The A. M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational Computing society The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field". ^[1] Often recognized as the "Nobel Prize of computing",^[1] the award is named after Alan Mathison Turing, a British mathematician who is "frequently credited for being the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence". The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (ˈt(jʊ(ərɪŋ (23 June 1912 &ndash 7 June 1954 was an English Mathematician The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their ^[2] As of 2007, the award is accompanied by a prize of $250,000, co-sponsored by Intel and Google. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online ^[1]

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, then of Carnegie Institute of Technology. Alan Jay Perlis (April 1 1922 &ndash February 7 1990 was an American Computer scientist known for his pioneering work in programming languages and the first recipient This article is about a center of higher learning For the foundation which supports scientific research refer to the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, is the only female recipient in the award's forty year history. For the early American nun see Frances Allen (nun. Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen (born 1932 is an American computer International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells ^[3][4][5]

The award recipients and the fields in which they earned the recognition are listed below. Refer to the individual recipients for more detailed information on their achievements.

Turing Award recipients

Year	Recipients	Citation
1966	Alan J. Perlis	For his influence in the area of advanced programming techniques and compiler construction
1967	Maurice V. Wilkes	Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the first computer with an internally stored program. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Alan Jay Perlis (April 1 1922 &ndash February 7 1990 was an American Computer scientist known for his pioneering work in programming languages and the first recipient A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC) was an early British Computer. Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory. Genesis in radar The basic concept of the delay line originated with World War II Radar research as a system to reduce clutter from reflections from the ground He is also known as the author, with Wheeler and Gill, of a volume on "Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers" in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced
1968	Richard Hamming	For his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes
1969	Marvin Minsky	artificial intelligence
1970	James H. Wilkinson	For his research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and "backward" error analysis
1971	John McCarthy	Dr. In Computer science, a library is a collection of Subroutines used to develop Software. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Richard Wesley Hamming ( Chicago, February 11, 1915 &ndash Monterey California, January 7, 1998) was an American Numerical analysis is the study of Algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from Discrete mathematics) Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of Artificial intelligence (AI co-founder Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Hardy Wilkinson ( 27 September, 1919 &ndash 5 October, 1986) was a prominent figure in the field of Numerical analysis, a field Numerical analysis is the study of Algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from Discrete mathematics) Linear algebra is the branch of Mathematics concerned with Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. John McCarthy (born September 4, 1927, in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American Computer scientist and Cognitive McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence" is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work
1972	Edsger Dijkstra	Edsger Dijkstra was a principal contributor in the late 1950's to the development of the ALGOL, a high level programming language which has become a model of clarity and mathematical rigor. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Edsger Wybe Dijkstra ( May 11, 1930 &ndash August 6, 2002; ˈɛtsxər ˈwibə ˈdɛɪkstra was a Dutch computer scientist Algol (β Per / Beta Persei known colloquially as the Demon Star, is a bright Star in the Constellation Perseus. A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. He is one of the principal exponents of the science and art of programming languages in general, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of their structure, representation, and implementation. A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. His fifteen years of publications extend from theoretical articles on graph theory to basic manuals, expository texts, and philosophical contemplations in the field of programming languages
1973	Charles W. Bachman	For his outstanding contributions to database technology
1974	Donald E. Knuth	For his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to "The Art of Computer Programming" through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title
1975	Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon	In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Charles William Bachman (Dec 11 1924 Manhattan Kansas) is a American Computer scientist, who spent his entire career as an industrial researcher rather than in A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Donald Ervin Knuth (kəˈnuːθ (born 10 January 1938) is a renowned computer scientist and Professor Emeritus of the Art of Computer The Art of Computer Programming is a comprehensive Monograph written by Donald Knuth that covers many kinds of Programming Algorithms Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Allen Newell ( March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992) was a researcher in Computer science and Cognitive psychology at the Herbert Alexander Simon ( June 15, 1916 February 9, 2001) was an American Political scientist whose research ranged C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing
1976	Michael O. Rabin and Dana S. Scott	For their joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem," which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private Research University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the violinist see Michael Rabin (violinist. Michael Oser Rabin (מִיכָאֵל אֹשֶׁר רַבִּין born 1931 in Dana Stewart Scott (born 1932 is the emeritus Hillman University Professor of Computer Science, Philosophy, and Mathematical Logic at Carnegie In the Theory of computation, a nondeterministic finite state machine or nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA is a Finite state machine where for each Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field
1977	John Backus	For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages
1978	Robert W. Floyd	For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms
1979	Kenneth E. Iverson	For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice
1980	C. Antony R. Hoare	For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages
1981	Edgar F. Codd	For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems, esp. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays John Warner Backus ( December 3, 1924 – March 17, 2007) was an American Computer scientist. Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative Programming language that is especially suited to A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Robert W Floyd ( June 8, 1936 &ndash September 25, 2001) was an eminent Computer scientist. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their In Computer science and Linguistics, parsing, or more formally syntactic analysis, is the process of analyzing a sequence of tokens to Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from In the context of hardware and software systems formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the Correctness of intended Algorithms underlying In Computer science, the term automatic programming identifies a type of Computer programming in which some mechanism generates a Computer program rather To analyze an Algorithm is to determine the amount of resources (such as time and storage necessary to execute it Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Kenneth Eugene Iverson ( 17 December, 1920 - 19 October, 2004) was a Canadian Computer scientist noted for the development Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare ( Tony Hoare or CAR Hoare, born January 11, 1934) is a British computer scientist, probably Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd ( August 23, 1923 – April 18, 2003) was a British computer scientist who while working relational databases
1982	Stephen A. Cook	For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way
1983	Ken Thompson and Dennis M. Ritchie	For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system
1984	Niklaus Wirth	For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, MODULA and PASCAL
1985	Richard M. Karp	For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness
1986	John Hopcroft and Robert Tarjan	For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures
1987	John Cocke	For significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC)
1988	Ivan Sutherland	For his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after
1989	William (Velvel) Kahan	For his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis. A relational database is a Database that groups data using common attributes found in the data set Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Stephen Arthur Cook (born December 14, 1939, Buffalo, New York) is a noted computer scientist. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Kenneth Lane Thompson (born February 4 1943) commonly referred to as Ken Thompson (or simply Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (born September 9, 1941) is an American computer scientist notable for his influence on C and other Programming Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Niklaus Emil Wirth (b February 15, 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several Programming languages including Euler is a Programming language created by Niklaus Wirth and Helmut Weber conceived as an extension and generalization of ALGOL 60. Algol-W is a Programming language. It was Niklaus Wirth 's proposal for a successor to ALGOL 60 in the ALGOL 68 committee The Modula Programming language is a descendent of the Pascal programming language. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural Programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Richard Manning Karp (born 1935 is a Computer scientist and Computational theorist, notable for research in In Computational complexity theory, the Complexity class NP-complete (abbreviated NP-C or NPC) is a class of problems having two properties Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) John Edward Hopcroft (born October 7, 1939) is a renowned theoretical Computer scientist. Robert Endre Tarjan (born April 30, 1948 in Pomona, California) is a renowned American Computer scientist. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) John Cocke ( May 30 1925 – July 16, 2002) was an American Computer scientist recognised for his large contribution to Computer Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is an American Computer scientist and Internet pioneer Computer graphics are Graphics created by Computers and more generally the Representation and Manipulation of Pictorial Data Sketchpad (aka Robot Draftsman was a revolutionary computer program written by Ivan Sutherland in 1963 in the course of his PhD thesis for which he received the Turing Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) William Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Mathematician and Computer scientist Numerical analysis is the study of Algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from Discrete mathematics) One of the foremost experts on floating-point computations. In Computing, floating point describes a system for numerical representation in which a string of digits (or Bits represents a Real number. Kahan has dedicated himself to "making the world safe for numerical computations. "
1990	Fernando J. Corbató	For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Fernando José "Corby" Corbató (born July 1, 1926 in Oakland, California) is a prominent American Computer scientist Time-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. Multics ( Mult iplexed I nformation and C omputing S ervice was an extremely influential early Time-sharing Operating system
1991	Robin Milner	For three distinct and complete achievements: 1) LCF, the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for machine assisted proof construction; 2) ML, the first language to include polymorphic type inference together with a type-safe exception-handling mechanism; 3) CCS, a general theory of concurrency. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Robin Milner FRS (born 1934 is a prominent British Computer scientist. LCF (Logic for Computable Functions is an interactive Automated theorem prover developed at the universities of Edinburgh and Stanford by Robin Milner Automated theorem proving ( ATP) or automated deduction, currently the most well-developed subfield of Automated reasoning (AR is the ML is a general-purpose Functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at the University of Edinburgh, whose syntax Type inference, or implicit typing, refers to the ability to deduce automatically the type of a value in a Programming language. In Computer science, type safety is a property of some Programming languages that is defined differently by different communities but most definitions involve Exception handling is a programming language construct or computer hardware mechanism designed to handle the occurrence of a condition that changes the normal flow of execution The Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS is a Process calculus introduced by Robin Milner in around 1980 In Computer science, concurrency is a properties of system in which several Computational processes are executing at the same time and potentially interacting In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational and denotational semantics. In Computer science, denotational semantics is an approach to formalizing the meanings of Programming languages by constructing mathematical objects (called In Computer science, operational semantics is a way to give meaning to Computer programs in a mathematically rigorous way In Computer science, denotational semantics is an approach to formalizing the meanings of Programming languages by constructing mathematical objects (called Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from
1992	Butler W. Lampson	For contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Butler W Lampson (born 1943 is a renowned Computer scientist. A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or Engineering workstation, is a high-end Microcomputer A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of Electrical equipment which displays images generated from the Video This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering
1993	Juris Hartmanis and Richard E. Stearns	In recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Juris Hartmanis (born July 5, 1928 in Riga, Latvia) is a prominent Computer scientist and Computational theorist who with Richard Edwin Stearns, born July 5, 1936, is a prominent Computer scientist who with Juris Hartmanis, received the 1993 ACM Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the Theory of computation in Computer science, investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources
1994	Edward Feigenbaum and Raj Reddy	For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Edward Albert Feigenbaum (born January 20 1936; Weehawken, US Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy (born June 13, 1937 in Katur Andhra Pradesh, India) is a researcher in Artificial Intelligence
1995	Manuel Blum	In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Manuel Blum (born 26 April 1938 in Caracas, Venezuela) is a Computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1995 "In Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the Theory of computation in Computer science, investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" In the context of hardware and software systems formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the Correctness of intended Algorithms underlying
1996	Amir Pnueli	For seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Amir Pnueli (אמיר פנואלי born April 22, 1941) is an Israeli Computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1996 In Logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing and reasoning about propositions qualified in terms of Time In the context of hardware and software systems formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the Correctness of intended Algorithms underlying
1997	Douglas Engelbart	For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Dr Douglas C Engelbart (born January 30 1925 is an American Inventor.
1998	Jim Gray	For seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) James Nicholas "Jim" Gray (born 1944 lost at sea January 28, 2007) was an American Computer scientist who received the Turing A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system For other meanings see the disambiguation page at Transaction.
1999	Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.	For landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Frederick Phillips Brooks Jr (born April 19, 1931) is a Software engineer and Computer scientist, best-known for managing the development In Computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a Computer system An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software.
2000	Andrew Chi-Chih Yao	In recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao ( is a prominent Computer scientist and Computational theorist. The theory of computation is the branch of Computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a Model of computation, using an A pseudorandom number generator ( PRNG) is an Algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" The notion of communication complexity (CC was introduced by Yao in 1979 who investigated the following problem involving two separated parties ( Alice and Bob)
2001	Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard	For ideas fundamental to the emergence of object-oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Ole-Johan Dahl ( October 12, 1931 &ndash June 29 2002) was a Norwegian Computer scientist and is considered to be one of Kristen Nygaard ( August 27, 1926 – August 10, 2002) was a Norwegian Mathematician, Computer programming Object-oriented programming (OOP is a Programming paradigm that uses " objects " and their interactions to design applications and computer programs Simula is a name for two programming languages Simula I and Simula 67 developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl Simula is a name for two programming languages Simula I and Simula 67 developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl
2002	Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard M. Adleman	For their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Ronald Linn Rivest (born 1947, Schenectady, New York) is a cryptographer. Adi Shamir (עדי שמיר born 1952 is an Israeli cryptographer. Leonard Max Adleman (born December 31, 1945) is a theoretical computer scientist and professor of Computer science and Molecular biology Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, is a form of Cryptography in which the key used to encrypt a message differs from the key
2003	Alan Kay	For pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developed Smalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940) is an American Computer scientist, known for his early pioneering work on Object-oriented programming An object-oriented Programming language (also called an OO language) is one that allows or encourages to some degree Object-oriented programming Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language.
2004	Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn	For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf His contributions have been recognized repeatedly with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology, and Robert Elliot Kahn, (born December 23 1938) invented the TCP protocol and along with Vinton G Internetworking involves connecting two or more distinct Computer networks or network segments via a common routing technology The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly TCP/IP) is the set of Communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks
2005	Peter Naur	For fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of Algol 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Peter Naur (born October 25, 1928) is a Danish pioneer in Computer science and Turing award winner A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. Algol (β Per / Beta Persei known colloquially as the Demon Star, is a bright Star in the Constellation Perseus. A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another
2006	Frances E. Allen	For pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the early American nun see Frances Allen (nun. Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen (born 1932 is an American computer
2007	Edmund M. Clarke, E. Allen Emerson and Joseph Sifakis	For [their roles] in developing Model-Checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Edmund Melson Clarke Jr (born July 27, 1945) is a Computer scientist and Academic noted for developing Model checking, a method for Ernest Allen Emerson is a computer scientist and endowed professor at the University of Texas Austin. Joseph Sifakis (Ιωσήφ Σηφάκης is a Greek Computer scientist, laureate of the 2007 Turing Award, along with Edmund M Model checking is the process of checking whether a given structure is a model of a given logical formula

Notes

External links

• ACM List of Turing Laureates
• Bibliography of Turing Award lectures (through 2000)
• The Beauty of Computing--The First 40 Years of Turing Award

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