Turbodiesel refers to any diesel engine with a turbocharger. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. Turbocharging is the norm rather than the exception in modern car diesel engines.

A Land Rover 2. Land Rover is an all-terrain vehicle and Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV manufacturer based in Solihull, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar 5-litre 4-cylinder turbodiesel engine is typical of 'first generation' automotive turbodiesels. The turbocharger itself is clearly visible in the upper centre of this picture.

This type of engine was first introduced in a production car in May 1978 in the Mercedes-Benz 300SD (series W116, engine OM617.950), only produced for the United States. For a complete overview of all S-Class models see Mercedes-Benz S-Class. The OM617 engine family was a Straight-5 Diesel automobile engine from Mercedes-Benz used in the 1970s and 1980s The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Europe, its first application was in the Peugeot 604 in early 1979 (model year 1978). The Peugeot 604 was an Executive car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1975 to 1985

Characteristics

These improvements in power, fuel economy and Noise, Vibration, and Harshness in both small- and large-capacity turbodiesels over the last decade have spurred their widespread adoption in certain markets, notably in Europe where they (as of 2006) make up over 50% of new car registrations. Noise Vibration and Harshness, also known as Noise and Vibration abbreviated to NVH and N&V respectively is the name given to the field of measuring and modifying the noise and vibration Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [1] Turbodiesels are generally considered more flexible for automotive uses than naturally-aspirated diesels, which have strong low-speed torque outputs but lack power at higher speeds. A naturally-aspirated engine or normally-aspirated engine (or "N/A" - Aspiration meaning breathing refers to an Internal combustion engine A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about Turbodiesels can be designed to have a more acceptable spread of both power and torque over their speed range or, if being built for commercial use, can be designed to improve either torque or power at a given speed depending on the exact use.

A Mazda Axela (Mazda 3 outside Japan) with a modern common rail turbodiesel engine with variable geometry turbocharger, double overhead camshafts and 16 valves. The Mazda Axela is a Compact car manufactured by the Mazda Motor Corporation in Japan.

Turbochargers are in many ways more suited to operation in diesel engines. The smaller speed range that Diesel engines work in (between 1000 and 5000 rpm for a private car, and as little as 1000-2500 rpm for a larger unit in a commercial vehicle) mean that the turbocharger has to change speed less, reducing turbo lag and improving efficiency. A commercial vehicle is a type of Vehicle that is used for carrying goods or passengers A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. Diesel engines do not require dump valves (see the turbocharger article for more information) and have lower exhaust temperatures which reduces stress on the turbine blades. Dump valves are fitted to the engines of turbo charged cars and sit between the turbo outlet and the throttle body A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow Perhaps most significantly, the diesel engine is immune from detonation because the fuel is not injected until the moment of combustion, so the compression ratio does not have to be reduced, or other anti-detonation measures taken, as would be necessary for a turbocharged spark-ignition engine. The turbodiesel engine can also help with the amount of torque it can give out. Commonly used in trucks, it helps improve the towing capacity of a truck, as well as fuel economy. Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of Fuel required to move the Automobile over a given Distance.

Turbochargers v. Superchargers for Diesel Engines

A turbocharger is generally more desirable than a supercharger unless outright power is required. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. Turbochargers offer increased power without the same decrease in fuel economy. In both a turbo- and a supercharged engine, power is increased by providing air under pressure to the engine's cylinders. This allows an increased amount of fuel to be burnt, producing more power. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum However, this inevitably increases fuel consumption. A supercharger is driven directly from the engine and thus its boost output is directly related to engine speed. A turbocharger is more directly controlled by the pressure of the exhaust gases, which as well as increasing with engine speed, also vary significantly with engine load. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter

When a diesel engine is put under a load, there is greater resistance to the expansion of combustion gases in the cylinder. This increases combustion pressure and temperature, and this increases the pressure and temperature of the exhaust gases. A turbodiesel engine under a heavy load will thus drive its turbocharger at a greater speed than if the same engine is run at the same RPM under little or no load.

This has the effect that a turbocharger delivers boost, thus increasing power (and fuel consumption) only when such a power increase is demanded by putting the engine under a heavy load. For example- a turbodiesel-powered vehicle accelerating from rest will put its engine under a heavy load, thus causing high boost pressures to be delivered by the turbocharger. This is detected by the fuel injection system, which delivers more fuel to provide more power. Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. Once the vehicle reaches a constant speed and constant engine RPM, load decreases significantly, the pressure of the exhaust gases through the turbo drop, boost decreases and so does fuel delivery, thus lowering fuel consumption to near the same levels as a naturally-aspirated diesel engine. A naturally-aspirated engine or normally-aspirated engine (or "N/A" - Aspiration meaning breathing refers to an Internal combustion engine If, say, the vehicle starts climbing a gradient, the engine load increases and the turbocharger and fuel system provide more power. Extra fuel is delivered only when needed.

A supercharger delivers near-constant boost pressures, and so fuel consumption suffers. Superchargers have the advantage of having no boost threshold (an RPM level below which a turbocharger does not operate effectively) and almost no lag. Superchargers only need to be connected to the engine's intake system, thus making installation easier and reducing to some extent the increase in internal temperatures that occurs with turbocharging.

Even in engines operating under a constant load (such as electrical generators), turbochargers have advantages over superchargers. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic The main advantage is that a turbocharger does not "rob" power from the engine to the same extent that a supercharger does. A supercharger takes power directly from the engine's crankshaft to drive it- large units can draw up to 10% of the engine's total power when at full boost, although of course, they provide a power increase much greater than this. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear Turbochargers are driven by the engine's exhaust gases. A relatively smaller power loss is caused by the turbocharger's turbine restricting the flow of exhaust gases and increasing back-pressure. A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow In a gasoline engine this power-loss is much more pronounced. It is commonly referred to as turbo-lag and is experienced at lower engine speeds. However, since these speeds are where a diesel is most efficient, the turbo spools (spins) very quickly and lag is almost non-existent. The diesel's torque output is increased and a broader range of engine speeds can be used.

Turbodiesels in the United States

During the 1990s, turbodiesel engines were mainly used in the United States for light trucks. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Light truck or' light duty truck' is a classification for Trucks or truck-based Vehicles with a payload capacity of less than 4000 pounds An example is the Ford Power Stroke engine series, mounted on Ford F-Series Super Duty pickup trucks, the E-series vans and the Excursion sport utility vehicles. Introduced in mid-1994 under the previous 73 Liter Turbo Diesel moniker it was given the Power Stroke name in 1995 For the 1999-present F-250 and higher models see Ford Super Duty. A pickup truck is a light Motor vehicle with an open-top rear cargo area which is almost always separated from the cab to allow for chassis flex when carrying or pulling The Ford E-Series, formerly known as the "Econoline" or "Club Wagon" is a line of full-size Vans (both cargo and passenger and truck A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people The Ford Excursion is a Full-size Sport utility vehicle that was produced by the Ford Motor Company between model years 2000 and 2005 (2006 in A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis

As diesel sold in the United States had a high rate of sulphur, modern engines developed in Europe would have emissions problems, so very few sedans, station wagons and hatchbacks were sold with diesel engines. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate Hatchback is a term designating an Automobile design containing a passenger cabin with an integrated Cargo space accessed from behind the vehicle by a single

After ultra low sulphur diesel was introduced in the United States in October 2006, automakers began to develop turbodiesels which could take advantage of it to reduce emissions. Ultra-low sulfur diesel ( ULSD) (also spelled “ sulphur ” is a term used to describe a standard for defining Diesel fuel with substantially lowered Manufacturers like Volkswagen have been releasing cars with four and six-cylinder turbodiesels.

Mercedes reintroduced turbodiesel technology with the 2005 E320 CDI. E-Class redirects here For Chrysler 's rebadged version of the Dodge 600 sold from 1983-1984 see Chrysler E-Class. Boasting a 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) time of 6. 6 s and fuel consumption of 37 mpg, the full year production estimate of 3000 CDIs were ordered within five months. Miles per gallon ( MPG) is a metric term that measures how many miles a vehicle can travel on one gallon of fuel Even more recently, however, Mercedes introduced the BlueTec diesel engine. BlueTec is Daimler AG 's name for its two Nitrogen oxide (NOx reducing systems for use in their Diesel Automobile engines Offering a 3. 0 liter V6, as well as urea injection and particulate filters, the E320 BlueTec has been named the cleanest turbodiesel offered in the United States.

See also

• Common rail
• Diesel engine
• Injection pump
• Intercooler
• Turbocharger
• Variable geometry turbocharger