Tu-144
Tu-144LL the only Tu-144 that was used by NASA to design the High Speed Civil Transport
Type	Supersonic airliner
Manufacturer	Tupolev OKB
Designed by	Alexei Tupolev
Maiden flight	31 December 1968
Introduction	26 December 1975
Retired	1 June 1978
Primary user	Aeroflot
Number built	16

The Tupolev Tu-144 (NATO reporting name: Charger) was the first supersonic transport aircraft (SST), constructed under the direction of the Soviet Tupolev design bureau headed by Alexei Tupolev. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT was a NASA project to design a Supersonic transport. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. Alexei Andreyevich Tupolev (Алексе́й Андре́евич Ту́полев May 20, 1925 &ndash May 12, 2001) was a Soviet The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly NATO reporting names are unclassified Code names for military equipment of the Eastern Bloc ( Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw pact A supersonic transport (SST is a civil Aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the Speed of sound. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. Alexei Andreyevich Tupolev (Алексе́й Андре́евич Ту́полев May 20, 1925 &ndash May 12, 2001) was a Soviet

Some western observers nicknamed the plane Concordski (sometimes Konkordski), as the Tu-144 was very similar to Concorde. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A prototype first flew on 31 December 1968 near Moscow, two months before Concorde. A prototype is an original type form or instance of something serving as a typical example basis or standard for other things of the same category Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Tu-144 first broke the sound barrier on 5 June 1969, and on 15 July 1969 it became the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2, and the fastest commercial airliner ever. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid

Contents 1 Design and development 1.1 Paris Air Show crash 2 Operational service 3 Production 4 Post-production uses 5 Civil operators 6 Specifications 7 Image Gallery 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links

Design and development

The Soviets published the concept of the Tu-144 in an article in the January 1962 issue of the magazine Technology of the Air Transport. Berlin-Schönefeld Airport () is an international airport located in the town of Schönefeld in Brandenburg, adjacent to Berlin 's southern border The air ministry started development of the Tu-144 on 26 July 1963, following approval by the Council of Ministers ten days earlier. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr The plan called for five flying prototypes to be built in four years. The first aircraft was to be ready in 1966.

Although the Tu-144 flew before Concorde, its development was alleged to be connected with industrial espionage against the French company Aérospatiale, which was developing Concorde. Industrial espionage or corporate espionage is Espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of National security purposes This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Aérospatiale was a French Aerospace manufacturer that primarily built both civilian and military Aircraft and Rockets The company was created in 1970 When Sergei Pavlov — officially acting as Aeroflot’s representative in Paris — was arrested in 1965, he was in possession of detailed plans of the braking system, the landing gear and the airframe of Concorde. OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly A brake is a device for slowing or stopping the motion of a Machine or Vehicle, or alternatively a device to restrain it from starting to move again In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi Airframe means the mechanical structure of an Aircraft and as generally used does not include the engines Another agent named Sergei Fabiew, who was arrested in 1977, was believed to have obtained the entire plans of the prototype Concorde back in the mid-1960s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 However, even if this were to be confirmed, the documents were early development plans and would not have permitted the USSR's engineers to come up with their own aircraft; the plans could only serve as a general indication of the work of the Concorde design team. Moreover, Soviet aircraft designers in the 1960s had significant experience building delta-shaped aircraft, which proved an efficient means of achieving Mach 2, and TsAGI, of which Andrei Tupolev, Alexei's father, was a graduate, had developed extensive data about such designs. TsAGI is a transliteration of the Russian abbreviation for Центра́льный аэрогидродинами́ческий институ́т ( ЦАГИ) or " Ts Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev (Андрей Николаевич Туполев November 10 1888 &ndash December 23 1972 was a pioneering Soviet Aircraft designer Classic examples of the period include the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 tailed delta and the Sukhoi Su-15. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[1]

Despite the similarity of the Tu-144 to the Franco-British supersonic aircraft, there were significant differences in the control, navigation and engine systems. The Tu-144 was in some ways a more technologically advanced aircraft, but in areas such as range, aerodynamic sophistication, braking and engine control, it lagged behind Concorde. While Concorde utilized an electronic engine control package from Lucas, Tupolev was not permitted to purchase it for the Tu-144 as it could also be used on military planes. Lucas Industries plc was a famous manufacturer of components for the motor industry and aerospace industry The Concorde's designers used the aircraft's fuel as a coolant for air conditioning the cabin and hydraulics (see Concorde for details); Tupolev installed additional equipment on the Tu-144 to accomplish this, which increased the airliner's weight. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout One important consequence was that, while the Concorde could supercruise, that is, maintain supersonic flight without using afterburners, the Tu-144 could not. A supercruising Aircraft is able to maintain Supersonic speeds in level flight without the use of Afterburners and with a cargo/weapons load Later work on the Tu-144S, however, resolved this shortcoming. ^[2]

Tupolev continued to work on the airplane. Many substantial upgrades and changes were made on the Tu-144 prototype (serial number 68001). While both Concorde and the Tu-144 prototype had ogival delta wings, the Tu-144's wing lacked the Concorde's conical camber. Production Tu-144s replaced this wing with a double-delta wing including conical camber, and added an extra simple but practical device: a small retractable canard surface on either side of the aircraft, close to the nose, to increase lift at low speed. In Aeronautics, canard ( French for Duck) is an airframe configuration of Fixed-wing aircraft in which the Tailplane is ahead of the

Moving the elevons downward on a delta-wing aircraft increases lift, but also pitches the nose down. Elevons are Aircraft control surfaces that combine the functions of the elevator (used for pitch control and the Aileron (used for roll control The canard cancels out this nose-down moment, thus reducing the production Tu-144's landing speed down to 170-180 knots - though still faster than Concorde's. In Physics, the moment of force (often just moment, though there are other quantities of that name such as Moment of inertia) is a Pseudovector ^[3]

Paris Air Show crash

At the Paris Air Show on 3 June 1973, the development programme suffered a severe blow when the first Tu-144S production aircraft (reg 77102) crashed. The Paris Air Show ( Salon International de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Paris-Le Bourget) is an international trade fair for the aerospace business Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. While in the air, it undertook a violent downwards manoeuvre. Trying to pull out of the subsequent dive, the plane broke up and crashed, destroying 15 houses and killing all six on board and eight on the ground.

The causes of this incident remain controversial to this day. A popular theory was that the Tu-144 was forced to avoid a French Mirage chase plane which was attempting to photograph its canards, which were very advanced for the time, and that the French and Soviet governments colluded with each other to cover up such details. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In Aeronautics, canard ( French for Duck) is an airframe configuration of Fixed-wing aircraft in which the Tailplane is ahead of the The flight of the Mirage was denied in the original French report of the incident, perhaps because it was engaged in industrial espionage. More recent reports have admitted the existence of the Mirage, (and the fact that the Russian crew were not told about the Mirage's flight,) though not its role in the crash. Though in the official press release did say: "though the inquiry established that there was no real risk of collision between the two aircraft, the Soviet pilot was likely to have been surprised. "^[4]

Another theory claims that the black box was actually recovered by the Soviets and decoded. The flight data recorder ( FDR) or Black Box is a Flight recorder used to record specific Aircraft performance parameters The cause of this accident is now thought to be due to changes made by the ground engineering team to the auto-stabilisation input controls prior to the second day of display flights. These changes were intended to allow the Tu-144 to outperform Concorde in the display circuit. Unfortunately, the changes also inadvertently connected some factory-test wiring which resulted in an excessive rate of climb, leading to the stall and subsequent crash. For other uses see Stall. In Aerodynamics, a stall is a sudden reduction in the lift forces generated by an Airfoil ^[5]

A third theory relates to deliberate misinformation on the part of the Anglo-French team. The main thrust of this theory was that the Anglo-French team knew that the Soviet team were planning to steal the design plans of Concorde, and the Soviets were allegedly passed false blueprints with a flawed design. The case, it is claimed, contributed to the imprisonment by the Soviets of Greville Wynne in 1963 for spying^[6][7] but this seems a little far fetched, since Wynn was imprisoned on 11th May 1963 and the development of the Tu-144 was not sanctioned until 16th July. Greville Maynard Wynne (1919 - 1990 was a British Spy famous for his involvement with and imprisonment as a result of the espionage activities of Oleg Penkovsky In any case, it seems unlikely that a man imprisoned in 1963 could have caused a crash in 1973.

Operational service

The Tu-144S went into service on 26 December 1975, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced in November 1977 and ran a semi-scheduled service until the first Tu-144D experienced an in-flight failure during a pre-delivery test flight, and crash-landed with crew fatalities on 23 May 1978. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the Tu-144's 55th and last scheduled passenger service. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar)

A scheduled Aeroflot freight-only service recommenced using the new production variant Tu-144D aircraft on 23 June 1979, including longer routes from Moscow to Khabarovsk made possible by the more efficient Kolesov RD-36-51 turbojet engines used in the Tu-144D version, which increased the maximum cruising speed to Mach 2. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Khabarovsk (Хаба́ровск xʌ'barɘfsk) is the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. The Kolesov RD-36-51 was a Supersonic Turbojet engine used on the TU-144 SST. 15. ^[8] Including the 55 passenger flights, there were 102 scheduled Aeroflot flights before the cessation of commercial service.

It is known that Aeroflot still continued to fly the Tu-144D after the official end of service, with some additional non-scheduled flights through the 1980s. One report showed that it was used on a flight from the Crimea to Kiev in 1987. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the

Production

A total of 16 airworthy Tu-144s were built: the prototype Tu-144 reg 68001, a pre-production Tu-144S reg 77101, nine production Tu-144S reg 77102 – 110, and five Tu-144D reg 77111 – 115. An Airworthiness Directive (commonly abbreviated as AD) is a notification to Aircraft owner and operator of a known safety deficiency with a particular model of aircraft A seventeenth Tu-144 (reg 77116) was never completed. There was also at least one ground test airframe for static testing in parallel with the prototype 68001 development.

The Tu-144S model had Kuznetsov NK-144 turbofan engines and could not cruise at Mach 2 without the afterburner on: a maximum cruising speed of Mach 1. The Kuznetsov NK-144 is an Afterburning turbofan engine used on the early models of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic aircraft A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine The AfterBurner is a lighting solution for the Game Boy Advance system that was created by Triton-Labs 6 was possible on "dry" power (afterburner off). The later Tu-144D model featured more powerful Kolesov RD-36-51 turbojet engines with very much better fuel efficiency (particularly during supercruise where it was comparable to Concorde's Olympus's, not requiring afterburner) and longer range up to ~6200 km. The Kolesov RD-36-51 was a Supersonic Turbojet engine used on the TU-144 SST. TurboJET (噴射飛航 is the brand name for the operations of the Hong Kong -based Shun Tak-China Travel Ship Management Limited (信德中旅船務管理有限公司 The AfterBurner is a lighting solution for the Game Boy Advance system that was created by Triton-Labs Plans for an aircraft with 7000+km range were never implemented. ^[9]

Along with early Tu-134s, the Tu-144 was one of the last commercial airplanes with a braking parachute. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Post-production uses

Although its last commercial passenger flight was in 1978, production of the Tu-144 did not cease until six years later, in 1984, when construction of the partially complete Tu-144D reg 77116 airframe was stopped. The Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim opened in 1981 in Sinsheim, Germany and is run by a registered alliance called "Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim e Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. During the 1980s the last two production aircraft to fly were used for airborne laboratory testing, including research into ozone depletion at high altitudes. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's

In the early 1990s, a wealthy businesswoman, Judith DePaul, and her company IBP Aerospace negotiated an agreement with Tupolev and NASA, (also Rockwell and later Boeing). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Rockwell International was the ultimate incarnation of a series of companies under the sphere of influence of Willard Rockwell, who had made his fortune after the invention and The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E They offered a Tu-144 as a testbed for its High Speed Commercial Research program, intended to design a second-generation supersonic jetliner called the High Speed Civil Transport. The High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT was a NASA project to design a Supersonic transport. In 1995, Tu-144D [reg 77114] built in 1981 (but with only 82 hours and 40 minutes total flight time) was taken out of storage and after extensive modification at a total cost of US$350 million was designated the Tu-144LL (where LL is an abbreviation for Flying Laboratory). It made a total of 27 flights in 1996 and 1997. In 1999, though regarded as a technical success, the project was cancelled for lack of funding.

The Tu-144LL was reportedly sold in June 2001 for $11 million via online auction, but the plane did not sell after all — Tejavia reported in September 2003 that the deal was not signed. The replacement Kuznetsov NK-321 engines (from the Tupolev Tu-160 bomber) are military hardware and the Russian government did not allow them to be exported. The Kuznetsov NK-32 is a military specification Afterburning 3-spool low bypass Turbofan Jet engine which powers the Tupolev Tu-160 supersonic WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

At the 2005 - Moscow Air & Space Show TEJAVIA founder Randall Stephens found the Kuznetsov NK-321 engine on display, and the Tu-144LL rusting on Tupolev's test base at the Gromov Flight Test Center. In late 2003, with the retirement of Concorde, there was renewed interest from several wealthy individuals who wanted to use the Tu-144LL for a transatlantic record attempt; but Stephens advised them of the high cost of a flight readiness overhaul even if military authorities would authorize the use of NK-321 engines outside Russian Federation airspace.

The last two production aircraft remain at the Tupolev production plant in Zhukovsky, reg 77114 and 77115. Zhukovsky (Жуко́вский is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Moskva River, 40 km southeast of Moscow. In March 2006, it was announced that these airframes had been sold for scrap (Article from Aviapedia). Later that year, however, it was reported that both aircraft would instead be preserved. [3]. One of them could be erected to a pedestal near Zhukovsky City Council and TsAGI.

Currently, one aircraft is located on the open air parkings at LII aircraft testing facility, Zhukovsky (at coordinates 55°34′15″N 38°09′11″E / 55.570948, 38.153152), the other no longer appears to be present in aerial photographs. M M Gromov Flight Research Institute or LII for short (Лётно-исследовательский институт имени М They are/were constantly used on MAKS Airshows. MAKS (МАКС Международный авиационно-космический салон International Aviation and Space Salon) is an International Air Show

The only Tu-144 on display outside the former Soviet Union was acquired by the Auto & Technikmuseum Sinsheim in Germany, where it was shipped — not flown — in 2001 and where it now stands, in its original Aeroflot livery, on display next to an Air France Concorde. The Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim opened in 1981 in Sinsheim, Germany and is run by a registered alliance called "Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim e Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Civil operators

 Soviet Union

• Aeroflot

While several Tu-144s were donated to museums in Moscow Monino, Samara and Ulyanovsk, at least four Tu-144s remained in open storage in Moscow Zhukovsky. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly

Specifications

These are the specification for the Tu-144D airliner.

General characteristics

• Crew: 3
• Capacity: 120-140 passengers, but normally 70~80 passengers
• Length: 65. 50 m (215. 54 ft)
• Wingspan: 28. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 80 m (94. 48 ft)
• Height: 10. 50 m (34. 42 ft)
• Wing area: 438. 0 m² (4,715 ft²)
• Empty weight: 85,000 kg (187,400 lb)
• Loaded weight: unknown ()
• Max takeoff weight: 180,000 kg (397,000 lb))
• Powerplant: 4× Kolesov RD-36-51 afterburning turbojet, 200 kN (44,122 lbf)^[10] each
• Fuel capacity: 70,000 kg (154,000 lb)

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 2. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off The Kolesov RD-36-51 was a Supersonic Turbojet engine used on the TU-144 SST. In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such 35 (2,500 km/h, 1,550 mph)
• Cruise speed: Mach 2. In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such 16 (2,300 km/h, 1,430 mph)
• Range: 6,500 km (3,500 nm, 4,000 mi : 2,920 km with full afterburner)
• Service ceiling 18,000 m (59,100 ft)
• Rate of climb: 9,840 ft/min (3000 m/min) (ft/min)
• Wing loading: 410. The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions In Aerodynamics, the rate of climb RoC is the speed at which an Aircraft increases its Altitude. In Aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing 96 kg/m² (84. 20 lb/ft²)
• Thrust/weight: 0. Thrust-to-weight ratio is as its name suggests the ratio of instantaneous Thrust to Weight (where weight means weight at the Earth ’s surface 44

Image Gallery

Engines RD-36-51A of a Tu-144D	Nose of the Tu-144	Body of the Tu-144	Cockpit of the Tu-144
Cockpit of the Tu-144	Cabin of the Tu-144 in Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum

See also

• Supersonic transport
  

Related development

• Tupolev Tu-244
• Tupolev Tu-444
  

Comparable aircraft

• Concorde
• Boeing 2707
• Lockheed L-2000
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Tupolev TU-144 page
• Auto + Technik Museum Sinsheim
• List of Tu-144s with eventual fate
• NASA video clip
• Stats
• Transcript of PBS NOVA episode "Supersonic Spies", aired 27 January 1998
• The Tu-144: the future that never was (RIA Novosti)

RIA (Russian Information Agency Novosti is a Russian Press agency based in Moscow.

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