The Royal mounds of Gamla Uppsala in Sweden from the 5th and the 6th centuries. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Originally, the site had 2000 to 3000 tumuli, but owing to quarrying and agriculture only 250 remain.

A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped Pile of Earth, Gravel, Sand, rocks Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere A grave is a place where a dead body (usually a human although sometimes an animal is buried Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, or kurgans, and can be found throughout much of the world. Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place A tumulus composed largely or entirely of stones is usually referred to as a cairn. A cairn ( carn in Irish is an artificial pile of stones often in a conical form

The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house or a chamber tomb. A dolmen (also known as cromlech, anta, Hünengrab, Hunebed, Goindol, quoit, and portal dolmen) is a type of A cist (ˈkɪst or /ˈsɪst/ or kist (/ˈkɪst/ is a small stone-built coffin-like box or Ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. A mortuary enclosure is a term given in Archaeology and Anthropology to an area surrounded by a wood stone or earthwork barrier in which dead bodies are placed In Archaeology and Anthropology a mortuary house is any purpose-built structure often resembling a normal dwelling in many ways in which a dead body is buried A chamber tomb is a Tomb for Burial used in many different Cultures In the case of individual burials the chamber is thought to signify a higher status Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe. Duggleby Howe (also known as Howe Hill Duggleby is one of thelargest Round barrows in Britain, located on thesouthern side of the Great Wold Valley in Maeshowe (or Maes Howe) is a Neolithic Chambered cairn and Passage grave situated on mainland Orkney, Scotland.

The word is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', from the PIE root *teuh₂- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tumor, thumb, thigh and thousand. ^[1]

One of the Hallstatt culture-era tumuli in the Sulm valley necropolis

Tumulus can also refer to a formation caused by the uplift of lava on a pahoehoe flow field. The Hallstatt culture was the predominant The Burgstallkogel (458 m also known as Grillkogel) is a hill situated near the confluence of the Sulm and the Saggau river valleys in Southern Styria The lava pushes up against the recently solidified surface creating tumuli along the surface.

Tumulus burial accounts

The funeral of Patroclus is described in book 23 of the Iliad. The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Patroclus is burned on a pyre, and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre. Achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. Chariot racing (ἁρματοδρομία/armatodromia was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine Sports Chariot

Beowulf is taken to Hronesness, where he burned on a funeral pyre. During cremation, the Geats lament the death of their lord, the widow's lament being mentioned in particular, singing dirges as they circumambulate the barrow. Afterwards, a mound is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea, and filled with treasure. A band of twelve of the best warriors ride around the barrow, singing dirges in praise of their lord.

Parallels have also been drawn to the account of Attila's burial in Jordanes' Getica. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life De origine actibusque Getarum (lit The Origin and Deeds of the Getae but referring to the Goths whom Jordanes considered Getae or the Getica ^[2] Jordanes tells that as Attila's body was lying in state, the best horsemen of the Huns circled it, as in circus games.

An Old Irish Life of Columcille reports that every funeral procession "halted at a mound called Eala, whereupon the corpse was laid, and the mourners marched thrice solemnly round the spot. WikipediaPersondata --> See Columba (disambiguation and St Columb for other uses "

Types of barrows

Archaeologists often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos See also mound. A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped Pile of Earth, Gravel, Sand, rocks Some British types are listed below:

• Bank barrow
• Bell barrow
• Bowl barrow
• D-shaped barrow A round barrow with a purposely flat edge at one side often defined by stone slabs
• Fancy barrow A generic term for any Bronze Age barrows more elaborate than a simple hemispherical shape. A bank barrow, sometimes referred to as a barrow-bank, ridge barrow, or ridge mound, is a type of Tumulus first identified by O A bell barrow, sometimes referred to as a Wessex type barrow, campanulate form barrow, or a bermed barrow is a type of Tumulus identified as A bowl barrow, sometimes referred to as a cairn circle, cairn ring, howe, kerb cairn, tump or rotunda grave is a type of The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for
• Long barrow
• Oval barrow A type of Neolithic long barrow consisting of an elliptical, rather than rectangular or trapezoidal mound. A long barrow is a prehistoric monument dating to the early Neolithic period An oval barrow is the name given by archaeologists to a type of Prehistoric burial Tumulus. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos
• Platform barrow The least common of the recognised types of round barrow, consisting of a flat, wide circular mound, which may be surrounded by a ditch. They occur widely across southern England with a marked concentration in East and West Sussex. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex.
• Pond barrow a barrow consisting of a shallow circular depression, surrounded by a bank running around the rim of the depression. A pond barrow is a Burial mound, circular in shape well formed and with an embanked rim made of the earth taken from the depression made in the ground Bronze age
• Ring barrow a bank which encircles a number of burials. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for
• Round barrow a circular feature created by the Bronze Age peoples of Britain and also the later Romans, Vikings and Saxons. Round barrows are one of the most common types of archaeological Monuments Although concentrated in Europe they are found in many parts of the world because The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Divided into sub classes such as saucer and bell barrow. The Six Hills are a rare Roman example. The Six Hills are a collection of Roman barrows situated alongside the old Great North Road in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England
• Saucer barrow circular Bronze Age barrow featuring a low, wide mound surrounded by a ditch which may be accompanied by an external bank.
• Square barrow A burial site, usually of Iron Age date, consisting of a small, square, ditched enclosure surrounding a central burial, which may also have been covered by a mound

Excavation

• Thomas Bateman
• William Copeland Borlase
• Sir Richard Colt Hoare
• William Cunnington
• Rev. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Thomas Bateman (8 November 1821 (baptised - 28 August 1861 was an English Antiquary and barrow -digger William Copeland Borlase MA, FSA (1848 – 31 March 1899) born at Castle Horneck, near Penzance in Cornwall was a well William Cunnington (1754&ndash 31 December, 1810) was a pioneering English Antiquarian and Archaeologist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth Bryan Faussett
• Canon William Greenwell
• Llewellyn Jewitt
• Rev. Canon William Greenwell ( 23 March, 1820 &ndash 27 January, 1918) was an English Archaeologist. Llewellyn Frederick William Jewitt ( 24 November 1816 Kimberworth, Rotherham - 5 June 1886 The Hollies Duffield W. C. Lukis
• John Robert Mortimer
• Augustus Pitt Rivers
• John Thurman
• Charles Warne

Sites

Eastern Europe, Central Asia

Main article: Kurgan

The word kurgan is of Turkic origin borrowed from Russian language. John Robert Mortimer ( 15 June, 1825 &ndash 19 August, 1911) was an English corn-merchant and Archaeologist who lived in Driffield Lieutenant-General Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt Rivers ( 14 April, 1827 – 4 May, 1900) was an English army RF "John" Thurman was a British Scouting notable and awardee of the Bronze Wolf in 1959. Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages In Ukraine and Russia, there are royal kurgans of Varangian chieftains, such as the Black Grave in Ukrainian Chernihiv (excavated in the 19th century), Oleg's Grave in Russian Staraya Ladoga, and vast, intricate Rurik's Hill near Russian Rurikovo gorodische. The Varangians or Varyags ( Old Norse: Væringjar Greek: Βάραγγοι Βαριάγοι Váraggoi / Varyágoi, Ukrainian The Black Grave ( Ukrainian: Chorna mohyla) ( is the largest burial mound ( Kurgan) in Chernihiv, Ukraine Chernihiv, also referred to as Chernigov (Чернігів Чернигов Чарнігаў is a historic city in northern Ukraine. Oleg of Novgorod ( Slavic: Олег Old Norse: Helgi, Khazarian, possibly Helgu) was a Varangian prince (or konung Staraya Ladoga (Ста́рая Ла́дога or the Aldeigjuborg of Norse sagas is a village ( selo) in the Volkhovsky Rurik or Riurik (Рюрик; Old East Norse: Rørik, meaning "famous ruler" c Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Other important kurgans are found in Ukraine and South Russia and are associated with much more ancient steppe peoples, notably the Scythians (e. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic g. ,Chortomlyk, Pazyryk) and Proto-Indo-Europeans (e. The Pazyryk (Пазарык is the name of an ancient Nomadic people who lived in the Altai Mountains lying in Siberian Russia south of the modern city The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, who likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the g. , Ipatovo) The steppe cultures found in Ukraine and South Russia naturally continue into Central Asia, in particular Kazakhstan. Ipatovo (Ипа́тово is a town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Kalaus River about 120 km northeast of Stavropol Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the

Bulgaria

Memorial of the Battle of Varna of 1444 carved into an ancient Thracian burial mound. The Battle of Varna took place on November 10, 1444 near Varna in eastern Bulgaria. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The sign in front is for Władysław III of Poland

Hundreds of Thracian burial mounds are found throughout Bulgaria, including the Kazanlak and Sveshtari tombs, UNESCO World Heritage sites. This article refers to the 15th century Jagiellon monarch For the 12th century Piast monarch see Władysław III Spindleshanks, and for other monarchs with similar "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak is a vaulted brickwork "beehive" (tholos tomb near the town of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria. The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari is situated 25 km southwest of the village of Sveshtari, Razgrad Province, which is located 42 km northeast of United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Located near the ancient Thracian capital cities of Seuthopolis (of the Odrysian kingdom) and Daosdava or Helis (of the Getae), perhaps they represented royal burials. Seuthopolis was an ancient city founded by the Thracian king Seuthes III, and the capital of the Odrysian kingdom since 320 BC The Odrysian kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th century BC and the 3rd century BC. The Getae ( Greek: Γέται singular Γέτης was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Other tombs contained offerings such as the Panagyurishte and Rogozen treasures. The Panagyurishte gold treasure (Панагюрско златно съкровище is a Thracian treasure excavated in Bulgaria The Rogozen treasure ( Bulgarian: Рогозенско съкровище called the find of the century was discovered by chance in 1985 by a tractor driver digging

Hungary

There are many tumuli in the Great Hungarian Plain, the highest is near of the settlement of Békésszentandrás, in Békés county. The Great Hungarian Plain (also known as Great Alföld, Alföld, or Pannonian Plain) is a plain occupying the southern and eastern part of Hungary Békésszentandrás is a Village in Békés county, in the Southern Great Plain Region of south-east Hungary. For the historical county see Békés (former county Békés County (Békés megye is an administrative division ( county or megye (see the picture of "Gödény-halom")

Western and Central Europe

Austria

• Großmugl
• Niederhollabrunn (in Niederösterreich)
• Niederfellabrunn
• Unterzögersdorf
• Obermalebern
• Oberhofen am Irrsee
• Burgstallkogel (Sulm valley)

Belgium

• Two Tumuli of Ambresin (Liège)
• Tumulus of Avernas in Hannut (Liège) : height = 8 m ; circumference = 100 m
• Tumulus of the "champ de la Tombe" in Braives (Liège), 1st century CE Roman tomb. Großmugl is a town in the district of Korneuburg in Lower Austria in Austria. Niederhollabrunn is a town in the district of Korneuburg in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Lower Austria (Niederösterreich is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. Oberhofen am Irrsee is a municipality in the district of Vöcklabruck in Upper Austria, Austria. The Burgstallkogel (458 m also known as Grillkogel) is a hill situated near the confluence of the Sulm and the Saggau river valleys in Southern Styria List of Governors 1830 - 1831 Etienne de Sauvage (Liberal 1831 - 1832 Jean-François Tielemans (Liberal Hannut is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Province of Liege. List of Governors 1830 - 1831 Etienne de Sauvage (Liberal 1831 - 1832 Jean-François Tielemans (Liberal Braives is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège. List of Governors 1830 - 1831 Etienne de Sauvage (Liberal 1831 - 1832 Jean-François Tielemans (Liberal
• Tumulus of Court-Saint-Etienne (Walloon Brabant), around 3,000 BCE. Court-Saint-Étienne is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. Walloon Brabant ( French: Brabant-Wallon, Dutch: Waals-Brabant; Roman Payis is a province of Wallonia in Belgium
• Tumulus of Glimes in Incourt (Walloon Brabant), Gallo-Roman period : height = 11 m ; diameter = 50 m
• Tumulus of Hottomont in Ramillies (Walloon Brabant), tomb of Roman general Otto : height = 11. Incourt is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. Walloon Brabant ( French: Brabant-Wallon, Dutch: Waals-Brabant; Roman Payis is a province of Wallonia in Belgium This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire Ramillies is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. Walloon Brabant ( French: Brabant-Wallon, Dutch: Waals-Brabant; Roman Payis is a province of Wallonia in Belgium 5 m ; diameter = 50 m
• Tumulus of Oleye (Liège)
• Tumulus of Pepin of Landen in Landen (Flemish Brabant)
• Tumuli of the Sonian Forest (Flemish Brabant), first millennium BCE. List of Governors 1830 - 1831 Etienne de Sauvage (Liberal 1831 - 1832 Jean-François Tielemans (Liberal Pepin (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c 580 &ndash 27 February 640) also called the Elder or Landen is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. } Flemish Brabant ( Dutch: Vlaams-Brabant, French: Brabant flamand) is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of The Sonian Forest ( Dutch: Zoniënwoud, French: Forêt de Soignes) is a forest that lies across the south-eastern part of Brussels } Flemish Brabant ( Dutch: Vlaams-Brabant, French: Brabant flamand) is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of
• Three Tumuli of Grimde in Tienen (Flemish Brabant), 1st century BCE Gallo-Roman tombs. Tienen or Thienen (Tirlemont is a City and Municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of } Flemish Brabant ( Dutch: Vlaams-Brabant, French: Brabant flamand) is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of
• Tumulus of Trou de Billemont in Antoing (Hainaut), 6th and 7th-century Merovingian tombs. Antoing is a Walloon commune of Belgium located in the province of Hainaut. Hainaut ( French; English traditionally Hainault, Dutch: Henegouwen, German: Hennegau, Walloon The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin
• Tumulus of Walhain (Walloon Brabant)
• Two Tumuli of Waremme (Liège)
• Tumuli of Wéris (Luxembourg), 3rd and 4th millennium BCE. Walhain is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in the province of Walloon Brabant. Walloon Brabant ( French: Brabant-Wallon, Dutch: Waals-Brabant; Roman Payis is a province of Wallonia in Belgium Waremme (Borgworm is a Walloon municipality located in the province of Liège, in Belgium. List of Governors 1830 - 1831 Etienne de Sauvage (Liberal 1831 - 1832 Jean-François Tielemans (Liberal List of governors Jean-Baptiste Thorn (1830 – 1836 Victorin de Steenhault (1836 – 1841 Joseph de Riquet

Britain

In Britain, early references to tumuli were made by William Camden, John Aubrey, and William Stukeley. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located William Camden ( 2 May 1551 &ndash 9 November 1623) was an English Antiquarian and historian "How these curiosities would be quite forgott did not such idle fellowes as I am putt them down The Rev Dr William Stukeley FRS, FRCP FSA ( November 7, 1687 &ndash March 3, 1765) was an English antiquary who pioneered During the 19th century in England the excavation of tumuli was a popular pastime amongst the educated and wealthy middle classes, who became known as "barrow-diggers". England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be This leisure activity played a key role in laying the foundations for the scientific study of the past in Britain but also resulted in untold damage to the sites. Barrows were popularly used to bury the dead from the late Neolithic until the end of the Bronze Age, 2900-800BC. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Square barrows were occasionally used in the Iron Age (800BC-43AD) in the east of England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The traditional round barrow experienced a brief resurgence after the Anglo-Saxon invasion, as Scandinavian burial practice became popular 500-600AD. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south These later barrows were often built near older Bronze Age barrows.

Czechia

During the early Middle Ages, Slavic tribesmen inhabiting what is now the Czech Republic used to bury their dead under barrows. This practice has been widespread in southern and eastern Bohemia and some neighboring regions, like Upper Austria and Lusatia, which at that time have been also populated with Slavic people. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Upper Austria (Oberösterreich Horní Rakousko is one of the nine states or Bundesländer of Austria. Upper and Lower Lusatia Upper Lusatia ( Oberlausitz or Hornja Łužica) is today part of the German state of Saxony except for a small part east of However, there are no known Slavic barrows in central part of the country (around Prague), neither they are found in Moravia. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. This has led some of the archaeologists to speculations about at least three distinct waves of Slavic settlers, which have colonized Czech lands separately from each other, each wave bringing its customs with it (including burial rituals).

At places where barrows have been constructed, they are usually found in groups (10 to 100 together), often forming several clearly distinct lines going from the west to the east. Only a few of them have been studied scientifically so far; in them, both burials by fire (with burnt ashes) and unburned skeletons have been found, even on the same site. It seems that builders of the barrows have at some time switched from burials by fire to burying of unburned corpses; however, the reason for such change is unknown. The barrows date too far back in history (700 AD to 800 AD) to contain any Christian influences - it is almost certain that all people buried in them were pagans. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

As Czech barrows usually served for burials of poor villagers, only a few objects are found in them except for cheap pottery. Only one Slavic barrow is known to have contained gold.

Most of the Czech burial barrows have been damaged or destroyed by intense agriculture in the densely populated region. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Those which remain are usually located in forests, especially at hilltops in remote places. Therefore there is no general knowledge about burial barrows in the Czech population.

The best Slavic barrow sites can be found near to Vitín, a small village close to České Budějovice. Vitín (ˈvɪciːn is a small village and municipality in southern Bohemia having around 250 inhabitants České Budějovice (ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈbuɟɛjovɪtsɛ colloquially Budějce; Budweis or Böhmisch Budweis, often referred to simply as Budweis in There are two groups of barrows close to Vitín, each containing about 80 barrows ordered in lines. Some of the barrows are as much as 2 meters high.

There are also some prehistoric burial barrows in Czechia, built by unknown people. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Unlike Slavic barrows, they can be found all across the country, though they are scarce. Distinguishing them from Slavic ones is not an easy task for the unskilled eye.

Germany

Ireland

A tumulus can be found close to the Grianán of Aileach in County Donegal. The Grianan of Aileach (also spelled Ailech Irish: Grianán Ailigh) is a group of historic monuments in County Donegal, Ireland built on the County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. It has been suggested by historians such as George Petrie, who surveyed the site in the early nineteenth century, that the tumulus may predate the ringfort of Aileach by many centuries possibly to the neolithic age. George Petrie (1790 &ndash 1866 was an Irish painter, Musician, Antiquary and Archaeologist of the Victorian era. Ringforts are fortified settlements that are generally deemed to be from the Iron Age, Early Christian or possibly the Early Medieval period Stones surrounded it which were laid horizontally and converged towards the centre. In Petrie’s time, the mound had been excavated but nothing to explain its meaning was discovered. It was subsequently destroyed but its former position is marked by a heap of broken stones. Similar mounds can be found at The Hill of Tara and there are several prominent tumuli at Brú na Bóinne in County Meath. The Hill of Tara ( Irish Teamhair na Rí, "Hill of the Kings" located near the River Boyne, is an archaeological complex that runs

Italy

Some big tumulus tombs can be found especially in the Etruscan culture. Smaller barrows are dated to the Villanova period (9th - 8th century BC) but the biggest were used in the following centuries (from the 7th century afterwards) by the Etruscan aristocracy.

Tumulus at Outeiro de Gregos, Baião, Portugal (V or IV millennium BC)

The Etruscan tumuli were normally family tombs that were used for many generation of the same noble family, and the deceased were buried with many precious objects that had to be the "grave goods" or the furnishings for these "houses" in the Afterlife. Many tombs also hold paintings, that in many cases represent the funeral or scenes of real life. The most important graveyards (necropolises) with tumulus tombs are Veio, Cerveteri, Vetulonia, Populonia. Many isolated big barrows can be found in the whole Etruscan territory (mostly in Central Italy).

Portugal

In Portugal occurred one of the most dense manifestations of the megalithic phenomenon in Europe. In the north of Portugal there are more than 1000 late prehistoric barrows. They generally occur in clusters, forming a necropolis. The method of inhumation usually involves a dolmen. A dolmen (also known as cromlech, anta, Hünengrab, Hunebed, Goindol, quoit, and portal dolmen) is a type of The tumulus, dated from c. 4450 to 1900 BC, are up to 3 meters high, with diameters from 6 to 30 meters. Most of them are mounds of earth and stones but the more recent ones are composed largely or entirely of stones (cairns). In Portugal, barrows are called mamoas, from the Latin mammulas, given to them by the romans because of their shape, similar to the breast of a woman. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.

Scandinavia

Ohthere's mound in Vendel, Sweden from the early 6th century. This is about the Swedish king Ohthere For the Norwegian voyager by the same name see Ohthere of Hålogaland Ohthere, Ohtere (the Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water Vendelsjön near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Burial mounds were in use until the 11th century in Scandinavia and figure heavily into Norse paganism. Norse paganism is a term used to describe the religious traditions which were common amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries prior to and In their undamaged state they appear as small, man-made hillocks, though many examples have been damaged by ploughing or deliberately damaged so that little visible evidence remains. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed

By burning the deceased, it was believed that the person was transferred to Valhalla by the consuming force of the fire. See also Death in Norse paganism In Norse mythology, Valhalla (from Old Norse Valhöll "hall of the slain" is a majestic enormous The fire could reach temperatures of 1500 °C. The remains were covered with cobblestones and then a layer of gravel and sand and finally a thin layer of turf.

Thus he (Odin) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone; which custom remained long after Odin's time. [. . . ] It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in the air, the higher he would be raised whose pile it was; and the richer he would be, the more property that was consumed with him

—Ynglinga saga

King Björn's barrow in Håga. The Ynglinga saga was originally written in Old Norse by the Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson about 1225.

As the old Scandinavians worshiped their ancestors, the mounds were also places of worship.

Of note is King Björn's barrow in Håga (Old Norse name: Haug) near Uppsala. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of This location has a very strong connection with Björn at Haugi. Björn at Haugi ("Björn at the Barrow" Björn på Håga, Björn II or Bern was according to Hervarar saga a Swedish king First, the Nordic Bronze Age barrow gave its name to the location Håga ("the barrow"), which became part of the cognomen of the king, at Haugi ("at the barrow"), and interestingly, the mound was later named after the king. The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian

In Norse mythology, the draugr was an undead creature that haunted burial mounds. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland A draugr or draug (original Old Norse plural draugar, as used here not draugrs) or draugen ( nor.

Αegean and Near East

Macedonia

Some of the world's most prominent Tumuli, the Macedonian tombs and a cist-grave at Vergina, tomb of Philip II (359-336 B. Vergina (in Greek Βεργίνα) is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia, Central Macedonia Philip II of Macedon, ( Greek: Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών &mdash φίλος = friend + ίππος = Horse C) of Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (336-323). Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Speculation that the other grave found there is that of Alexander IV is controversial. Alexander IV may refer to Pope Alexander IV Alexander IV of Macedon, son of Alexander the Great His corpse was allegedly buried in Memphis during the turmoil of the Diadochi after his death in 323 BC.

Aigai is the ancient capital of Macedonia, homeland of Phillip II. During the 19th century, the tomb of Philip II was discovered in Vergina, northern Greece. The Monumental Palace is lavishly decorated with painted stuccoes and mosaics accompanying a burial ground with as many as 300 tumuli. Some tumuli date from the 11th century B. C. However, the most renowned is the royal tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great, who manage to unite by force many Greek cities, architect of the Hellenistic expansion.

This city lies on the northern slopes of the Pierian Mountains; Aigai has been identified as the capital of the Kingdom of Lower Macedonia. The site was inhabited continuously form the Bronze Age. By the 11th – 8th century BC it was a densely populated and rich centre. The 7th-6th centuries BC saw the premium point of its prosperity and popularity; this continued into the 5th century BC. Traditional sanctuaries were established, as were the seats of the Macedonian Kings. Royal tombs were known in antiquity to be opulent.

Burial of Oleg of Novgorod in a tumulus in 912. Oleg of Novgorod ( Slavic: Олег Old Norse: Helgi, Khazarian, possibly Helgu) was a Varangian prince (or konung Painting by Viktor Vasnetsov. Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (Виктор Михайлович Васнецов ( Lop'jal, May 15 ( N

Excavations were first undertaken at this site by 19th century. Archaeologists L. Heuzy of France and K. Rhomaios of Greece began but were stalled by the First and Second World Wars and excavations were not resumed until approximately 1952. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the 1960s M. Andronicos was director of the excavations and the cemetery of the tumuli was investigated. The Palace of Philip II was excavated by a team from Thessaloniki University along with part of the necropolis being investigated by the Ministry of Culture. 1977 was the pivotal date that M. Andronicos brought to the attention of the world, the royal tombs in the Great Tumulus of Vergina, (ΜεγάΛα) tomb. Unfortunately, the townspeople of Vergina have put a halt to any more excavations for the time being, under the auspices of preserving their beautiful surroundings and heritage.

Anatolia

On the Anatolian peninsula, there are several sites where one can find the biggest specimens of these artificial mounds throughout the world. Three of these sites are especially important. Bin Tepeler (and other Lydian mounds of the Aegean inland), Phrygian mounds in Gordium (Central Anatolia) and the famous Commagene tumulus on the Mount Nemrut (Southeastern Anatolia). In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Gordium (Greek Gordion, Turkish Gordiyon) was the capital of ancient Phrygia. For the kingdom please see Kingdom of Commagene. Commagene or Kommagene ( Greek: Kομμαγηνή, Kommagênê Կոմմագենէ Turkey also has a volcano named Nemrut Nemrut or Nemrud Nemrut Dağ or Nemrut Dağı is a high mountain in southeastern

This is the most important of the enumerated sites with the number of specimens it has and with the dimensions of certain among them. It is in the Aegean inland of Turkey. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The site is called "Bin Tepeler" (a thousand mounds in Turkish) and it is in the northwest of Salihli district of Manisa province. Salihli is a large town and a district in Manisa Province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Manisa Province is a province in western Turkey. Its neighboring provinces are İzmir to the west Aydın to the south Denizli to The site is very close to the southern shoreline of Lake Marmara (Lake Gyges or Gygaea). Bin Tepeler is a Lydian necropolis which dates back to 7th and 6th centuries B. A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" C. These mounds are called "the pyramids of Anatolia" as there is even a giant specimen among them which attains 355 meters in diameter, 1115 meters in perimeter and 69 meters of height. According to the accounts drawn up by Herodotus, this giant tumulus belongs to the famous Lydian King Alyattes II who ruled between 619-560 B. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Alyattes, king of Lydia (619-560 BC the real founder of the Lydian empire, was the son of Sadyattes, of the house of the Mermnadae. C. There is also another mound belonging to King Gyges. Gyges (Γύγης was the founder of the third or Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings and reigned from 716 BC to 678 BC (or from c The Gyges mound was excavated but the burial chamber hasn't been found yet. In this site, there are 75 tumuli dating back to Lydian period which belong to the nobility. A large number of smaller artificial mounds can also be observed in the site. There are other Lydian tumuli sites around Eşme district of Uşak province. Eşme is a town and a district of Uşak Province of Turkey. The principal economic sctivities include tobacco farming stockbreeding Kilim weaving Uşak (from Uşşak meaning "lovers" is a province in western Turkey. Certain mounds in these sites had been plundered by raiders in the late 1960s and the Lydian treasures found in their burial chambers had been smuggled to United States which later had to cede them to Turkish authorities after a series of negotiations. These artifacts are now exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Uşak.

Gordium is the capital of the Phrygian Kingdom. Gordium (Greek Gordion, Turkish Gordiyon) was the capital of ancient Phrygia. In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Its ruins are in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı district of the Turkish capital Ankara. Polatlı is a town and district of Ankara Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, 80 km west of the Turkish capital Ankara, on Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. In this site, there are approximately 80-90 tumuli which date back to Phrygian, Persian and Hellenistic periods. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. Only 35 tumuli were excavated so far. The mounds had been built between 8th century B. C. and 3rd or 2nd century B. C. The biggest tumulus in the site is believed to belong to the famous Phrygian King Midas. In Greek mythology, Midas or King Midas (in Greek Μίδας is popularly remembered for his ability to turn everything he touched into Gold This mound had been excavated in 1957 and several bronze artifacts were collected from the wooden burial chamber. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Among these artifacts, "omphalos bowls" and famous "Phrygian fibulae" (hooked needles which were used by the Phryigians to bond the clothes they wore) are especially important. For other uses see Fibula (disambiguation The fibula or calf bone is a Bone located on the lateral side of the Tibia

The Mount Nemrut is 86 km in the east of Adıyaman province of Turkey. Turkey also has a volcano named Nemrut Nemrut or Nemrud Nemrut Dağ or Nemrut Dağı is a high mountain in southeastern Adıyaman ( Zazaish: Semsur) (the ancient Perre or Pordonnium) is a city in southeastern Turkey, capital of the Adıyaman Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches It is very close to Kahta district of the same province. Kahta is a large district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. Population 68000 The mountain has, at its peak, 3050 meters of height above the sea level. A tumulus which dates back to the 1st century B. C. is situated at the peak of the mountain. This artificial mound has 150 meters of diameter and a height of 50 meters which was originally 55 meters. It belongs to the Commagene King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene who ruled between 69-40 B. For the kingdom please see Kingdom of Commagene. Commagene or Kommagene ( Greek: Kομμαγηνή, Kommagênê Կոմմագենէ Antiochus I Theos Dikaios Epiphanes Philorhomaios Philhellen (Greek о Αντίοχος Θεός Δίκαιος Επιφανής Φιλορωμαίος Φιλέλλην, c C. The most interesting thing about the tumulus is that it is made of broken stone pieces which renders the excavation attempts almost impossible. The tumulus is surrounded by ceremonial terraces in the east, west and north. The east and west terraces have tremendous statues (reaching 8 to 10 meters of height) and bas reliefs of gods and goddesses from the Commagene pantheon where divine figures used to embody the Persian and Roman perceptions together. A pantheon (from Greek Πάνθειον - pantheion, literally "a temple of all gods " neut By Persian Mythology is meant the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

Levant

Jerusalem Tumulus #2 in 2004.

Near the western city limits of modern Jerusalem in Israel, 19 tumuli have been documented (Amiran, 1958). Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Though first noticed in the 1870s by early surveyors, the first one to be formally documented was Tumulus #2 in 1923 by William Foxwell Albright, and the most recent one (Tumulus #4) was excavated by Gabriel Barkay in 1983. William Foxwell Albright ( May 24, 1891 – September 19 / September 20, 1971) was an American archaeologist, Gabriel Barkay is a professor of Biblical archaeology at Bar Ilan University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Since 21 kings reigned in Jerusalem during the Israelite monarchy from David to Zedekiah (who was conquered and humiliated by the Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar), it is not unreasonable to suspect that these mounds were the locations of ceremonies to mourn/honor them after they had already received proper burial in the royal tombs (probably located in the heart of the city where they could be continuously guarded). Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Tzidkiyahu (צִדְקִיָּהוּ Şidhqiyyāhû; Greek: ζεδεκιας Zedekias; traditional English Zedekiah) was the last king of Chaldea (from Greek grc Χαλδαία Chaldaia; Akkadian akk māt Kaldu Hebrew כשדים Kaśdim, "the Chaldees" of the Nebuchadrezzar II, more often called Nebuchadnezzar (c 630-562 BC was a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c See 2 Chronicles 16:14, 21:19 (which states that King Jehoram was not given this honor), 32:33, the book of Jeremiah 34:5 (a conditional promise for Zedekiah that he did not earn), and Biblical archaeology. The Books of Chronicles ( Hebrew Divrei Hayyamim, דברי הימים Greek Paraleipomêna) are part of the Hebrew Bible (Jewish Jehoram of Judah (יהורם המלך was the king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and the son of Jehoshaphat ( 2 Kings 816 The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah ( יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew) is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism Tzidkiyahu (צִדְקִיָּהוּ Şidhqiyyāhû; Greek: ζεδεκιας Zedekias; traditional English Zedekiah) was the last king of For the movement associated with William F Albright and known as Biblical archaeology see Biblical archaeology school. Gabriel Barkay popularized this theory after studying tumuli near Salamis in Cyprus. Gabriel Barkay is a professor of Biblical archaeology at Bar Ilan University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

• More than half of these ancient Israeli structures have now been threatened or obliterated by modern construction projects, including Tumulus #4, which was excavated hastily in a salvage operation. The most noteworthy finds from this dig were two LMLK seal impressions and two other handles with associated Concentric Circle incisions, all of which suggests this tumulus belonged to either King Hezekiah (Barkay, 2003, p. LMLK seals were stamped on the handles of large storage jars mostly in and around Jerusalem during the reign of King Hezekiah (circa 700 BC based on several complete Hezekiah (or Ezekias) ( Hebrew: Ḥizqiyyāhu Khizkiyahu or Yəḥizqiyyāhu Y'khizkiyahu " the {{LORD}} has strengthened" compare 68) or his son Manasseh (Grena, 2004, p. Manasseh of Judah was the king of Judah and only son and successor of Hezekiah. 326).

• When comparing the number of these tumuli to the total number of Israelite kings (northern and southern), note that Saul never ruled in Jerusalem, and Athaliah was never crowned. Saul (שאול המלך (or Sha'ul) ( Arabic: طالوت,Tālūt ( (reigned 1047 - 1007 BCE is identified in the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Athaliah or Athalie ( Hebrew: ʻĂṯalyâ (עֲתַלְיָה "God is exalted" was the queen of Judah during the reign of King She took the throne by force (2Kings 11:1-3), and would certainly not have been honored with a tumulus ceremony following her brutal assassination. The Books of Kings ( Sefer Melachim, ספר מלכים are a part of Judaism 's Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible.

• The northern kings did not reign over the southern kingdom, and they would certainly not have been honored with a tumulus ceremony in Jerusalem; if any ceremonies were held for them, they would have transpired in the north (near Bethel, Tirzah, or Samaria). Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Bethel (בֵּית אֵל also written as Beth El or Beth-El, meaning "House of God" (in general or " House of (the specific god named El Tirzah (תרצה is a Hebrew word meaning "she is my delight Samaria, or the Shomron ( שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard Šoməron Tiberian Šōmərôn

• The association of these tumuli with the Judean kings who ruled Jerusalem does not substantiate Biblical history since it is mere speculation. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the No inscriptions naming any specific Judean king have been excavated from a tumulus.

East Asia

Japan

Noge-Ōtsuka Kofun tumulus, Tokyo, early 5th century. are megalithic Tombs or tumuli in Japan, constructed between early 3rd century and early 7th century. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.

In Japan, powerful leaders built tumuli known as kofun. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Kofun period of Japanese history takes its name from these burial mounds. are megalithic Tombs or tumuli in Japan, constructed between early 3rd century and early 7th century. The largest is over 400 meters in length. In addition to other shapes, kofun include a keyhole shape.

Korea

Burial mounds of the Silla kings in Korea.

The first burial mounds in Korea were dolmens which contained the material culture of the first millennium CE, such as bronze-ware, pottery, and other symbols of the elite of society. A dolmen (also known as cromlech, anta, Hünengrab, Hunebed, Goindol, quoit, and portal dolmen) is a type of

The most famous tumulii in Korea, dating around 300 AD, are those left behind by the Korean Baekje, Goguryeo(Kogyuro/Koguryo), Silla, and Gaya states and are clustered around ancient capital cities in modern-day Pyongyang, Seoul, Jian, and Gwangju. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. The jian is a double-edged straight Sword used during the last 2500 years in China. Gwangju Metropolitan City is the sixth largest city in South Korea. The Goguryeo tombs, shaped like pyramids, are famous for the well-preserved wall murals like the ones at Anak Tomb No.3 which depict the culture and artistry of the people. Anak Tomb No3 is a chamber tomb of Goguryeo located in Anak, North Korea. The base of the tomb of King Gwanggaeto is 85 meters on each side, half of the size of the Great Pyramids. [1] Goguryeo Silla tombs are most noted for the fabulous offerings that have been excavated such as delicate golden crowns and glassware and beads that probably made their way to Korea via the Silk Road. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the

Many indigenous Korean artifacts and culture were transmitted to the tomb builders of early Japan, such as horsetrappings, bronze mirrors, paintings and iron-ware.

North America

Main article: Mound builder (people)

The 7,500-year-old, rock-covered burial mound of a Maritime Archaic boy at L'Anse Amour, Newfoundland and Labrador. Mound Builder is a general term referring to the American Indians who constructed various styles of earthen Mounds for burial residential and ceremonial purposes

Human settlement in L'anse Amour dates back at least 7,500 years as evidenced by the burial mound of a Maritime Archaic boy here. L'Anse Amour is a small town on the Strait of Belle Isle in Labrador, a part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. His body was wrapped in a shroud of bark or hide and placed face down with his head pointed to the west. The site was first excavated in the 1970s.

The Augustine Mound is an important Mi'kmaq burial site in New Brunswick. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a

Mound building was a central feature of the public architecture of many Native American cultures from Chile to Minnesota. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Thousands of mounds in the USA have been destroyed as a result of farming, pot-hunting, amateur and professional archaeology, road-building and construction. Surviving mounds are still found in river valleys, especially along the Mississippi, Tennessee and Ohio Rivers. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Mounds were used for burial, to support residential and religious structures, to represent a shared cosmology, and to unite and demarcate community. A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped Pile of Earth, Gravel, Sand, rocks Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study Common forms include conical mounds, ridge-top mounds, platform mounds, and animal effigy mounds, but there are many variations. A platform mound is any earthwork or Mound intended to support a structure or activity Sites in the US of similar history may be found at Indian Mounds Park An effigy mound is a raised pile of earth built in the shape of a stylized animal symbol Mound building in the USA is believed to date back to at least 3400 BC in the Southeast (see Watson Brake). Watson Brake is an arrangement of human-made Mounds located in the floodplain of the Ouachita River near Monroe in northern Louisiana, United The Adena and Mississippian cultures are principally known for their mounds. The Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC in a time known as the early Woodland Period. The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern The largest mound site north of Mexico is Cahokia, a vast World Heritage Site located just east of St. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Louis, Missouri. The most visually impressive mound site (due to the area being free of trees) is in Moundville, Alabama. Moundville is a town in Hale and Tuscaloosa Counties in the U The largest conical burial mound can be found in Moundsville, West Virginia. Moundsville is a city in Marshall County, West Virginia, along the Ohio River.

Serpent Mound – an ancient Native American ceremonial structure in Ohio. The Great Serpent Mound is a 1330-foot-long three-foot-high prehistoric Effigy mound located on a plateau of the Serpent Mound crater along Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

References

• Knight, Peter, Ancient Stones of Dorset, 1996.
• Albright, William F. (1923). "Interesting finds in tumuli near Jerusalem". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 10 (April): 1-3.  
• Amiran, Ruth (1958). "The tumuli west of Jerusalem, Survey and Excavations, 1953". Israel Exploration Journal 8 (4): 205-27.  
• Barkay, Gabriel (2003). "Mounds of mystery: where the kings of Judah were lamented". Biblical Archaeology Review 29 (3): 32-9, 66, 68.  
• Grena, G. M. (2004). LMLK--A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. ISBN 0-9748786-0-X.  
• Grinsell, L. V. , 1936, The Ancient Burial-mounds of England. London: Methuen.
• Nelson, Sarah Milledge (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. ISBN 0-521-40783-4.  

See also

• Avebury
• Long barrow
• Seven Barrows
• Waylands Smithy
• West Kennet Long Barrow
• East Cambridgeshire

External links

• English Heritage Monument Class Descriptions
• Congletons barrows and burial mounds
• The Victorian Barrow Diggers of Wales