| History of Russia |
|---|
| Early East Slavic states |
| Rus' Khaganate (8th–9th c. Early history Pre-Slavic inhabitants See also Steppe nomads, Scythians, Bosporan Kingdom, Khazaria In prehistoric times The following is a list of East Slavic states that existed in the first half of the second millennium on the territories of contemporary Belarus, Russia, and The Rus' Khaganate Volkhov Rus, Ilmen Rus, or Novgorod Rus --> was a Polity that flourished during a poorly documented ) |
| Khazars (7th–10th c. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. ) |
| Volga Bulgaria (7th–13th c. Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of ) |
| Kievan Rus' (9th–12th c. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan ) |
| Vladimir-Suzdal (12th–14th c. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество ) |
| Novgorod Republic (12th–15th c. The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a ) |
| Mongol invasion (1220s–1240s) |
| Golden Horde (1240s–1480s) |
| Muscovy (1340–1547) |
| Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552) |
| Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) |
| Russian Empire (1721–1917) |
| Soviet Russia and the USSR |
| Russian Federation (1991–present) |
| Timeline |
The Tsardom of Rus' (Russian: Царство Русское) was the official[1] name for the Russian state between Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar (Emperor) in 1547 and Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Romanovcesar 2 and its gratitive sunlithg sundhie compared themselves ina servantly structure from its parative War and peace in Russia 1796-1825 Catherine II died in 1796, and her son Emperor Paul I (r Economic development The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were times of crisis for Russian nuts Radical revolutionary parties During the 1890s, Russia's industrial development led to a significant increase in the size of the urban Bourgeoisie and the working The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The History of the Soviet Union has roots in the Russian Revolution of 1917. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed This period of the Soviet Union was dominated by Joseph Stalin, who sought to reshape Soviet society with aggressive economic planning in particular a sweeping collectivization of agriculture The Cold War ensued as the USSR and the United States struggled indirectly for influence around the world The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 the Russian Federation became an independent country This is a timeline of Russian history. To read about the background to these events see History of Russia. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The name originated from the fact that it contained all of the Rus lands that were at the time free of foreign states domination. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan
Some Western sources refer to this state as Muscovite Russia or Muscovy, the term originally applied to its predecessor, the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and Diverse researchers consider the propagation of this term in Western Europe as a result of political interests of Poland[1].
Contents |
Byzantine heritage
By the 16th century, the Russian ruler had emerged as a powerful, autocratic ruler, a tsar. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The term Third Rome describes the idea that some European city or state is the successor to the legacy of the Roman Empire, with Byzantium being the "second Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. By assuming that title, the sovereign of Moscow underscored that he was a major ruler or emperor on a par with the Greek emperor or the Mongol khan. Indeed, after Ivan III's marriage to Sophia Paleologue, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, the Moscow court adopted Byzantine terms, rituals, titles, and emblems such as the double-headed eagle, which survives as the coat of arms of Russia. Zoe Palaiologina ( Greek Ζωή Παλαιολόγου, Russian Софья Фоминична Палеолог, c This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in Heraldry and Vexillology.
At first, the Byzantine term autocrat connoted only the literal meaning of an independent ruler, but in the reign of Ivan IV (r. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler 1533-1584) it came to mean unlimited rule. Ivan IV was crowned tsar and thus was recognized, at least by the Russian Orthodox Church, as emperor. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Philotheus of Pskov had claimed that, once Constantinople had fallen to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, the Russian tsar was the only legitimate Orthodox ruler and that Moscow was the Third Rome because it was the final successor to Rome and Constantinople, the centers of Christianity in earlier periods. Filofei ( Филофей in Russian) (? - ? Pskov) was a Hegumen of the Yelizarov Monastery in Pskov in the 16th century Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The term Third Rome describes the idea that some European city or state is the successor to the legacy of the Roman Empire, with Byzantium being the "second The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings That concept was to resonate in the self-image of Russians in future centuries.
Early reign of Ivan IV
The development of the tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of Ivan IV, and he became known as the Terrible (his Russian epithet, groznyi, means "thunderous"). Ivan strengthened the position of the tsar to an unprecedented degree, demonstrating the risks of unbridled power in the hands of a mentally unstable individual. Although apparently intelligent and energetic, Ivan suffered from bouts of paranoia and depression, and his rule was punctuated by acts of extreme violence.
Ivan IV became grand prince of Moscow in 1533 at the age of three. The Shuisky and Belsky factions of the boyars competed for control of the regency until Ivan assumed the throne in 1547. The Princes Shuisky (Шуйские were a Rurikid family of Boyars descending from Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Vladimir-Suzdal Belsky (Бельский, pl Бельские also spelled Bielski, was the name of two long-extinct princely families of Muscovite Russia. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Reflecting Moscow's new imperial claims, Ivan's coronation as tsar was an elaborate ritual modeled after those of the Byzantine emperors. With the continuing assistance of a group of boyars, Ivan began his reign with a series of useful reforms. In the 1550s, he promulgated a new law code, revamped the military, and reorganized local government. These reforms undoubtedly were intended to strengthen the state in the face of continuous warfare.
Temper gone bad
Ivan was known for his horrible temper. His temper finally showed its fullest after the death of his wife Anastacia to fever. then a power struggle between the Boyar families started. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Ivan eventually stepped down from the thrown. He hopped that the country would collapse. He was asked to come back on one condition, that he would be able to have unlimited power. He started killing after just two days. One day he and his son got into an argument. In a fit of maniacle rage he killed his own son. After that he came to his sences. He started to feel bad for all the people he killed. He started to surrownd hmself with mistics. They even told him the day he would die. He died close to midnight on that date while playing chess.
Foreign policies of Ivan IV
Russia remained a fairly unknown society in western Europe until Baron Sigismund von Herberstein published his Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (literally Notes on Muscovite Affairs) in 1549. Siegmund (Sigismund Freiherr von Herberstein, (or Baron Sigismund von Herberstein) ( August 23, 1486 &ndash March 28, 1566) was Notes on Muscovite Affairs ( Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii) (1549 was a Latin book by Baron Sigismund von Herberstein on the geography history This provided a comprehensive view of what had been a rarely visited and poorly reported state. In the 1630s, Russian Tsardom was visited by Adam Olearius, whose lively and well-informed writings were soon translated into all major languages of Europe. Adam Olearius (born Adam Ölschläger or Oehlschlaeger) (ca August 16 1603 &ndash February 22 1671) was a German
Further information about Russia was disseminated by English and Dutch merchants. Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. One of them, Richard Chancellor, sailed to the White Sea in 1553 and continued overland to Moscow. Richard Chancellor (d 1556 was an English Explorer and Navigator; the first to penetrate to the White Sea and establish relations with The White Sea (Бе́лое мо́ре Vienanmeri is an Inlet of the Barents Sea on the northwest coast of Russia. Upon his return to England, the Muscovy Company was formed by him, Sebastian Cabot, Sir Hugh Willoughby, and several London merchants. The Muscovy Company (also called Russian Company or Muscovy Trading Company, Russian: Московская компания) was a Sebastian Cabot ( Italian: Sebastiano Caboto, Spanish: Sebastiano Gaboto; c Ivan the Terrible used these merchants to exchange letters with Elizabeth I and probably even made a proposal to her.
Despite the domestic turmoil of 1530s and 1540s, Russia continued to wage wars and to expand. Ivan defeated and annexed the Kazan Khanate on the middle Volga in 1552 and later the Astrakhan Khanate, where the Volga meets the Caspian Sea. The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia in the 15th and 16th centuries until Kazan was finally The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar Feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. These victories transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state which it continues to be. The tsar now controlled the entire Volga River and gained access to Central Asia.
Expanding to the northwest toward the Baltic Sea proved to be much more difficult. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. In 1558 Ivan invaded Livonia, eventually embroiling himself in a twenty-five-year war against Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and Denmark. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland The Livonian War of 1558–1582 was a lengthy military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and variable coalition of Denmark–Norway, Grand Duchy of The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Despite occasional successes, Ivan's army was pushed back, and the nation failed to secure a coveted position on the Baltic Sea.
Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on the Livonian affairs, Devlet I Giray of Crimea, accompanied by as many as 120 thousand horsemen, repeatedly devastated the Moscow region, until the Battle of Molodi put a stop to such northward incursions. Devlet I Giray (I Devlet Geray|۱دولت گراى Taht Alğan Devlet Geray|تخت آلغان دولت گراى (1512&ndash1577 was a khan of the Crimean Khanate The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Battle of Molodi (Russian Молодинская битва) was one of the key battles of Ivan the Terrible 's reign But for decades to come, the southern borderland was annually pillaged by the Nogai Horde and the Crimean Khanate, who took local inhabitants with them as slaves. The Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until pushed south by the Russians during the 17th century The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Tens of thousands of soldiers protected the Great Abatis Belt — a heavy burden for a state whose social and economic development stagnated. Zasechnaya cherta (Большая засечная черта loosely translated as Great Abatis Line) is a chain of fortification lines created by Grand Duchy of Moscow The wars drained Russia.
Oprichnina
-
A 17th-century palace at Krutitsy. The Oprichnina (Опричнина formed the domestic portion of Russian territory ruled directly by Ivan the Terrible. Krutitsy Metochion (Крути́цкое подворье full name Krutitsy Patriarchal Metochion (Крутицкое Патриаршее подворье
During the late 1550s, Ivan developed a hostility toward his advisers, the government, and the boyars. Historians have not determined whether policy differences, personal animosities, or mental imbalance caused his wrath. In 1565 he divided Russia into two parts: his private domain (or oprichnina) and the public realm (or zemshchina). The Oprichnina (Опричнина formed the domestic portion of Russian territory ruled directly by Ivan the Terrible. For his private domain, Ivan chose some of the most prosperous and important districts of Russia. In these areas, Ivan's agents attacked boyars, merchants, and even common people, summarily executing some and confiscating land and possessions. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Thus began a decade of terror in Russia which culminated in the Massacre of Novgorod (1570). The Massacre of Novgorod was an attack by tsarist forces on the city of Novgorod, Russia that lasted from about January 9 to February 12 1570.
As a result of the policies of the oprichnina, Ivan broke the economic and political power of the leading boyar families, thereby destroying precisely those persons who had built up Russia and were the most capable of administering it. This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. Trade diminished, and peasants, faced with mounting taxes and threats of violence, began to leave Russia. Efforts to curtail the mobility of the peasants by tying them to their land brought Russia closer to legal serfdom. Yuri's Day (Юрьев день Yuriev Den) is the Russian name for either of the two feasts of Saint George celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1572 Ivan finally abandoned the practices of the oprichnina.
According to a popular theory, the oprichnina was started by Ivan in order to mobilize resources for the wars and to quell opposition to it. Regardless of the reason, Ivan's domestic and foreign policies had a devastating effect on Russia, and they led to a period of social struggle and civil war, the so-called Time of Troubles (Smutnoye vremya, 1598-1613).
Time of Troubles
Ivan IV was succeeded by his son Fedor, who was mentally deficient. Fyodor I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович (31 May 1557 - 16/17 January (NS 1598 was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584 - 1598 son Actual power went to Fedor's brother-in-law, the boyar Boris Godunov (who is credited with abolishing Yuri's Day, the only time of the year when serfs were free to move from one landowner to another). Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в (c Yuri's Day (Юрьев день Yuriev Den) is the Russian name for either of the two feasts of Saint George celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church. Perhaps the most important event of Fedor's reign was the proclamation of the patriarchate of Moscow in 1589. Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant The creation of the patriarchate climaxed the evolution of a separate and totally independent Russian Orthodox Church. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure
In 1598 Fedor died without an heir, ending the Rurik Dynasty. Rurik or Riurik (Рюрик; Old East Norse: Rørik, meaning "famous ruler" c Boris Godunov then convened a Zemsky Sobor, a national assembly of boyars, church officials, and commoners, which proclaimed him tsar, although various boyar factions refused to recognize the decision. The zemsky sobor (зе́мский собо́р was the first Russian Parliament of the feudal Estates type in the 16th and 17th centuries Widespread crop failures caused a famine between 1601 and 1603, and during the ensuing discontent, a man emerged who claimed to be Tsarevich Demetrius, Ivan IV's son who had died in 1591. Tsarevich Demetrius, or Tsarevich Dimitri, or Dmitriy Ivanovich, also known as Dmitry of Uglich and Dmitry of Moscow, ( Дмитрий This pretender to the throne, who came to be known as False Dmitriy I, gained support in Poland and marched to Moscow, gathering followers among the boyars and other elements as he went. False Dmitriy I ( Cyrillic Лжедмитрий other Transliterations: Dimitri Dimitrii Dimitriy Dimitry Dmitri Dmitrii Dmitry) was the Historians speculate[2] that Godunov would have weathered this crisis has he not died in 1605. As a result, False Dmitriy I entered Moscow and was crowned tsar that year, following the murder of Tsar Fedor II, Godunov's son. Fyodor II Borisovich Godunov of Russia (Фёдор II Борисович ( 1589 - July 10 / July 20, 1605) was a Tsar of Russia
Subsequently, Russia entered a period of continuous chaos, known as The Time of Troubles (Смутное Время). For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. Despite the tsar's persecution of the boyars, the townspeople's dissatisfaction, and the gradual enserfment of the peasantry, efforts at restricting the power of the tsar were only halfhearted. Finding no institutional alternative to the autocracy, discontented Russians rallied behind various pretenders to the throne. During that period, the goal of political activity was to gain influence over the sitting autocrat or to place one's own candidate on the throne. The boyars fought among themselves, the lower classes revolted blindly, and foreign armies occupied the Kremlin in Moscow, prompting many to accept tsarist absolutism as a necessary means to restoring order and unity in Russia. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified
The Time of Troubles included a civil war in which a struggle over the throne was complicated by the machinations of rival boyar factions, the intervention of regional powers Poland and Sweden, and intense popular discontent, led by Ivan Bolotnikov. Ivan Isayevich Bolotnikov (Иван Исаевич Болотников (?—1608 was the leader of the uprising of 1606-1607 ( Bolotnikov rebellion, Восстание Ивана False Dmitriy I and his Polish garrison were overthrown, and a boyar, Vasily Shuysky, was proclaimed tsar in 1606. Vasili IV of Russia ( Russian: Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, other Transliterations: Vasily Vasiliy Vasilii) ( September In his attempt to retain the throne, Shuysky allied himself with the Swedes, unleashing the Ingrian War with Sweden. The Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia, which lasted between 1610 and 1617 and can be seen as part of the Time of Troubles, is mainly remembered False Dmitriy II, allied with the Poles, appeared under the walls of Moscow and set up a mock court in the village of Tushino. False Dmitry II (Лжедимитрий II other Transliterations: Dmitriy Dmitri Dmitrii) also called the rebel of Tushino, was the second Tushino (Ту́шино is a former village and town to the north of Moscow, which has been part of the city's area since 1960
In 1609 Poland intervened into Russian affairs officially, captured Shuisky, and occupied the Kremlin. A group of Russian boyars signed in 1610 a treaty of peace, recognising Ladislaus IV of Poland, son of Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, as tsar. This article is about the 17th century king of Poland For another person sometimes mentioned as Wladislaw IV of Poland in works of reference see the 14th century Władysław Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza ( 20 June 1566 In 1611, False Dmitriy III appeared in the Swedish-occupied territories, but was soon apprehended and executed. False Dmitry III, also called Pseudo-Demetrius III (Russian Лжедмитрий III (died c The Polish presence led to a patriotic revival among the Russians, and a volunteer army, financed by the Stroganov merchants and blessed by the Orthodox Church, was formed in Nizhny Novgorod and, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, drove the Poles out of the Kremlin. The Stroganovs or Strogonovs (Строгановы Строгоновы also spelled in French manner as Stroganoffs, were a family of highly successful Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia For the ship of the same name see Sverdlov class cruiser Dmitry Mikhaylovich Pozharsky (Дмитрий Михайлович Пожарский ( November Kuzma Minich Minin (Кузьма Минич Минин) (? &ndash 1616 was a merchant from Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, who together with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky In 1613 a zemsky sobor proclaimed the boyar Mikhail Romanov as tsar, beginning the 300-year reign of the Romanov family. The zemsky sobor (зе́мский собо́р was the first Russian Parliament of the feudal Estates type in the 16th and 17th centuries The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917
Romanovs
The immediate task of the new dynasty was to restore order. Fortunately for Russia, its major enemies, Poland and Sweden, were engaged in a bitter conflict with each other, which provided Russia the opportunity to make peace with Sweden in 1617. The Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618) was ended with the Truce of Deulino in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including Smolensk, lost by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1509. See also List of treaties Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje
The early Romanovs were weak rulers. The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 Under Mikhail, state affairs were in the hands of the tsar's father, Filaret, who in 1619 became patriarch of the Orthodox Church. Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (Фёдор Никитич Романов (1553 — October 1, 1633) was a Russian Boyar who after temporary disgrace Later, Mikhail's son Aleksey (r. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O 1645-1676) relied on a boyar, Boris Morozov, to run his government. Boris Ivanovich Morozov ( Russian, Борис Иванович Морозов) (1590 - 1661 was a Muscovite Statesman and Boyar who Morozov abused his position by exploiting the populace, and in 1648 Aleksey dismissed him in the wake of the Salt Riot in Moscow. The Salt Riot, also known as the Moscow Uprising of 1648 (Соляной бунт Московское восстание 1648 was a Riot in Moscow
After an unsuccessful attempt to regain Smolensk from Poland in 1632, Russia made peace with Poland in 1634. The Smolensk War (1632–1634 was a conflict fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia. Polish king Wladyslaw IV, whose father and predecessor Sigismund III Vasa had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title as a condition of the peace treaty. This article is about the 17th century king of Poland For another person sometimes mentioned as Wladislaw IV of Poland in works of reference see the 14th century Władysław Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza ( 20 June 1566
Legal code of 1649
The autocracy survived the Time of Troubles and the rule of weak or corrupt tsars because of the strength of the government's central bureaucracy. Government functionaries continued to serve, regardless of the ruler's legitimacy or the boyar faction controlling the throne. In the 17th century, the bureaucracy expanded dramatically. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The number of government departments (prikazy ; sing. , prikaz ) increased from twenty-two in 1613 to eighty by mid-century. Prikaz (приказ was an administrative (palace civil military or church or judicial office in Muscovy and Russia of 15th-18th centuries Although the departments often had overlapping and conflicting jurisdictions, the central government, through provincial governors, was able to control and regulate all social groups, as well as trade, manufacturing, and even the Orthodox Church.
The Sobornoye Ulozheniye, a comprehensive legal code introduced in 1649, illustrates the extent of state control over Russian society. The Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Соборное уложение was a legal code promulgated in 1649 by the Zemsky Sobor under Alexis of Russia as a replacement By that time, the boyars had largely merged with the new elite, who were obligatory servitors of the state, to form a new nobility, the dvoryanstvo. The state required service from both the old and the new nobility, primarily in the military because of permanent warfare on southern and western borders and attacks of nomads. In return, the nobility received land and peasants. In the preceding century, the state had gradually curtailed peasants' rights to move from one landlord to another; the 1649 code officially attached peasants to their domicile.
The state fully sanctioned serfdom, and runaway peasants became state fugitives. Landlords had complete power over their peasants . Peasants living on state-owned land, however, were not considered serfs. They were organized into communes, which were responsible for taxes and other obligations. Like serfs, however, state peasants were attached to the land they farmed. Middle-class urban tradesmen and craftsmen were assessed taxes, and, like the serfs, they were forbidden to change residence. All segments of the population were subject to military levy and to special taxes. By chaining much of Russian society to specific domiciles, the legal code of 1649 curtailed movement and subordinated the people to the interests of the state.
Under this code, increased state taxes and regulations exacerbated the social discontent that had been simmering since the Time of Troubles. In the 1650s and 1660s, the number of peasant escapes increased dramatically. A favorite refuge was the Don River region, domain of the Don Cossacks. The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast Don Cossacks (Донские казаки were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. A major uprising occurred in the Volga region in 1670 and 1671. Stenka Razin, a Cossack who was from the Don River region, led a revolt that drew together wealthy Cossacks who were well established in the region and escaped serfs seeking free land. For the place in Azerbaijan see Stepan Razin Azerbaijan. Stepan (Sten'ka Timofeyevich Razin ( Russian: Степан (Стенька The unexpected uprising swept up the Volga River valley and even threatened Moscow. Tsarist troops finally defeated the rebels after they had occupied major cities along the Volga in an operation whose panache captured the imaginations of later generations of Russians. Razin was publicly tortured and executed.
Conquest of Ukraine
Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar In the south-west, it acquired eastern Ukraine, which had been under Polish-Lithuanian rule. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Ukrainian Cossacks, warriors organized in military formations, lived in the frontier areas bordering Poland, the Crimean Tatar lands, and Russia. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg Although they had served in the Polish army as mercenaries, the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host remained fiercely independent and staged a number of rebellions against the Poles. The Zaporozhian Cossacks (Запорожці Zaporozhtsi,were Cossacks who lived in Zaporizhia, in Central Ukraine In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Cossacks in rebellion during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or Initially, Ukrainians were allied with Crimean Tatars, which had helped them to throw off Polish rule. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg Once the Poles convinced the Tartars to switch sides, the Ukrainians needed military help to maintain their position.
In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Aleksey I. Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Алексей Михайлович ( March 9, 1629 (O Aleksey's acceptance of this offer, which was ratified in the Treaty of Pereyaslav, led to a protracted war between Poland and Russia. The Treaty of Pereyaslav (Pereiaslav was concluded in 1654 in the Ukrainian city of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Pereyaslav The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called the War for Ukraine, was the last major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Treaty of Andrusovo, which ended the war in 1667, split Ukraine along the river Dnieper, reuniting the western sector (or Right-bank Ukraine) with Poland and leaving the eastern sector (Left-bank Ukraine) as the Cossack Hetmanate, self-governing under the suzerainty of the tsar. For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. Right-bank Ukraine ( Pravoberezhna Ukrayina; Pravoberezhnaya Ukraina; Prawobrzeżna Ukraina a historical name of a part of Ukraine on the right (west Left-bank Ukraine ( Livoberezhna Ukrayina; Levoberezhnaya Ukraina; Lewobrzeżna Ukraina is a historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left (East The Hetmanate or officially Viysko Zaporozke (Гетьманщина Het’manshchyna; Військо Запорозьке Viys’ko Zaporoz’ke
Raskol
Russia's southwestern expansion, particularly its incorporation of eastern Ukraine, had unintended consequences. Raskol (раско́л, meaning 'split' or ' schism ' was the event of splitting of the Russian Orthodox Church into an official church and the Old Believers Unintended consequences are outcomes that are not (or not limited to what the actor intended in a particular situation Most Ukrainians were Orthodox, but their close contact with the Roman Catholic and the Polish Counter-Reformation also brought them Western intellectual currents. Through the Academy in Kiev, Russia gained links to Polish and Central European influences and to the wider Orthodox world. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ( NaUKMA) (Національний університет «Києво-Могилянська академія» (НаУКМА Although the Ukrainian link stimulated creativity in many areas, it also undermined traditional Russian religious practices and culture. The Russian Orthodox Church discovered that its isolation from Constantinople had caused variations to creep into its liturgical books and practices. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS A liturgical book is a book published by the authority of a Church, that contains the text and directions for the Liturgy of its official Religious services
The Russian Orthodox patriarch, Nikon, was determined to bring the Russian texts back into conformity with the Greek originals. Nikon ( Russian: Ни́кон, Old Russian Нїконъ) born Nikita Minin ( Никита Минин; May 7, 1605 Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly But Nikon encountered fierce opposition among the many Russians who viewed the corrections as improper foreign intrusions, or perhaps the work of the devil. When the Orthodox Church forced Nikon's reforms, a schism resulted in 1667. Those who did not accept the reforms came to be called the Old Believers; they were officially pronounced heretics and were persecuted by the church and the state. Introductory summary of origins In 1652 Nikon (1605 – 1681 Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658 introduced a number of ritual and textual The chief opposition figure, the protopope Abbacum, was burned at the stake. Avvakum Petrov (Kondratiev (Аввакум Петров (Кондратьев ( November 20, 1620 or 1621 - April 14, 1682) was a The split subsequently became permanent, and many merchants and peasants joined the Old Believers.
The tsar's court also felt the impact of Ukraine and the West. Kiev was a major transmitter of new ideas and insight through the famed scholarly academy that Metropolitan Mohyla founded there in 1631. Peter Mogila (Петро Могила Romanian: Petru Movilă; December 21, 1596 &ndash December 22, 1646) was a Among the results of this infusion of ideas into Russia were baroque styles of architecture, literature, and icon painting. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of architecture and decoration which was Simon (Pimen Fyodorovich Ushakov (Russian Симон (Пимен Федорович Ушаков 1626–1686 was a leading Russian Graphic artist of the late 17th-century Other more direct channels to the West opened as international trade increased and more foreigners came to Russia. The tsar's court was interested in the West's more advanced technology, particularly when military applications were involved. By the end of the 17th century, Ukrainian, Polish, and West European penetration had undermined the Russian cultural synthesis--at least among the elite--and had prepared the way for an even more radical transformation.
Conquest of Siberia
Russia's eastward expansion encountered relatively little resistance. In 1581 the Stroganov merchant family, interested in fur trade, hired a Cossack leader, Yermak Timofeyevich, to lead an expedition into western Siberia. The Stroganovs or Strogonovs (Строгановы Строгоновы also spelled in French manner as Stroganoffs, were a family of highly successful The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern Yermak redirects here For the ship see Icebreaker Yermak. Yermak Timofeyevich ( Russian: Ерма́к Тимофе́евич Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Yermak defeated the Siberia Khanate and claimed the territories west of the Ob' and Irtysh rivers for Russia. Siberia Khanate is an anachronistic rendering of its actual name Khanate of Sibir, a Tatar Khanate in the later Russian Siberia Ob River (Обь also Obi, is a major river in West Siberia, Russia, the country's fourth longest Irtysh (Иртыш; Kazakh: Ertis / Эртiс; Иртеш|İrteş; Chinese: Erqisi / 额尔齐斯河) a River in Siberia
From such bases as Mangazeya, merchants, traders, and explorers pushed eastward from the Ob' River to the Yenisey River, then to the Lena River and to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Mangazeya was a Northwest Siberian trans- Ural trade colony and later city in the 16-17th centuries Ob River (Обь also Obi, is a major river in West Siberia, Russia, the country's fourth longest Yenisei (Енисе́й is the greatest River system flowing to the Arctic Ocean, and at 5539 km (3445 mi is the fifth longest river in the world In 1648 Cossack Semyon Dezhnev opened the passage between America and Asia. Semyon (Semнon Semion Simon Ivanovich Dezhnev (Семён Ива́нович Дежнёв c By the middle of the 17th century, Russians had reached the Amur River and the outskirts of the Chinese Empire.
After a period of conflict with the Manchu Dynasty, Russia made peace with China in 1689. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National By the Treaty of Nerchinsk, Russia ceded its claims to the Amur Valley, but it gained access to the region east of Lake Baikal and the trade route to Beijing. The Treaty of Nerchinsk (Russian Нерчинский договор Chinese 尼布楚 條約 Pinyin Níbùchǔ tiáoyuē was the first treaty between Russia and the Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia Peace with China consolidated the initial breakthrough to the Pacific that had been made in the middle of the century.
Early Imperial Russia
-
Ilya Repin. Romanovcesar 2 and its gratitive sunlithg sundhie compared themselves ina servantly structure from its parative The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин Ілля Юхимович Рєпін ( Chuhuiv, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine Two Tsars: Peter I and Ivan V. Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov ( Russian: Иван V Алексеевич, —) was a joint Tsar of Russia (with his younger half-brother
The following article in the series describes how in the 18th century, Russia was transformed from a static, somewhat isolated, traditional state into the more dynamic, partially Westernized, and secularized Russian Empire. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya This transformation was in no small measure a result of the vision, energy, and determination of Peter the Great. Historians disagree about the extent to which Peter himself transformed Russia, but they generally concur that he laid the foundations for empire building over the next two centuries. The era that Peter initiated signaled the advent of Russia as a major European power. But, although the Russian Empire would play a leading political role in the next century, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress of any significant degree. As West European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution, which had begun in the second half of the eighteenth century, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new problems for the empire as a great power. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
Key texts
- Grigory Kotoshikhin's Russia during the reign of Alexey Mikhailovich (1665) is the indispensable source for those studying administration of the Russian tsardom
- Domostroy is a 16th-century set of rules regulating everyday behaviour in the Russian boyar families. Grigory Karpovich Kotoshikhin ( Григорий Карпович Котошихин in Russian) ( c Domostroy or Domostroi (Домострой Domestic Order) is a 16th century Russian set of household rules instructions and advices pertaining
References
- ^ a b "В некотором царстве, в некотором государстве..." Sigurd Shmidt, Doctor of history sciences, academician of RAN, Journal "Rodina", Nr. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National 12/2004
- ^ Ruslan Skrynnikov. Boris Godunov. Moscow: Nauka, 1983. Reprinted 2003. ISBN 5-17-010892-3.
- This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone - Russia
- Jarmo Kotilane, Marshall Poe (ed. ), Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth Century Russia, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30751-1
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic