 20 000 combatants[4] | not more than 20 000 [4] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 198 000 [5] | |||||||||
The Turkish-Armenian War was a conflict fought between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which lasted from 24 September to 2 December 1920 [1] and largely took place in present-day northeastern Turkey and northwestern Armenia. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun The Treaty of Alexandropol (Gümrü Antlaşması was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ending the The Treaty of Sèvres ( 10 August 1920) was the Peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against General Drastamat Kanayan (Դրաստամատ Կանայեան known as General Dro, Դրօ May 31, 1884 &ndash March 8, 1956) Movses Silikyan (Մովսես Սիլիկյան Мовсес Силиков Movses Silikov (1862 - 1937 was a famed Armenian general and national hero, Major General Musa Kâzım Karabekir (1882 İstanbul – January 26, 1948, Ankara) was a Turkish general and politician The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani
Contents |
Background
- See also: Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
The Armenian National Liberation Movement declared independence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) before end of World War I. The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I. Armenian national movement, also known as the " Armenian revolutionary movement " and Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian national The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Tovmas Nazarbekian, who was the commander on the Caucasus front and also the governor of the Administration for Western Armenia, became the first head of state of the DRA. Tovmas Nazarbekian (Nazarbekov, (1855–1931 was an Armenian general in the Russian Army who was the governor of the Administration for Western Armenia The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship This article is about the short-lived Armenian "provisional government Andranik Toros Ozanian assumed control of the administration of Western Armenia from March 1918 to April 1918. Andranik Toros Ozanian, Zoravar Andranik, ( Անդրանիկ Թորոսի Օզանյան, Զորավար Անդրանիկ ( February 25, 1865 – Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He faced the Ottoman army during the concluding battles of the Caucasus Campaign and assigned the position of civil commissioner to Drastamat Kanayan. The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship General Drastamat Kanayan (Դրաստամատ Կանայեան known as General Dro, Դրօ May 31, 1884 &ndash March 8, 1956)
Caucasus Campaign, 1918
- See also: Caucasus Campaign
The Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (January 1, 1918) and the following Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) signed by the Grand Vizier Talat Pasha set the condition that all lands Russia had captured in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), namely Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi, were to be returned to the Ottoman Empire. The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. Grand Vizier, in Turkish Sadr-ı Azam ( Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم Mehmed Talat (Mehmet Tâlât (1874-1921 also known as Talat Pasha was one of the first important members of the Committee of Union and Progress. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered
The new Armenian state was between Russia and the Ottoman Empire; more precisely it was the Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians (a unified form of the Armenian National Councils) ruled by the Dashnak party which declared the DRA to be in between. The Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians was established in October 1917 Armenian National Council is a term that refers to Armenian National Council of Karabagh was also referred as People's Government of Karabagh before the The Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն — Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun In March 1918, before the advance of Ottoman forces, the DRA stabilized. It secured western support under the guidance of the Armenian Diaspora, and prepared to defend the regions of (Erzurum, Bitlis, and the Province of Van). The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace Bitlis ( Kurdish: Bilîs or Bedlîs Armenian: Baghaghesh, later Baghesh) is a town in eastern Turkey and the Those were highly important for the new country in its bid not to become a completely land locked state. On March 1918, Vehib Pasha moved the Third Army towards positions of the Armenian volunteer units, thus confronting the preliminary Armenian military for the first time. Mehmet Vehib Kaçı (also known as Wehib Pasha) (1877 - 1940 was a General in the Army of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Third Army was originally established in the Balkans and had its headquarters at Salonica. Armenian volunteer units or " Armenian volunteer corps " were Armenian battalions in Russian and British armies during the World War I. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia represents the Army, Air Force, Air Defense, and Border Guard. Under heavy pressure from the combined forces of the Ottoman army and the Kurdish irregulars, the DRA withdrew from Erzincan to Erzurum. Erzincan ( Zazaish: Erzıngan) is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. The city of Van, which had been under Armenian control since the Van Resistance, was abandoned as well. Van ( Armenian hy Վան Kurdish: Wan from Armenian van - village settlement is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van The Resistance at Van (Վանի Հերոսամարտ was an Insurgency against the Ottoman Empire 's attempts to eliminate the Armenian population in the The DRA also evacuated Erzurum and Sarıkamış after resisting in the Battle of Kara Killisse (1918), the Battle of Sardarapat, and Battle of Bash Abaran. Sarıkamış ( Armenian: Սարիղամիշ Sarighamish) is a town and a district of Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey The Battle of Karakilisa (Կարակիլիսի ճակատամարտ was a battle of Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the vicinity of The Battle of Sardarabad (Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ Sardarapat Savaşı was a battle of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place The Battle of Bash Abaran (Բաշ Աբարանի ճակատամարտ was a battle of Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the vicinity of Vehib Pasha was also reclaimed Trabzon to the north. Trabzon ( Greek: Τραπεζούντα, Trapezounta) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of
Treaty of Batum, June 4, 1918
- See also: Treaty of Batum
The border set in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was implemented. Treaty of Batum was a treaty between Democratic Republic of Armenia and Ottoman Empire signed in Batum on June 4, 1918. Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. Some additional conditions were also forced on the Democratic Republic of Armenia in the Treaty of Batum. The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun Treaty of Batum was a treaty between Democratic Republic of Armenia and Ottoman Empire signed in Batum on June 4, 1918. The signing of the latter treaty falls on the same day as the declaration of the establishment of the DRA.
The Ottoman Empire forced the DRA to abandon Western Armenia with the Treaty of Batum, although it was not recognized by Armenia. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Treaty of Batum was a treaty between Democratic Republic of Armenia and Ottoman Empire signed in Batum on June 4, 1918. However the Ottoman Empire was later forced to fall back on the prewar borders in the Armistice of Mudros which was signed on October 30, 1918. The Armistice of Moudros ( 30 October 1918) ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies
Kars, December 1, 1918
- See also: South West Caucasian Republic
The period of time elapsed until the Armistice of Mudros did not leave the Ottomans sufficient time to re-establish their authority over the territories ceded in the Treaty of Batum. The South-Western Caucasian Government ( December 1, 1918 – April 19 1919) (Güney-batı Kafkas Cumhuriyeti Cənubi-Qərbi Qafqaz Cümhuriyyəti The Armistice of Moudros ( 30 October 1918) ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies Treaty of Batum was a treaty between Democratic Republic of Armenia and Ottoman Empire signed in Batum on June 4, 1918. The ensuing administrative vacuum saw the emergence of a new state (South West Caucasian Republic) headed by Fakhr al-Din Pirioghlu, which was centered in Kars and officially constituted itself after the Armistice of Mudros. Kars may refer to Kars Turkey Kars Province, Turkey Kars Oblast, Russian Empire Kars Province The Armistice of Moudros ( 30 October 1918) ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies Its territory was to include the predominantly Muslim-inhabited regions of Kars and Batum, parts of the Erivan district in the province of the same name, and the Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki districts of the Tiflis province. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Akhaltsikhe (ახალციხე Ahıska Ախալցխա Akhaltskha; also known as Lomsia) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare Akhalkalaki (ახალქალაქი for New City; Ախալքալաք Akhalkalak) is a small city in Georgia 's southern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari However, in practical terms the republic was confined to the province of Kars. It existed alongside the general governorship enacted by the British which had been created during the Entente's intervention in Transcaucasia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. [6] Pirioghlu's reign was abolished by the British High Commissioner, Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe GCB, GCMG, CVO (1865&ndash1937 sometimes known as Sir Somerset Calthorpe, was a Consequently the DRA was able to claim the territory for its own, which had been forced out of the Ottoman Empire before the armistice.
Active stage
The Oltu conflict, June 1920
The conflict began in June 1920 [2] when Armenian border troops became involved in skirmishes with militant Turkish tribes in the district of Oltu, a territory which was fomerly under the control of the Democratic Republic of Georgia but ended up in the hands of local Muslim warlords. The Battle of Oltu was actually two battles the first ( 18 June to 25 June, 1920) was a battle between Armenian troops and local Turkish Oltu ( Armenian: Ւղթիկ Ughtik or Ւլթիկ Ultik, Georgian: ოლთისი Oltisi, Russian: Олти Olti The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos [1] On October 6, the tenuous DRA government ordered the partial occupation of the district. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus [2] Using the move as a pretext for war, General Kazım Karabekir led four Turkish battalions into the district on September 3 and drove the Armenians out. Musa Kâzım Karabekir (1882 İstanbul – January 26, 1948, Ankara) was a Turkish general and politician Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius [2] Karabekir then pushed into the DRA on September 20 [1] prompting the Armenian government to declare war on Turkey four days later. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. [3]
Sarıkamış, Kağızman, and Merdeniq, September 1920
By September 28, Karabekir's forces had occupied Sarıkamış and the following day Kağızman. The Battle of Sarıkamış was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Kağızman ( Armenian: Կագհզւան ( Latin transliteration: Kaghzuan) is a town and a district of Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia [2] They then moved towards Kars but this assault was delayed by Armenian resistance. Kars may refer to Kars Turkey Kars Province, Turkey Kars Oblast, Russian Empire Kars Province The advancing Turkish battalions devastated the area and reportedly committed acts of ethnic cleansing against the civilian Armenian population that did not have time or willingness to leave their homes. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity [2][1] After the Turks captured the city of Merdeniq, Armenians launched pogroms against local Muslims in Yerevan and Kars in response. Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan [3][1]
In early October, the DRA government beseeched aid from the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and the rest of the Allied powers, but little was done in response. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. Most of Britain's available forces in the Near East were concentrated on crushing the tribal uprisings in the British Mandate of Iraq, while France and Italy faced similar difficulties in the French Mandate of Syria and Italian-controlled Antalya. The British Mandate of Mesopotamia ( الانتداب البريطاني على العراق) was a League of Nations Class A mandate The French Mandate of Syria was a League of Nations Mandate created after the First World War and the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττάλεια Attália) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern [1] Neighboring Georgia declared neutrality during the conflict. [3] Only Greece provided some degree of support with its active operations in western Anatolia. The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great However, Greek military support was not enough to ease Turkish pressure on the DRA. [1]
Yerevan Agreement, October 1920
On October 11, a Soviet plenipotentiary, Boris Legran arrived to Yerevan with a text to negotiate Soviet-Armenian agreement. Boris Vasilievich Legran or Legrand (Russian Борис Васильевич Легран 1884-1936 was a Soviet revolutionary and politician who represented the [7] The agreement signed at October 24 secured Soviet support. [7] The most important part of this agreement was on Kars, which the DRA agreed to secure. [7]. The Turkish national movement was not happy with possible agreement between the Soviets and DRA. Karabekir was informed by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regarding the Boris Legran agreement and ordered to resolve the Kars issue. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral The same day the agreement between DRA and Soviet was signed, Karabekir moved his forces toward Kars.
Kars and Alexandropol, October 1920
On October 24, Karabekir's forces launched a massive campaign on Kars. The Battle of Kars was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which The Battle of Alexandropol was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA and Turkish Revolutionaries of the Turkish National Movement which Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat [2][3] Rather than fighting for the city, the Armenians abandoned Kars which by October 30 came under full Turkish occupation. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. [1][2] Those who could not escape in time were faced with pillage, rape, and massacre. [2]
Turkish forces continued to advance and soon captured and occupied the city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri, Armenia) one week after the capture of Kars. Gyumri ( Armenian: Գյումրի is the capital and largest city of the Shirak Province in northwest Armenia. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani [1][2] On November 12, the Turks also captured the strategic village of Agin, northeast of the ruins of the former Armenian capital of Ani and then planned to move towards Yerevan. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days History Armenian chroniclers such as Yeghishe and Ghazar Parpetsi first mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD [3] On November 13, Georgia broke its neutrality after concluding an agreement with the DRA to invade the disputed region of Lori which was established as a Neutral Zone (the Shulavera Condominium) between the two nations in early 1919. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Armenia feared the security of the Armenians in the region if the Turks were to invade. [3][1]
The Treaty of Alexandropol, November 1920
- See also: Treaty of Alexandropol
The Turks, headquartered in Alexandropol, presented the Armenians with an ultimatum which they were forced to accept. The Treaty of Alexandropol (Gümrü Antlaşması was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ending the However, this was followed by a more radical demand which threatened the existence of Armenia as a viable entity. The Armenians at first rejected this demand, but when Karabekir's forces continued to advance, they had little choice but to capitulate. [2] On November 18, 1920, a cease-fire agreement was concluded. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar [3][1]
However, as the terms of defeat were being negotiated between Karabekir and Armenian Foreign Minister Alexander Khatisian, Joseph Stalin, on the command of Vladimir Lenin, ordered Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze to invade the DRA from Azerbaijan in order to establish a new pro-Bolshevik government in the country. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Grigoriy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (გრიგოლ (სერგო ორჯონიკიძე - Grigol (Sergo Orjonikidze Russian: Григорий Константинович On November 29, the Soviet Eleventh Army invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan). Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Ijevan (Իջևան also Romanized as Idzhevan and Idjevan; formerly Istibulagh, K’arvansara, Karavan Savan, K’aravansaray [2] Fearing the capture of Yerevan and Echmiadzin by Turkish forces in the case that the Bolsheviks should not arrive, the Armenians signed the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 2 with Turkey in which the DRA was to disarm most of its military forces, cede more than 50% of its pre-war territory, and to give up all the territories granted to it at the Treaty of Sèvres[1], which was not ratified by the Armenian Parliament as the Soviet invasion took place at the same time. Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan The Treaty of Alexandropol (Gümrü Antlaşması was a peace treaty between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ending the Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun
Aftermath
End of the DRA, December 1920
In late November there was yet another Soviet-backed communist uprising in Armenia. On November 28, 1920 blaming Armenia for the invasions of Sharur (20. 11. 1920) and Karabakh (21. Karabakh (Qarabağ Ղարաբաղ is a geographic and historic region in western Azerbaijan and southern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser 11. 1920), the 11th Red Army under the command of Anatoliy Hekker (or Anatoli Gekker), crossed the demarcation line between Democratic Republic of Armenia and Soviet Azerbaijan. Anatoli Ilyich Gekker (Анатолий Ильич Геккер ( August 25, 1888 – July 1, 1937) was a Soviet military commander The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The second Soviet-Armenian war lasted only a week. Exhausted by the 6 years of permanent wars and conflicts, Armenian army and population were incapable of any further active resistance.
When on December 4 1920. the Red Army entered Yerevan, the government of Armenian Republic effectively surrendered. On December 5, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom; made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Finally, on the following day, the December 6, Felix Dzerzhinsky's dreaded secret police, Cheka entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending all existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky ( Polish: Feliks Edmundowicz Dzierżyński, Russian: Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский Belarusian The Cheka ( ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya,) was the first of a succession of Soviet State security [2]
The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was then proclaimed, under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun
Treaty of Kars, 23 October 1921
- See also: Armenian SSR
The violence in Transcaucasia was finally settled in a friendship treaty between TBMM (which was declared Turkey in 1923), and the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Kars (Kars Antlaşması Карсский договор / Karskiy dogovor) was a friendship treaty between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The peace Treaty of Kars, which was signed in Kars by the representatives of Russian SFSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, and TBMM. The Treaty of Kars (Kars Antlaşması Карсский договор / Karskiy dogovor) was a friendship treaty between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Kars may refer to Kars Turkey Kars Province, Turkey Kars Oblast, Russian Empire Kars Province This article is about the former Soviet republic for other similar uses see Azerbaijan (disambiguation. The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Հայկական ՍովետականՍոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა TBMM had another agreement, "Treaty on Friendship and Brotherhood" also called Treaty of Moscow, signed on March 16, 1921 with the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Moscow or Treaty of Brotherhood was a friendship treaty between Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk By this treaty Turkey ceded Adjara to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of Kars, Iğdır, and Ardahan). Kars is a province (il of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country Iğdır (Iğdır Îdir Իգդիր İğdır Игдир ایگدیر is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the border with Armenia, Azerbaijan Ardahan Province is a province in the far north-east of Turkey, at the very end of the country where Turkey borders with Georgia and Armenia.
See also
- Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918 - 1920)
- Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
- Caucasus Campaign
- Treaty of Kars
- Armenian Genocide
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dr. The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship The Treaty of Kars (Kars Antlaşması Карсский договор / Karskiy dogovor) was a friendship treaty between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Andrew Andersen, Ph. D. Atlas of Conflicts: Turkish-Armenian War
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas, p. 237. ISBN 0-226-33228-4
- ^ a b c d e f g h (Russian) Turkish-Armenian War of 1920
- ^ a b Anahide Ter Minassian: La république d'Arménie. 1918-1920 La mémoire du siècle. , éditions complexe, Bruxelles 1989 ISBN 2-87027-280-4, p. 220
- ^ Vahakn N. Dadrian: The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus Berghahn Books, Providence, Oxford 2004, ISBN 978-1571816665, p. 361
- ^ Caucasian Knot (Moscow-based news agency)
- ^ a b c The Republic of Armenia, Vol. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of IV: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1996 page 259
| Concepts | Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire - Establishment of movement - Turkish revolutionaries - Turkish National Movement | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Issues | Chanak Crisis - Population Exchange - Persona non grata - Malta exiles - Outpost Societies - King-Crane Commission - Khilafat Movement | ||||
| Campaigns | British (Allies): İstanbul | ||||
| Revolts: Kuva-i Inzibatiye - Revolt of Ahmet Aznavur - Koçkiri Rebellion | |||||
| French : Maras - Antep - Urfa | |||||
| Greek : Smyrna (İzmir) - Aydın - 1st İnönü - 2nd İnönü - Sakarya - Dumlupinar | |||||
| Armenian : Oltu – Sarıkamış – Kars – Alexandropol | |||||
| Agreements |
Allies: Conference of London - Ottoman Empire: Paris Peace Conference, 1919 - Sanremo conference - (Ottoman Parliament:) Misak-ı Milli - Treaty of Sèvres |
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| Turkish revolutionaries: Treaty of Alexandropol - Treaty of Moscow (1921) - Conference of London - Cilicia Peace Treaty - Treaty of Ankara (1921) - Treaty of Kars - Conference of London - Armistice of Mudanya - Conference of Lausanne - Treaty of Lausanne | |||||
| Timeline | |||||
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