Tulip
Cultivated Tulip - Floriade 2005, Canberra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Liliales Family: Liliaceae Genus: Tulipa
Species
See text

Tulipa commonly called Tulip is a genus of about 100 species of bulbous flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. Floriade is a flower and entertainment Festival held annually in Canberra 's Commonwealth Park featuring extensive displays of flowering Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of Flowering plants (angiosperms that are traditionally recognised the other being Dicotyledons Liliales is an order of Monocotyledonous Flowering plants This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of Monocotyledons in the order Liliales. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of Monocotyledons in the order Liliales. The native range of the species includes southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the east to northeast of China. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The centre of diversity of the genus is in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains and the steppes of Kazakhstan. The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the A number of species and many hybrid cultivars are grown in gardens, used as pot plants or as fresh cut flowers. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar

Description

The species are perennials from bulbs, the tunicate bulbs are often produced on the ends of stolons and covered with glabrous to variously hairy papery coverings. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than A bulb is an underground vertical Shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases that are used as Food Storage organs by The species include short low growing plants to tall upright plants, growing from 10 to 70 centimeters (4–27 in) tall. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. Plants with typically 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12 leaves. The cauline foliage is strap-shaped, waxy-coated, usually light to medium green and alternately arranged. The blades are somewhat fleshy and linear to oblong in shape. The large flowers are produced on scapes or subscapose stems normally lacking bracts. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The stems have no leaves to a few leaves, with large species having some leaves and smaller species have none. Typically species have one flower per stem but a few species have up to four flowers. The colorful and attractive cup shaped flowers have three petals and three sepals, which are most often termed tepals because they are nearly identical. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The six petaloid tepals are often marked near the bases with darker markings. The flowers have six basifixed, distinct stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals and the stigmas are districtly 3-lobed. The ovaries are superior with three chambers. The 3 angled fruits are leathery textured capsules, ellipsoid to subglobose in shape, containing numerous flat disc-shaped seeds in two rows per locule. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Botany a capsule is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored ^[1]

Origin of the Name

Although tulips are associated with Holland, both the flower and its name originated in the Ottoman Empire. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The tulip is actually not a Dutch flower as many people tend to believe. The tulip, or "Lale" as it is called in Turkey, is a flower indigenous to Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey and other parts of Central Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south A Dutch ambassador in Turkey in the 16th century, who was also a great floral enthusiast, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, got their very names because of their Persian origins. Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1520 or 1521 - October 28, 1592; Latin: Augerius Gislenius Busbequius; sometimes Augier Ghislain The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Tulips were brought to Europe in the 16th century; the word tulip, which earlier in English appeared in such forms as tulipa or tulipant, entered the language by way of French tulipe and its obsolete form tulipan or by way of Modern Latin tulīpa, from Ottoman Turkish tülbend, "muslin, gauze. Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the " (The English word turban, first recorded in English in the 16th century, can also be traced to Ottoman Turkish tülbend. The turban (from Persian fa دلبند or دولبند dulband via the Turkish tr tülbent) is a headdress consisting of a long ) The Turkish word for gauze, with which turbans can be wrapped, seems to have been used for the flower because a fully opened tulip was thought to resemble a turban. Gauze is a thin Translucent fabric with a loose open Weave. Its name may derive etymologically from the Persian word for

Cultivation

Tulip Festival in Woodburn, Oregon. 2007

Wild tulip in the steppes of Kazakhstan

Tulip after rain Woburn, Massachusetts. 2008

Tulips originate from mountainous areas with temperate climates and need a period of cool dormancy. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak They do best in climates with long cool springs and early summers, but they are often grown as spring blooming annual plantings in warmer areas of the world. The bulbs are typically planted in late summer and fall, normally from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in. ) deep, depending of the type planted, in well draining soils. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and early summers, the bulbs are often planted up to 12 inches deep, this provides some protection from the heat of summer and tends to force the plants to regenerate one large bulb each year instead of many smaller non blooming ones. This can extend the usefulness of the plants in warmer areas a few years but not stave off the degradation in bulb size and eventual death of the plants.

Propagation

Tulips can be propagated through offsets, seeds or micropropagation. See " Offset " for other uses of the term gives rise to tuft of buds at node called offste and adventitious roots below A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants using modern Plant tissue culture methods ^[2] Offsets and tissue culture methods are means of asexual propagation, they are used to produce genetic clones of the parent plant which maintains cultivar integrity. Tissue culture is the growth of tissues and/or cells separate from the organism Asexuality is a Sexual orientation that describes individuals who do not experience Sexual attraction. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance Cloning in Biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as Bacteria, Insects Seed raised plants show greater variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or are used for the creation of new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross pollinate with each other; when tulip populations overlap with other species or subspecies, they very often hybridize, producing populations of mixed plants in the wild. Most tulip cultivars are complex hybrids and sterile, those plants that produce seeds produce offspring very dissimilar to the parents.

In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups mostly based on flower morphology and plant size. ^[3]

• Single early group - with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45cm tall.
• Double early group - with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8cm across. Plants typically grow from 30-40cm tall.
• Triumph group - single, cup shaped flowers up to 6cm wide. Plants grow 35-60cm tall and bloom mid to late season.
• Darwin hybrid group - single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8cm wide. Plants grow 50-70cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips - which belong in the Single Late Group below.
• Single late group - cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45-75cm tall and bloom late season.

Tulip growers using offsets to produce salable plants need a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower; tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before the plants are large enough to flower. Commercial growers harvest the bulbs in late summer and they are graded into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted. Holland is the main producer of commercially sold plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually. ^[4]

Diseases

Tulips are a common indoor plant in the spring

Botrytis tulipae is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death leading to rotten plants. ^[5] Other pathogens include Anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, bulb nematodes, other rots including blue molds, black molds and mushy rot. Sclerotium rolfsii is a club fungus that can cause a variety of diseases in plants including wilt and Southern Blight The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common The Aviation term ROT stands for rate one turn, also known as a standard rate turn. WikipediaManual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English --> Molds (or ^[6]

Historically variegated varieties admired during the Dutch tulipomania, gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with Tulip Breaking potyvirus. Tulip mania or tulipomania ( Dutch names include tulpenmanie tulpomanie tulpenwoede tulpengekte and bollengekte) was a period in the The mosaic virus carried by the green peach aphids, Myzus persicae was common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colorful flowers, it also caused weakened plants that died slowly. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Those Tulips affected by mosaic virus are called "Broken tulips", they will occasionally revert to a plain or solid coloring, but still remain infected with the virus.

Some historical cultivars have had a striped, "feathered", "flamed", or variegated flower, as in the illustration below. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Variegation is the appearance of differently coloured zones in the leaves, and sometimes the stems, of Plants This may be due to a number of causes Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a Genus of about 150 species of bulbous Flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. While some modern varieties also display multicoloured patterns, this results from a natural change in the upper and lower layers of pigment in the tulip flower. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin.

The Black Tulip was the title of a historical romance by Alexandre Dumas, père (1850), in which the city of Haarlem has a reward outstanding for the first grower who can produce a truly black tulip. The Black Tulip is an historical fiction novel written by Alexandre Dumas père. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. This fascination with growing a black tulip, a biologically impossible task, was historically accurate to the tulipomania in which the novel is set.

Introduction to Western Europe

Field of red tulips, Floriade, Canberra

Tulips are common in urban landscaping, as seen here in front of an office tower in Ottawa

Field of tulips, Konya, Turkey

It is unclear who first brought the Tulip to northwest Europe. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. The most widely accepted story is that of Oghier Ghislain de Busbecq, Ambassador from Ferdinand I to Suleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire in 1554. Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1520 or 1521 - October 28, 1592; Latin: Augerius Gislenius Busbequius; sometimes Augier Ghislain An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor ( Alcalá de Henares (near Madrid) Kingdom of Castile (now Spain) 10 March 1503 &ndash Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish He remarked in a letter that he saw "an abundance of flowers everywhere; Narcissus, hyacinths, and those which in Turkish Lale, much to our astonishment, because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers" (see Busbecq, qtd. A Hyacinth is any plant of genus Hyacinthus, which are bulbous Herbs formerly placed in the lily family Liliaceae but now regarded as the in Blunt, 7). It is worth mentioning that the words Narcissus (Narges) and Lale (Laleh) originally come from Persian. In Persian Literature (classic and modern) special attention has been given to these two flowers which looked like the beloved eyes to Narges and a glass of wine to Laleh. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost

By 1559, an account by Conrad Gessner described tulips flowering in Augsburg, Bavaria in the garden of Councillor Herwart. Konrad Gessner (Conrad Gessner Conrad Geßner Conrad von Gesner Conradus Gesnerus Conrad Gesner 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Due to the nature of the tulip's growing cycle, the bulbs are generally removed from the ground in June, and they must be replanted by September to endure the winter. Busbecq's account of the supposed first sighting of tulips by a European is likely spurious. While possible, it is doubtful that Busbecq could successfully have had the tulip bulbs removed, shipped, and replanted between his first sighting of them in March 1558 and Gessner's description in 1559. After introduction of the Tulip to Europe, it gained much popularity and was seen as a sign of abundance and indulgence in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The era during which the Ottoman Empire was wealthiest is called the Tulip era, or Lale Devri in Turkish. The Tulip period or Tulip era ( Ottoman Turkish: لاله دورى, Turkish: Lâle Devri) is the traditional name for a period Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages.

Another oft-quoted account is that of Lopo Vaz de Sampayo, governor of the Portuguese possessions in India. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country When he returned to Portugal in disgrace after usurping his position from the rightful governor, Sampayo supposedly took tulip bulbs with him from Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island This tale too, however, does not hold up to scrutiny because tulips do not occur in Sri Lanka and the island itself is far from the route Sampayo's ships should have taken.

Regardless of how the flower originally arrived in Europe, its popularity soared quickly. Charles de L'Ecluse (Clusius) is largely responsible for the spread of tulip bulbs in the final years of the sixteenth century. Charles de l'Écluse L'Escluse, or Carolus Clusius ( Arras, February 19, 1526 – Leiden April 4, 1609 He was the author of the first major work on tulips, completed in 1592. Clusius had already begun to note and remark upon the variations in colour that made the tulip so admired and his admiration of them quickly spread to others. While occupying a chair in the medical faculty of the University of Leiden, Clusius planted both a teaching garden and his own private plot with tulip bulbs. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. In 1596 and 1598 Clusius suffered thefts from his garden, with over a hundred bulbs stolen in a single raid.

Between 1634 and 1637, the early enthusiasm for the new flowers triggered a speculative frenzy now known as the tulip mania and tulip bulbs were then considered a form of currency. Speculation, in a financial context is making an investment that increases the overall risk in a portfolio Tulip mania or tulipomania ( Dutch names include tulpenmanie tulpomanie tulpenwoede tulpengekte and bollengekte) was a period in the The Netherlands are still associated with tulips and the term 'Dutch tulips' is often used for the cultivated forms. Tulip Festivals are held in the Netherlands, Spalding (England) and in North America every May, including the three week annual Canadian Tulip Festival in Ottawa, Canada. The Tulip Festivals are held in several North American cities most often ones with Dutch heritage including Albany New York; Ottawa, Ontario The Canadian Tulip Festival claims to be the world's largest tulip festival with attendance of over 500000 visitors annually Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Tulips are now also popular in Australia, and several festivals are held during September and October in the Southern Hemisphere's spring. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. The world's largest permanent display of tulips, although open to the public only seasonally, is in Keukenhof, in the Netherlands. Keukenhof (ˈkøːkənˌhɔf in Dutch: Kitchen garden also known as the Garden of Europe is situated near Lisse, Netherlands, and is the world's The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Selected species

See also

• Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire
• Tulip mania
• Species Tulips

References and external links

• Blunt, Wilfrid. Tulipomania
• Clusius, Carolus. A Treatise on Tulips
• Dash, Mike. Tulipomania
• Pavord, Anna. The Tulip
• Pollan, Michael. Michael Pollan (born February 6, 1955) is an American author columnist activist and professor of Journalism and director of the Knight Program in The Botany of Desire
• Old Tulips
• Canadian National Capital Commission: The Gift of Tulips
• Greig's tulip (tulipa greigii) in its original habitat in Kazakhstan
• Lalades (Tulips of Chios: Tulipa praecox, Tulipa aegenensis, Tulipa clusiana, and Tulipa undulatifolia)
• elegant-tulip-bulbs.com: Information about 3700 tulip names
• Tulip photos
• Tulip species

Gallery

	Tulipa tarda	Tulipa sylvestris from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (1885)	Variegated colours produced by selective breeding
A Tulip	Tulip flower	A tulip in flower
A snow white tulip	Red Tulip	A "fringed" tulip. The Botany of Desire A Plant's-Eye View of the World is a 2001 Nonfiction book by journalist Michael Pollan.	A double Tulip
Red tulip	Pink tulip in the city	White and green tulips	The head of a red tulip
Tulipa fosteriana	Yellow tulip	Red and yellow tulips	The inside of a tulip
The head of a red-orange tulip	Purple tulips	Fire tulips	Red tulip
Close-up of a tulip	Red tulips	Tulip opened up