A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus powered by two overhead wires, from which it draws electricity using two trolley poles. An electric bus is a Bus powered by electricity There are two main electric bus categories The Trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered For the weapon see Trolley pole (weapon. trolley pole is a tapered cylindrical pole of Wood or Metal, used to transfer Electricity Two poles are required in order to accommodate the return current, which cannot pass to the ground as in the case of an electric tram (also called a streetcar) since trolleybuses use rubber tires (which act as electrical insulators), rather than electrically conductive steel wheels on rail. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. There are trolleybuses in many cities around the world.

A Polish Solaris trolleybus in Landskrona, Sweden. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Solaris Bus & Coach SA is a Bus, coach and Trolleybus manufacturer based in Bolechowo and Środa Wielkopolska near Poznań, Poland Landskrona is a city in the province Scania in southernmost Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Škoda 14 Tr trolleybus in Vilnius

Background

The "Elektromote", the world's first trolleybus, in Berlin, Germany, 1882

A double deck trolleybus in Reading, England, 1966

A new MBTA trolleybus near Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts

The history of the trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. For the car manufacturer see Škoda Auto Škoda Works ( Czech: Škodovy závody; today Škoda Holding a Elektromote was the name of the world's first Trolleybus, which was first presented to the public on April 29, 1882 by its inventor Dr Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Reading (ˈrɛdɪŋ as Redding) is a town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, midway between England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA) is "a body politic and corporate and a political subdivision" of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Harvard Square is a large triangular area in the center of Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street and John Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ernst Werner von Siemens ran his "Elektromote" in a Berlin suburb. Ernst Werner von Siemens (known as Werner von Siemens) ( December 13, 1816 &ndash December 6, 1892) was a German Inventor Elektromote was the name of the world's first Trolleybus, which was first presented to the public on April 29, 1882 by its inventor Dr Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. This experimental demonstration continued until 13 June 1882, after which there was little progress in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the USA. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The next development was when Lombard Gérin operated an experimental line at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 after four years of trials. The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a World's fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate Max Schiemann made the biggest step when on 10 July 1901 the world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus operated at Bielathal (near Dresden) in Germany. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Schiemann built and operated the Bielathal system, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although the Bielathal system only operated until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days, however, there were a few different methods of current collection. The Cedes-Stoll system, designed by Carl Stoll, operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and in Vienna. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The Lloyd-Köhler or Bremen system was tried out in Bremen, and the Filovia was demonstrated near Milan. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.

Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to operate passenger-carrying trolleybuses in the UK on 20 June 1911. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, the system closing on 26 March 1972. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association. Birmingham was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers was responsible for turning the "trackless tram" into the trolleybus. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um There were 50 trolleybus operations in the UK in total, London's being the largest. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the short-lived Stockport operation used the Lloyd-Kölher system and Keighley used the Cedes-Stoll system. Stockport ( is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on elevated ground on the River Mersey at the influx of the rivers Goyt Keighley ( IPA /ˈkiːθli/ "Keeth-ly" is a town and Civil parish within the Metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford in

In the United States, some cities, led by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT—New York), subscribed to the all-four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, trams (in U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation ( BMT) was an Urban transit Holding company, based in Brooklyn, New York City, United All-four is an urban Public transport scheme first enunciated by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT&mdash New York City) in the A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train S. called streetcars or trolleys) and rapid transit subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from lightly-used to the heaviest trunk line. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. Although the BMT in Brooklyn built only one trolleybus line, other cities, notably San Francisco, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, built larger systems and still maintain "all-four". Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə If one includes cable cars as another mode, San Francisco could be called "all-five," as its cable cars provide general transportation while also serving as a popular tourist attraction and the only moving National Historic Landmark in the United States. The San Francisco cable car system is the world's last permanently operational manually-operated cable car system and is an icon of San Francisco, California A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the

A number of trolleybus lines in the United States came into existence when a tracked trolley/tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds, United Kingdom, has now been changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England ^[1]

Design

Diagram of a trolleybus.

Electrified line Destination or route sign Rear view mirror Headlights Boarding (entry) doors Direction (turning) wheels Exit doors Traction wheels Decorative elements Trolley pulley Puller rope Wire contactors Trolley pole(s) Pole storage hooks Trolley pole base and fairing

Advantages

A San Francisco Muni trolleybus climbing Nob Hill in San Francisco. The San Francisco Municipal Railway, commonly known as Muni, is the Public transit system for the city and county of San Francisco California Nob Hill refers to a small district in San Francisco California adjacent to the intersection of California and Powell streets (and the respective cable car lines The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city

Polish Solaris Trollino 12T in Gdynia, Poland

Trolleybuses are advantageous on hilly routes, as electric power is more effective than diesel for climbing steep hills. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Solaris Bus & Coach SA is a Bus, coach and Trolleybus manufacturer based in Bolechowo and Środa Wielkopolska near Poznań, Poland Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr Unlike combustion engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for several minutes without damage. San Francisco and Seattle, USA, both hilly, use trolleybuses partly for this reason, another being improved air quality. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Given this acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses easily outperform diesel buses on flat stretches as well.

Trolleybuses' rubber tires have better adhesion than streetcars' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill climbing and braking. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. Adhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to Attractive forces. Unlike rail vehicles (where side tracks are not available), an out-of-service vehicle can be removed to the side of the road and its trolleys disconnected, allowing vehicles to pass. Additionally, because they are not tracked, trolleybuses can pull over to the curb as a diesel bus does, eliminating boarding islands in the street.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has operated trolleybuses (known regionally as trackless trolleys) in the past, and the city's SEPTA system has ordered a new fleet to restore trackless trolley service in 2008 to three of its five previous routes. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA) is a regional public authority that operates various forms of public transit &mdash bus

Like other electric vehicles, trolleybuses are more environmentally friendly than fossil-fuel or hydrocarbon-based vehicles (gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc. The Electric Vehicle was an American Automobile manufactured only in 1899 Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon ). However the power is not free, having to be produced at centralised power plants, with attendant transmission losses. A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of

On the other hand, centrally-produced power is more efficient, not bound to a specific fuel source and more amenable to pollution control as a single-source supply than are individual vehicles with their own engines that exhaust noxious gases and particulates at street level. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Moreover, some cities, like Calgary, Alberta, run their commuter light rail networks using wind energy^[2], which is effectively emission-free once the turbines are built and installed. A further advantage of trolleybuses is that they can generate electric power from kinetic energy whilst braking, a process known as regenerative braking. The kinetic energy of an object is the extra Energy which it possesses due to its motion A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces Vehicle speed by converting some of its Kinetic energy into another useful form of energy

Also, unlike buses or trams, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a diesel engine or wheels on rails. Such noise as there is tends to emanate from auxiliary systems such as power steering pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter, and in the UK at least were often referred to as the "Silent Service". The quietness did have its disadvantages though, with quite a number of pedestrians falling victim to what was also known as "the Silent Death".

Trolleybuses are specially favoured in locations where electricity is abundant and cheap. Examples of this are the extensive trolleybus systems in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Seattle, Washington, USA, both of which draw hydroelectric power from the Columbia River and other Pacific river systems. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water The Columbia River (known as Seattle benefits doubly, with steep gradients near the Downtown waterfront and on Queen Anne, First, and Capitol Hills. Downtown is the Central business district of Seattle, Washington. Queen Anne Hill is a Seattle neighborhood The hill is the highest named hill in Seattle Washington with a maximum elevation of 456 feet (139 m though the highest point in the city First Hill is a Neighborhood in Seattle Washington, named for the hill on which it is located Capitol Hill is the second most densely populated Neighborhood in Seattle Washington, United States, after Belltown (in northern downtown

Trolleybuses are used extensively in large European cities such as Athens, Belgrade, Bratislava, Bucharest, Budapest, Coimbra, Lyon, Milan, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sofia, Sarajevo, Kiev, Napoli and Minsk as well as smaller ones such as Arnhem, Ghent, Plovdiv, Lausanne, Luzern, Zürich, Salzburg, Limoges, Nancy, Geneva, Presov, Cluj-Napoca, Iaşi, Bergen, Szeged, Gomel, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Mogilev, Brest (Belarus), Grodno, Bobruysk, Riga, Cagliari, Tallinn, Solingen, Vilnius, Simferopol, Yalta, Lublin, Košice and Gdynia. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva Lucerne ( Italian Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Prešov ( known also by alternative names) is a City in eastern Slovakia. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast of Norway in the county of Hordaland in between a group of mountains known as De syv fjell Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre Gomel (ˈɡoʊmel also Homel, Homiel (Гомель ˈɣomʲelʲ In the 19th century Jewish residents comprised more than 50% of the city's total population Vitebsk, also known as Vitsyebsk ( Belarusian: Ві́цебск 'vʲitsʲepsk Russian: Ви́тебск Vitebsk Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Babruysk or Bobruisk (Бабруйск Babrujsk Бобруйск Bobruisk is a city in the Mahilyow Voblast of Belarus on the Berezina river Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the northern edge of the region called Bergisches Land, south of the Ruhr Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the Yalta (Ялта Yalta is a city in Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the north coast of the Black Sea. Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport

Cities, especially those built on hills, have chosen trolleybuses over diesel buses because the electric motor can produce much more torque than a diesel engine. Moreover, the electric motor can be temporarily "overpowered", that is, more than the normal power can be obtained for a short period of time, e. g. when climbing a steep hill. Also, realising the advantages of these zero-emission vehicles, some other European cities have started to expand their systems again. A zero-emissions vehicle, or ZEV is a vehicle itself that produces no Emissions or Pollution from the vehicle when stationary or operating Other cities such as Lecce will introduce new trolleybus systems. This is about the Italian city of Lecce For the football club see U

In Cambridge, Massachusetts, the trolleybus system has survived because of the situation at Harvard Station, which holds an underground tunnel that was once used for streetcars. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. Harvard is a station on the Red Line subway in Harvard Square at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue and Brattle Street in Despite a willingness to use buses, the tunnel at the time required left-side doors, and had fume concerns. Now, buses do run in the tunnel. However, the trolleybuses remain due to popular support.

Some have suggested that the trolleybus will become obsolete in a future hydrogen economy. The hydrogen economy is a proposed method of deriving the Energy needed for Motive power (cars boats airplanes buildings or portable electronics by reacting However, direct electric transmission, as used in trolleybuses, is far more efficient (by a factor of two or more) than conversion of energy into hydrogen, transportation and storage of the hydrogen and its conversion back into electricity by fuel cells.

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus that runs without powerlines. This bus runs on power stored in large onboard supercapacitors, which are quickly recharged at bus stops. Electric double-layer capacitors, also known as supercapacitors, electrochemical double layer capacitors ( EDLCs) or ultracapacitors Prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Disadvantages

Muni trolleybus wires at Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, California. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city

A Muni New Flyer articulated bus in San Francisco with its collector poles down.

Re-routings, temporary or permanent, are not usually readily available outside of "downtown" areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. Dewirements sometimes occur, leaving the bus stranded without power, although these events are relatively rare on systems with well-maintained overhead wire, hangers, fittings and "contact shoes. " With the introduction of hybrid designs the trolleybus is no longer tied to its overhead trolley wires. Increasingly systems, such as Muni in San Francisco, TransLink in Vancouver, as well as Beijing's trolleybus operator, have circumvented this problem by installing battery packs on their trolleybuses to allow them to drive short to considerably long distances away from the wires. The San Francisco Municipal Railway, commonly known as Muni, is the Public transit system for the city and county of San Francisco California TransLink (legally the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority) is the organization responsible for the regional transportation network of Metro Vancouver Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Also Supercapacitors may be used to drive small distances without connections to the grid. Electric double-layer capacitors, also known as supercapacitors, electrochemical double layer capacitors ( EDLCs) or ultracapacitors Boston is using dual-mode buses on its new Silver Line that run on overhead electricity on a fixed right of way and then transition to city streets using diesel power. This article concerns buses that can run with two independent fuel sources The Silver Line is the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 's (MBTA's sole Bus Rapid Transit (BRT line running in two unconnected sections from Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where five trolleybus lines (trackless trolley locally preferred) have been suspended for partial reconstruction, new trolleybuses on order will have the capacity to operate short distances off the overhead wires through the use of a small diesel engine. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə In Athens, Greece, which has an extensive trolleybus system, in 2003-04 all trolleybuses were replaced with new vehicles that are equipped with a diesel engine that enables them to run off-line for a considerable distance. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's

Limitations in the creation of power lines also limits the use of trolleybuses and further restrictions may also apply where taller vehicles may need to share the route, preventing the installation of overhead lines. Nevertheless, installation is faster and less expensive than a tramway system.

Trolleybuses can pass one another in regular service, if two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided, or if the buses are battery-equipped.

Trolleybuses generally are implemented only when they confer one of the advantages listed above, due to the high cost of their infrastructure compared to the diesel bus. With increasing diesel fuel costs and particlulate matter and NO_x emissions problems in many cities, trolleybuses yet may be seen as the best suited relief for many cities, either as the primary transit mode or as a supplement to rapid transit and commuter rail networks.

While at one time many cities operated this mode of transport, it is relatively uncommon today in North America, though it is still a common form of transport in many European, Russian, Brazilian and Chinese cities, generally occupying the niche between street railways (trams) and diesel-powered buses. Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different

Some trolleybus systems have been criticized for aesthetic reasons, with city residents complaining that the jumble of overhead wires was unsightly. ^[3]

Trolleybus wire switch

Indicator for a wire switch Pardubice[4]

Pole headworks with springs and dampers

Insulated poles, contactors, and pull–ropes

Trolleybus wire switch

Trolleybus wire switches (referred to as "frogs" in some countries) are a standard piece of equipment in places where a trolleybus line forks or branches into two. Pardubice ( pronounced; Pardubitz is the capital City of the Pardubice Region, Czech Republic, lying on the river Elbe, 104 km east A switch may be either in a "straight through" or "turnout" position; it normally remains in the "straight through" position unless it has been triggered, and reverts to it after a few seconds. Triggering is often caused by a pair of contacts or electromagnets, with one attached to each trolleybus wire, located close to but before the switch itself. An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current.

Multiple branches may be handled by installing more than one switch. For example, to provide straight-through, left-turn or right-turn branches at an intersection, one switch is installed some distance from the intersection to choose a line over the left-turn lane, and another switch is mounted close to the intersection to choose between straight through and a right turn. ^[5] [This would be the arrangement in countries such as the US, where traffic directionality is right-handed; in left-handed traffic countries such as Britain and New Zealand, the switch some distance from the intersection would be used to access the right-turn lanes, and the switch close to the intersection would be for the left-turn fork instead. Right-hand traffic and left-hand traffic mean regulations requiring all traffic to keep either to the left or the right side of the Road. ]

Three common types of switch^[6] exist: Power-on/Power-off (the picture of a switch above is of this type), Selectric, and Fahslabend.

A Power-on/Power-off switch is triggered if the trolleybus is drawing power from the overhead wires, usually by accelerating, when the poles pass over the contacts. (The contacts are lined up on the wires in this case. )

A Selectric switch has a similar design, but the contacts on the wires are not lined up but skewed, often at a 45-degree angle. This skew means that a bus going straight through will not trigger the switch, but a bus attempting a sharp turn (usually a right turn in countries with right-handed traffic) will cause its poles to meet the wires in a matching skew with one pole ahead of the other, which will trigger the switch.

For a Fahslabend switch, the bus's turn indicator (or a separate driver-controlled switch) causes a coded radio signal to be sent from a transmitter mounted on the bus (often attached to one of the trolley poles). The corresponding receiver is attached to the switch directly, and will cause it to trigger if the correct code is received. This has the advantage that the driver does not need to be accelerating the bus (as with a Power-on/Power-off switch) or trying to make a sharp turn (as with a Selectric switch). As a result, some cities operating trolleybuses have replaced other trolleybus switch types with this type of switch.

Trolleybus makers

Current

Muni's trolley coaches spanning 1977 to 2003. To the left is an ETI Skoda bus, which replace the Flyer inaccessible buses in the center. Electric Transit Inc was a short-lived Joint venture between the Škoda group in the Czech Republic and AAI Corporation in the United That bus is notable to San Franciscans as it is the only bus with carpeted seats. ^[7] To the right is an articulated New Flyer bus, which were the 1st of 60 articulated ETBs built by New Flyer and Muni's 1st articulated ETBs.

• Belkommunmash
• Bogdan Corporation
• Carrosserie Hess
• Designline - for the new trolleybuses to replace Wellington, New Zealand's fleet
• Electrotrans-Service
• Eletra Industrial Ltda - Brazil
• Irisbus
• Jelcz
• Lviv Bus Factory
• Mercedes-Benz
• Minsk Automobile Plant
• Neoplan
• New Flyer Industries
• Rocar
• Škoda Works
• Solaris Bus & Coach, equipped by Ganz (not existing anymore), and by existing DP Ostrava
• Sunwin
• TransAlfa
• Trolza, major producer in Russia
• Van Hool
• Volvo
• Volgograd transport & mashinery plant
• YuMZ - Yuzhnii Mashinostroitelnii Zavod, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine

Defunct or no longer making trolleybuses

• AM General
• Associated Equipment Company
• British United Traction
• Chavdar, Bulgaria
• Crossley Motors
• Daimler Motor Company
• Dennis Specialist Vehicles
• Guy Motors
• Henschel
• Hispano-Suiza
• Ikarus, Hungary
• Leyland Motors
• Pegaso
• Pullman Standard
• Marmon-Herrington
• Richard Garrett & Sons
• J.G. Brill
• St. Louis Car Company
• ETI Skoda
• Antonov Aircraft Factory, Kiev, Ukraine
• Alfa Romeo/Ansaldo Trasporti
• Lancia
• Saurer
• FBW
• NAW
• Sunbeam
• Vetra

Trolleybuses in former USSR countries

The first trolley vehicle in Russia was built in Saint Petersburg in 1902 at Frese machinebuilding factory. Belkommunmash (УП «Белкоммунмаш» is Belarusian manufacturer of public electrotransport Carrosserie Hess AG is a Bus, Trolleybus and Commercial vehicle manufacturer based in Bellach (near Solothurn) Switzerland Designline is a Bus and coach manufacturer based in Ashburton New Zealand. Irisbus is a European bus manufacturer which was formed through the merger of bus and coach divisions of Fiat, Iveco and Renault in January Jelcz SA is a Polish producer of Buses and Trucks located in Jelcz-Laskowice. The Lviv Bus Factory, (Львівський автомобільний завод L’vivs’ky Avtomobil’ny Zavod, literally "Lviv Automobile Factory" mostly Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Minsk Automobile Plant ( MAZ, Производственное республиканское унитарное предприятие «Минский автомобильный Neoplan Bus GmbH is a German Bus and coach manufacturer The company is now a subsidiary of NEOMAN Bus GmbH which itself is a part of For the car manufacturer see Škoda Auto Škoda Works ( Czech: Škodovy závody; today Škoda Holding a Solaris Bus & Coach SA is a Bus, coach and Trolleybus manufacturer based in Bolechowo and Środa Wielkopolska near Poznań, Poland The Ganz ( Ganz vállalatok, "Ganz companies") electric works in Budapest is probably best known for the manufacture of Tramcars Trolza (ОАО "Троллейбусный завод" (Тролза is a Trolleybus producer in Russia, located in Engels, Saratov oblast Doppelgelenkbus 01 KMJjpg|right|thumb|250px|A Van Hool bi-articulated 'Bendy Bus']] Van Hool NV is a Belgian Coachbuilder and manufacturer of This article is about Volvo Group - AB Volvo Volvo Cars is the passenger vehicle maker owned by Ford Motor Company, using the Volvo Trademark Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровськ Днепропетро́вск Dnepropetrovsk; formerly Yekaterinoslav, ru Екатериносла́въ is AM General is an American heavy vehicle manufacturer based in South Bend Indiana, best known for the civilian AEC was a United Kingdom based vehicle manufacturer which built Buses and Trucks from 1912 until 1979 British United Traction ( BUT) was a joint company owned by the Associated Equipment Company and Leyland Motors Ltd which produced railway equipment Chavdar (Чавдар was a 16th-century semi-legendary Bulgarian Hajduk Voivode, a leader of a band of outlaws and a protector of the people against Crossley Motors, based in Manchester, England produced approximately 19000 high quality cars from 1904 until 1938 5500 buses from 1926 until 1958 and 21000 goods and This article is about the British automobile manufacturer See Daimler for other uses derived from the German engineer and inventor Gottlieb Daimler. Dennis Specialist Vehicles is a major British coachbuilder and manufacturer of specialised commercial vehicles based in Guildford, England. Guy Motors was a British company based in Fallings Park, Wolverhampton that made cars lorries and buses Henschel & Son (Henschel & Sohn is a German company situated in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment including History Early Years In 1898 a Spanish artillery captain Emilio de la Cuadra started with electric automobile production in Barcelona under Ikarus is a bus manufacturer based in Budapest, Hungary. It was established in 1895 as Uhri Imre Kovács- és Kocsigyártó Üzeme (roughly Imre Uhri's Pegaso (pe'ɰaso Spanish for " Pegasus " was a Spanish brand of Trucks Buses Tractors and Armored vehicles Pullman Porter redirects here For the 1919 film starring Fatty Arbuckle, see The Pullman Porter The Pullman Palace Car Company, founded Marmon-Herrington was a builder of Trucks Buses and Trolleybuses, best known for its All-wheel-drive conversions to other truck maker's units Richard Garrett & Sons was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery Steam engines and Trolleybuses Their factory was Leiston Works in Leiston, Suffolk J G Brill and Company manufactured streetcars and Buses in the United States. The St Louis Car Company was a major United States manufacturer of railroad passenger cars streetcars Trolleybuses Electric Transit Inc was a short-lived Joint venture between the Škoda group in the Czech Republic and AAI Corporation in the United Antonov, or Antonov Aeronautical Scientific/Technical Complex ( Antonov ASTC) (Авіаційний науково-технічний комплекс імені Антонова Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 Lancia Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automobile manufacturer founded in 1906 by Vincenzo Lancia and which became part of the Fiat Group in Adolph Saurer AG was a Arbon, Switzerland (Swiss based Manufacturer of Trucks and Buses under the Saurer and Berna Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River It utilised a carriage-type current receiver like the early von Siemens prototypes. There was no attempt to organize passenger or cargo services at this time.

The first operational trolleybus service was introduced in 1933 in Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of In Soviet cities with underground metropolitan railways, trolleybus systems were intended to replace tramcars. In reality such plans were partially performed in the 1950s rather than in the 1930s. The first Soviet-made passenger trolleybus LK-1 was named after Politburo member Lazar Kaganovich. It was a dangerous and unreliable vehicle, quickly replaced by more advanced YaTB vehicles. These cars, both passenger and cargo, were the mainstay of the Soviet trolley fleet before the Great Patriotic War (World War II). The term Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война Velikaya Otechestvennaya Vojna) is used in Russia and some other At this time new trolleybus systems were opened in Leningrad, Kyiv (Ukraine) and a few other major Soviet cities. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the

ZiU-9G trolleybus in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Two Škoda trolleybuses in Kyiv, Ukraine, with the St. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Sophia Complex in the background.

It may appear strange that in the time of the Great Patriotic War, new trolleybus systems were opened in the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The need for mass transit in cities away from the front was urgent, but construction of tram lines was too expensive and time-consuming. Buses were largely mobilized to the Red Army as staff and medical vehicles. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The remains of the bus fleet quickly stalled due to fuel shortages. The trolleybuses proved a good solution. Some vehicles, wires and other equipment were evacuated from Moscow in 1941; these materials were used for erecting new lines and systems in other cities. In the front-line city of Leningrad, trolleybus service ceased operations in November 1941 and was not restored until the end of the war. City trams were relaunched in April 1942 and performed without interruption under siege conditions. This restored Soviet plans of mass transit development in the form of co-existence of subways, trams, and trolleys.

The postwar period saw an explosion of development and expansion of trolleybus systems in the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Many cities and towns introduced passenger and cargo trolleybus services, sometimes interfering with tram operations. One of the most notable of these new trolleybus systems was the Crimean Trolleybus, currently the world's longest trolleybus line. Crimean Trolleybus Line (Кримський тролейбус translit Production at the time was limited to the monopoly Zavod imeni Uritskogo (ZiU, named after Moisei Uritsky). Trolza (ОАО "Троллейбусный завод" (Тролза is a Trolleybus producer in Russia, located in Engels, Saratov oblast Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky (Моисей Соломонович Урицкий 1873&ndash August 30 1918) was a Bolshevik Revolutionary leader It produced thousands of MTB-82, ZiU-5, and ZiU-9 passenger trolleybuses for domestic purposes and for export. The ZiU-5 (in Russian ЗиУ-5) is the Soviet Trolleybus. The ZiU acronym stands for Zavod imeni Uritskogo (Russian Завод ZiU-9 (in Russian ЗиУ-9) is the Soviet (and now Russian Trolleybus vehicle ZiU-5s and ZiU-9s were sold to Greece, Colombia, Argentina and eastern bloc countries. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Three ZiU-9 cars were on loan in 1973 for testing purposes in Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to insufficient funding for many municipal trolleybus systems, but they proved more resilient than municipal tram or bus operations. There is only one closed trolleybus system in Shakhty within the area of modern Russia (whose operations ceased in October 2007). Shakhty (Ша́хты is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located on the southeastern spur of Donetsk mountain ridge 75 km northeast Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The suspended trolleybus operations from October 2006 in Archangelsk were reactivated in December 2007. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast The trolleybus system in Grozny was completely destroyed in the First Chechen War. Grozny (Гро́зный Соьлж-ГIала Sölƶ-Ġala or Соьлжа-ГIала Sölƶa -Ġala sometimes referred to as ce Джовхар-ГIала The First Chechen War also known as the War in Chechnya was fought between Russia and Chechnya from 1994 to 1996 and resulted in Chechnya's Reconstruction is in planning. There is also one system with uncertain futures, in Voronezh. Voronezh (Воро́неж) is a large city in southwestern Russia not far from Ukraine. In other cities the development of trolleybus passenger services continues. Two new systems were introduced in Moscow suburbs Khimki and Vidnoe in the second half of the 1990s. Khimki (Химки is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated just northwest of Moscow, at the west bank of the Moscow Canal. Vidnoye (Ви́дное is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated three kilometers south of Moscow city limits at. ZiU, now named Trolza, has lost its monopoly in producing trolley vehicles. Today a number of domestic factories offer trolleybuses for the Russian market.

Use and preservation

Revisions and sourced additions are welcome.

Argentina

Trolleybuses are currently in use in Mendoza, Rosario and Córdoba. Mendoza (men'dōzə is the capital city of Mendoza Province, in Argentina. Córdoba, abbreviated as CBA, is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountains on the

Australia

Australian has no remaining operating trolleybuses. Examples of Australian Trolleybuses are preserved in the Brisbane Tramway Museum, Sydney Tramway Museum, Powerhouse Museum (Sydney), the Australian Electric Transport Museum (Adelaide), the Perth Electric Tramway Society Museum, and at the Tasmanian Transport Museum (Hobart). Brisbane Tramway Museum is a transport museum which preserves and displays Trams and Trolley-buses most of which operated in Brisbane, Queensland Sydney Tramway Museum is an operating tramway museum located in Loftus in the southern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. The Powerhouse Museum is the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences in Sydney, the other being the historic Sydney Observatory. Some of these trolleybuses are in operating condition, but there are no wired roadways to operate them on.

Belgium

^[8]
The only trolleybus service in the country is in Ghent, the capital of the province of East Flanders. Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a East Flanders ( Oost-Vlaanderen in Dutch, Flandre orientale in French) is a province of Flanders, one of the three Here, articulated trolleybuses operate line 3, which crosses the city from east to west, passing through the historic Korenmarkt and past St Bavo's cathedral. An articulated vehicle is a vehicle which has a permanent or semi-permanent pivoting joint in its construction allowing the vehicle to turn more sharply The system was originally built as a demonstrator to promote exports, which were subsequently, due to colonial ties, made to Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Kinshasa (formerly French: Léopoldville, formerly Dutch: Leopoldstad, German: Leopoldstadt) is the Capital The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to After a period of closure due to roadworks in the early 21st century, Flemish public transport undertaking De Lijn announced in February 2008 that the system is to be closed. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. ||-||-||} Vlaamse Vervoersmaatschappij De Lijn - usually known as De Lijn (in English The Line) - is a company run by the Flemish government in Belgium The intention is to replace the trolleybuses with hybrid diesel-electric buses, but there may be an interim period of operation by conventional diesel buses. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV is a Hybrid vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with a Rechargeable energy storage system (RESS Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum In the long term De Lijn would like to see trams on the route. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train

Bosnia

Trolleybuses are currently used only in the capital city Sarajevo. Operation and maintenance is done by company GRAS (City transportation). Currently there are seven lines (101 - 107) operating in the city. Line which will again connect Sarajevo and its suburb Vogosca will be reconstructed in the near future.

Brazil

EMTU's Modern Trollleybus in São Paulo.

In Brazil, trolleybuses are currently in use only in Santos and in two systems in São Paulo: SPTrans, at the central and eastern region, and EMTU, at the suburbs and the cities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, Mauá and Diadema. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo, or EMTU, is a company owned by the Secretaria de Estado dos Transportes Metropolitanos (STM ( English The city of Santo André ( Portuguese for Saint Andrew) on the Tamanduateí River, is in São Paulo State, 18 km away from the São São Bernardo do Campo ( Portuguese for Saint Bernard of the field is a municipality located in the Greater São Paulo, in the state of São Paulo in Mauá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Diadema is a city in São Paulo state Brazil. The distance from the capital is 17km (from Praça da Sé) In São Paulo, two trolleybuses are preserved and exhibited at the SPTrans (São Paulo Transportation Authority) Museum Gaetano Ferrola. Another five trolleybuses built by CMTC and Villares between 1958 and 1965 are awaiting restoration in the SPTrans garage at Santa Rita. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. An original trolleybus built in the United States by ACF Brill in 1948 was restored in 1999 and currently can be seen riding in special celebrations, as occurred in the city's 454-year anniversary celebration on 25 January 2008. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Bulgaria

Trolleybus networks operate in the towns of Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Pernik, Veliko Tarnovo and many more. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Varna (Варна is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, third-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv Pernik (Перник is a city in western Bulgaria with a population of 91883 As of 2006. Veliko Tarnovo (Велико Търново sometimes transliterated as Veliko Turnovo) is a city in north central Bulgaria and the administrative centre of Daily Millions of people use this ecological transportation.

Canada

Trolleybuses are currently used in Edmonton and Vancouver. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Edmonton's city government proposed retiring its aging fleet but public opinion was against it. Vancouver's aging trolley fleet was recently replaced with newer models, one of which has been loaned to the Edmonton Transit System. The Edmonton Transit System, also called ETS, is the Public transit service owned and operated by the city of Edmonton Alberta. Trolleybuses in Hamilton where they were referred to as "trolley coach", were used from 1947 until 1993, when they were replaced by buses.

Chile

Valparaíso, one of the largest cities of Chile and with a historic quarter declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, has the only trolley-bus service still working in that country, managed by a private company, Trolebuses de Chile S. Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A. (formerly Empresa de Transportes Colectivos Eléctricos). The available routes have the 8- prefix on Valparaíso's new metropolitan mass transit system (By now, just route 801 and 802). The fleet is a mix of old German, American, Swiss, and Chinese machines, making an attractive appeal for tourism. The most famous machines are the oldest Pullman Standard machines still in service in the world. (They were declared national monuments and still can be found working in the streets). The company has faced fierce competition from other non-electric bus lines, and almost faced bankruptcy several times in the past; however, many Valparaíso inhabitants feel an emotional link to the service, and tend to vigorously defend the maintenance of this privately funded company.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has 13 currently operating trolleybus systems (Pilsen, Zlín and Otrokovice, Brno, Ostrava, Pardubice, Hradec Králové, Ústí nad Labem, Teplice, České Budějovice, Opava, Jihlava, Chomutov and Jirkov and Mariánské Lázně). This article is on the city See also Zlin aircraft brand Zlín (zliːn formerly Gottwaldov ('gotvaldof is a city in the Zlín Brno ( IPA:; Brünn is the second-largest City in the Czech Republic. Ostrava ( pronounced, Ostrau Ostrawa is the third largest city in the Czech Republic, however it is the second largest urban agglomeration after Prague Pardubice ( pronounced; Pardubitz is the capital City of the Pardubice Region, Czech Republic, lying on the river Elbe, 104 km east Hradec Králové ( pronounced, Königgrätz meaning Castle of the Queen) is a city of the Czech Republic, in the Hradec Králové Region Ústí nad Labem ( pronounced; Aussig is a city of the Czech Republic, in the Ústí nad Labem Region. See other locations named Teplice. Teplice (ˈtɛplɪtsɛ Teplitz is a city of the Czech Republic, in the Ústí nad Labem Region České Budějovice (ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈbuɟɛjovɪtsɛ colloquially Budějce; Budweis or Böhmisch Budweis, often referred to simply as Budweis in Opava ( pronounced; Troppau Opawa is a city in the northern Czech Republic on the Opava River, located to the north-west of Ostrava. Jihlava ( pronounced; German Iglau) is a city in the Czech Republic. Chomutov (ˈxomutof Komotau is a city of the Czech Republic, in the Ústí nad Labem Region. Mariánské Lázně (ˈmarɪjanskɛ ˈlazɲɛ Marienbad is a Spa town in the Carlsbad Region of the Czech Republic. The last one mentioned was a smallest trolleybus network in the world, until the opening of Landskrona trolleybus network in Sweden. Landskrona is a city in the province Scania in southernmost Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Cities that operated trolleybuses in past are Děčín, Prague and Most. Děčín ('ɟɛtʃiːn Tetschen is a large City in the north of the Czech Republic Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Most (ˈmost Brüx is a City in the northwest of the Czech Republic, in the Ústí nad Labem Region. There also was a trolleybus testing track, running between the towns of Ostrov and Jáchymov, taking advantage of steep gradients between these towns. Ostrov (ˈostrof formerly Ostrov nad Ohří (Schlackenwerth is a Town in the Carlsbad Region, Czech Republic. For other places called Joachimsthal see Joachimsthal (disambiguation Jáchymov (ˈjaxɪmof in German originally Thal, later Sankt Joachimsthal It was never used for regular passenger transport, but only for testing trolleybuses made at Škoda factory in Ostrov. The line was dismantled in 2004, following the cessation of production in this factory.

Estonia

Trolleybuses are currently in use in Tallinn. There are 8 lines. Old Skoda 14TR and 15TR are changed against Solaris Ganz T12 and T18.

France

Trolleybuses are still widely in use in Limoges, Lyon, Nancy and Saint-Étienne. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Saint-Étienne ( Sant-Etiève in Arpitan) is a city in the central eastern part of France, 60 km (40 miles southwest of Lyon.

Preserved examples are kept at the Musée des Transports (AMTUIR) in Colombes.

Germany

^[9]
Trolleybus networks operate in the towns of Eberswalde (near Berlin), Esslingen (near Stuttgart) and Solingen (near Düsseldorf). For the Mars crater, see Eberswalde (crater. Eberswalde is a major town and the administrative seat of the District Esslingen am Neckar is a city in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, capital of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest Solingen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the northern edge of the region called Bergisches Land, south of the Ruhr There had been over 60 trolleybus companies in the late 1950s, many having replaced under-used tram services. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Like in the United Kingdom, the proliferation of Diesel buses led to a decline in the use of the mode. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Greece

Trolleybuses are in use in Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The entire fleet was replaced with new Neoplan and Van Hool trolleybuses from 2001 onward. Neoplan Bus GmbH is a German Bus and coach manufacturer The company is now a subsidiary of NEOMAN Bus GmbH which itself is a part of Doppelgelenkbus 01 KMJjpg|right|thumb|250px|A Van Hool bi-articulated 'Bendy Bus']] Van Hool NV is a Belgian Coachbuilder and manufacturer of The network is operated by ILPAP. ILPAP ( Greek: Ηλεκτροκίνητα Λεωφορεία Περιοχής Αθηνών – Πειραιώς Η

Hungary

In Hungary trolleybuses are used in Budapest, in Szeged and in Debrecen. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Szeged ( (approximate pronunciation Seg-ed (known also by alternative names) is the fourth largest City of Hungary, the Regional centre Debrecen, (approximate pronunciation Deb-ret-sen known by alternative names) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. In Budapest the entire fleet is operated by Budapesti Közlekedési Vállalat Zrt.. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, BKV (Budapesti Közlekedési Zrt Mass Transport co ltd of Budapest – the abbreviation BKV stands for its earlier name Budapesti Közlekedési Vállalat Mass Transport

Italy

Trolleybuses have been reintroduced in Rome, along a line running northeast from Termini station along Via Nomentana. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 On the inner-city part of the route power is from batteries rather than overhead wires. They are in use in Milan too. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.

Lithuania

Trolleybuses now are being used in Vilnius since 1955 (?) and Kaunas since 1965. Kaunas ( ˈkoʊnəs is the second largest City in Lithuania and a former temporary capital. There are now 19 lines in Vilnius and 17 lines in Kaunas.

The Netherlands

Trolleybuses are in use in Arnhem. The Arnhem trolleybus system is the only Trolleybus system in operation in the Netherlands.

New Zealand

In Foxton, preserved trolleybuses operate for the public on their own system; and in Wellington, Volvo B58 trolleybuses continue to operate as part of the city's public transport network. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the

North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)

Pyongyang boasts another trolleybus system in Asia; data is not available due to the closed nature of North Korea. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Limited information reveal the buses are made up of imported and locally made vehicles. Imported buses are from Europe (and Eastern Europe) and copied versions from China. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. There are a few local manufacturers of trolleybuses.

Further information: Trams and Trolleybuses in North Korea

Norway

In Bergen, Norway, trolleybuses have been in use since 1950. Trams and Trolleybuses in North Korea are forms of transportation for North Koreans to travel around in urban centres given the shortages on fuel and access to cars for average is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast of Norway in the county of Hordaland in between a group of mountains known as De syv fjell

Further information: Bergen trolleybus

Poland

Further information: Transportation in Poland

Portugal

Coimbra is the only city in Portugal that have this kind of transportation. The Bergen trolleybus system is the only Trolleybus system still in operation in Norway. This article is about transportation in Poland. Railways See also Rail transport in Poland Poland is served by an extensive network of Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. They are opereted by SMTUC a municipal service. Exist so far about 20 units from Salvador Caetano/EFACEC. Salvador Caetano is a coachbuilder and vehicle distributor based in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. The EFACEC Group is the largest Portuguese corporation in the field of Electromechanics and Electronics, with a strong presence in different international

Romania

Trolleybuses run in Bucharest, Cluj, Timișoara, Sibiu, Ploiești, Constanța, Mediaș and Brașov. One "DAC 117 E" (1987) is preserved by the TRANSIRA Association. Rocar DAC was a series of Buses and Trolleybuses produced by the Autobuzul (later Rocar plant of Bucharest, Romania, between 1979 and 2000 ^[10]

Russian Federation

Russian transport museums have a variety of historic trolleybuses made by local manufacturers. In Moscow vintage vehicles are only available to the public in transport-dedicated exhibitions and parades of old vehicles on various celebration days. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of In Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod museum cars also may be hired for city excursions and parties. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia

Serbia

Four trolleybus lines exist in Belgrade. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Three of them are basically a variation of the original line established shortly after World War II with Russian-made vehicles, with the same terminus in the heart of old downtown next to the Kalemegdan fortress and the extension of outlying terminuses in three directions like a fork. Downtown is a term primarily used in North America to refer to a city's core usually in a geographical commercial and community sense Kalemegdan ( Serbian Cyrillic: Калемегдан) is a Park in an urban area neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital The fourth is a completely independent line built perpendicular to these three. It was constructed in the early 1980s.

Slovakia

The first trolleybus system on the territory of today's Slovakia was built in 1909 in Bratislava, but served only until 1915. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading The route led to a hilly recreational area Zelezna studnicka and were fed by a special 4-wheel bogie, running on a pair of wires and connected to the vehicle by a cord. Trolleybuses in Bratislava were reintroduced in 1943, now with a modern, two-pole feeding. In 1962, trolleybus system was introduced in Presov. Prešov ( known also by alternative names) is a City in eastern Slovakia. At the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, three more towns introduced trolleybuses - Banská Bystrica, Žilina and Košice. Banská Bystrica ( Hungarian:Besztercebánya ( previously known also by several alternative names) is a key City in central Slovakia located Žilina ( Sillein Zsolna names in other languages) is a city in north-western Slovakia, around from the capital Bratislava. Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. All vehicles operating in Slovakia were made by Škoda.

Sweden

In Landskrona, a single trolleybus route connects the railway station and the wharf area. Landskrona is a city in the province Scania in southernmost Sweden. The system was installed in 2003 and consists of three trolleybuses. Landskrona is the smallest trolleybus network in the world.

Switzerland

Trolleybuses are in use in Swiss cities: Lausanne (10 lines), Lucerne (7 lines), Geneva (6 lines), Zurich (6 lines), Berne (5 lines), Neuchâtel (4 lines), Winterthur (4 lines), Fribourg (3 lines), La Chaux-de-Fonds (3 lines), St. Gallen (3 lines), Biel (2 lines), Schaffhausen (1 line), Vevey-Montreux (1 line), Basel (1 line to be cancelled). Lausanne ( pronounced, Losanna is a city in Romandy, the French -speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva Lucerne ( Italian Lucerna) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal Neuchâtel ( literally: New Castle in Old French) is the Capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Winterthur (pronounced Ger /vɪntərtur/ Eng /tʊər/ is a city in the canton of Zurich in northern Switzerland. Fribourg ( French) (Freiburg or de Freiburg im [[Üechtland]], often Fribourg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of La Chaux-de-Fonds is the capital city of the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. St Gallen ( Saint-Gall San Gallo is the capital of the canton of St Schaffhausen ( German:) is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton Vevey is a town in Switzerland in the canton Vaud, on the north shore of Lake Geneva. Montreux is a municipality in the district of Vevey in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly.

In Lausanne, the Association Retrobus preserves old trolleybuses (from 1932) and enables them to circulate in town, especially on summer weekends.

United Kingdom

• Leeds Trolleybus a proposed trolleybus system in Leeds, England

The world's largest collection of preserved trolleybuses is at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft in England. Leeds Trolleybus (or Leeds Tbus) in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England will if plans go ahead be the first Trolleybus system to Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is a Transport museum which specialises in the preservation of Trolleybuses It is located by the village of Sandtoft England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Examples are also preserved at the East Anglia Transport Museum and the Black Country Living Museum in England. The East Anglia Transport Museum is a located in Carlton Colville near Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. The Black Country Living Museum (formerly The Black Country Museum) is an open-air Museum of rebuilt historic buildings located in Dudley in the West The Bradford Trolleybus Association is currently restoring a Bradford Trolleybus 758, the last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain, which is kept at Sandtoft. The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is a Transport museum which specialises in the preservation of Trolleybuses It is located by the village of Sandtoft

United States of America

• Boston, Massachusetts, as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Silver Line. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA) is "a body politic and corporate and a political subdivision" of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts The Silver Line is the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 's (MBTA's sole Bus Rapid Transit (BRT line running in two unconnected sections from
• Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as Part of SEPTA
• San Francisco, California, with extensive routes throughout the San Francisco Muni system
• Seattle, Washington
• Dayton, Ohio
• The Illinois Railway Museum maintains a historical collection of 16 trolleybuses from Chicago, Dayton, Cleveland, Des Moines, Vancouver, Toronto and Milwaukee. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA) is a regional public authority that operates various forms of public transit &mdash bus The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The San Francisco Municipal Railway, commonly known as Muni, is the Public transit system for the city and county of San Francisco California Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County. The Illinois Railway Museum ( IRM) is the largest railroad museum in the United States and is located in Union Illinois, northwest of Chicago Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States. It is the County seat and largest city of Montgomery County. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Several of the preserved coaches provide regularly scheduled operations for visitors over the museum's 4/10 mile demonstration line.
• There are a number of historic trolleybuses on display at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine. The Seashore Trolley Museum, located in Kennebunkport, Maine, United States, is the world's oldest and largest Museum of Mass transit Kennebunkport is a town in York County, Maine, United States.

Gallery

Salvador Caetano/EFACEC´s trolleys in Guarda Inglesa depot - Coimbra, Portugal. Salvador Caetano is a coachbuilder and vehicle distributor based in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. The EFACEC Group is the largest Portuguese corporation in the field of Electromechanics and Electronics, with a strong presence in different international Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.	More Salvador Caetano/EFACEC´s trolleys in Guarda Inglesa depot - Coimbra, Portugal. Salvador Caetano is a coachbuilder and vehicle distributor based in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. The EFACEC Group is the largest Portuguese corporation in the field of Electromechanics and Electronics, with a strong presence in different international Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.	Solaris DPO Trollino 15AC trolleybus in Vilnius, Lithuania. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the	Škoda 9 Tr trolleybus in Simferopol, Ukraine. Simferopol (English pronunciation ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl (Сімферополь Симферополь Aqmescit literally The white mosque) is the Capital of the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
Trolleybus public transfer in Bratislava, Slovakia. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million	Solaris Ganz trollino type low-floor trolley in Debrecen, Hungary. Debrecen, (approximate pronunciation Deb-ret-sen known by alternative names) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic	Škoda 14 Tr trolleybus in Vilnius, Lithuania. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the	An articulated trolleybus in Arnhem, Netherlands. Articulated buses (either motorbuses or Trolleybuses) also known as tandem buses, bendy buses, banana buses, slinky buses or Arnhem ( ( South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and Municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands
Vancouver's third generation of trolleybuses (New Flyer / Vossloh Kiepe).	Muni Trolleybus crossing tracks of the San Francisco cable car system. The San Francisco Municipal Railway, commonly known as Muni, is the Public transit system for the city and county of San Francisco California The San Francisco cable car system is the world's last permanently operational manually-operated cable car system and is an icon of San Francisco, California	Polish Solaris Trollino 12T in Gdynia, Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Solaris Bus & Coach SA is a Bus, coach and Trolleybus manufacturer based in Bolechowo and Środa Wielkopolska near Poznań, Poland Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport	Jelcz PR 110 E near The Cracow Gate in Lublin, Poland. Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
Vintage ZiU-5 trolleybus on the streets of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. The ZiU-5 (in Russian ЗиУ-5) is the Soviet Trolleybus. The ZiU acronym stands for Zavod imeni Uritskogo (Russian Завод Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending	Changjiang-Flexible CJWG110K trolleybus No. 156 on the raining streets of Hangzhou, China. ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National	CNHTC JK6120D trolleybus in Jinan, China. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Company Limited ( CNHTC or Sinotruk Group is a Truck Manufacturing State-owned enterprise Jinan ( in some literatures the pinyin without tones is given as Ji'nan, to disambiguate from a possible misreading as Jin'an is a Sub-provincial city China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National	Belarussian AKSM-321 (Belkommunmash plant, Minsk) in Belgrade, Serbia. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Belkommunmash (УП «Белкоммунмаш» is Belarusian manufacturer of public electrotransport Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country
Articulated trolleybus in Seattle, Washington. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.	Historic British trolleybus at the Black Country Living Museum. The Black Country Living Museum (formerly The Black Country Museum) is an open-air Museum of rebuilt historic buildings located in Dudley in the West	Trolleybus in Rosario, Argentina	Trolleybus from EMTU – São Paulo's Services in Greater São Paulo, Brazil. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo, or EMTU, is a company owned by the Secretaria de Estado dos Transportes Metropolitanos (STM ( English São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The Greater São Paulo ( Grande São Paulo, in Portuguese) is a nonspecific term for the large Metropolitan area located in the São |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
Trolleybus in Santos, Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld	Trolleybus Marcopolo Scania (Central Line) in São Paulo, Brazil downtown. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld	Low floor trolleybus Busscar, Weg in São Paulo, Brazil. Busscar Onibus SA is a Brazilian bus manufacturer with industrial grounds cover 1 million square metres with a building of 84 thousand square metres Weg! (Away! is an Afrikaans language outdoor and Travel Magazine. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld	ZiU Trolleybus in Córdoba, Argentina
Another Trolleybus (built in China) in Córdoba, Argentina	Trolleybus (built in Germany) in Mendoza, Argentina	Low floor trolleybus LAZE183 (built in Lviv) on the streets of Ternopil in Ukraine

See also

• Electric bus
• Gyrobus
• List of trolleybus systems
• Low-floor trolleybuses
• Tourist trolley
• Trolleytruck

Books

• Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. Córdoba, abbreviated as CBA, is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountains on the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Córdoba, abbreviated as CBA, is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountains on the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Mendoza (men'dōzə is the capital city of Mendoza Province, in Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Lviv Bus Factory, (Львівський автомобільний завод L’vivs’ky Avtomobil’ny Zavod, literally "Lviv Automobile Factory" mostly Lviv ( Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv, Lwów Lemberg Львов L'vov; see also other names) is a major city in western Ternopil (Тернопіль translit Ternopil’, Tarnopol Тернополь translit Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. An electric bus is a Bus powered by electricity There are two main electric bus categories The Trolleybus is a type of electric bus powered See also Electric bus A Gyrobus is an Electric bus that uses Flywheel energy storage, not Overhead wires like a Trolleybus. This is a list of cities where Trolleybuses operate or operated in the past as part of the Public transport system A tourist trolley, also called a road trolley, is a rubber tired Bus (usually Diesel fueled sometimes Compressed natural gas) made to resemble A trolleytruck is a non-passenger Trolleybus -like vehicle used for carrying cargo 1973. "Transit’s Stepchild, the Trolley Coach" (Interurbans Special 58 - ASIN B0006C9ZOE). The Amazon Standard Identification Number ( ASIN) is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon Los Angeles: Interurbans.
• Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1974. "The Trolley Coach in North America" (Interurbans Special 59 - ASIN B0006CEBZC) Los Angeles: Interurbans.
• Mick Leak. 2006. "The Story Of Britain's Last Rear Entrance Trolleybus In Public Service - Bradford 758. Published By The Bradford Trolleybus Association. Bradford. United Kingdom.

Periodicals

• "Trolleybus Magazine" (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.
• "Trackless", the quarterly magazine published by the Bradford Trolleybus Association for its members.
• "Trolleybus", the monthly magazine of the British Trolleybus Society (UK).

Notes

Sources

• North American Trolley Bus Pictures
• All Time List of North American Trolleybus Systems, accessed January 30, 2004
• British trolleybuses
• Trolleybuses at the BCLM

External links

• Bradford Trolleybus Association
• Trolleymotion - An International action group to promote modern trolleybus systems (+ Database of Systems in the world).
• History of Valparaíso's Trolley-bus service
• Bibliography of the Electric Trolleybus (Richard DeArmond)
• The Electric Trolleybus Web Site
• British trolleybuses
• Trolleybuses in Europe
• Transit World - Features photos of Trolleybuses in Vancouver & Edmonton (Canada), Wellington (New Zealand), Geneva (Switzerland), Rome (Italy) and Seattle (USA)
• MOTATMOTAT Trolley Bus collection. Auckland (New Zealand).
• (Russian) Trolleybus cities of Russia
• Tom's North American Trolleybus Pictures
• (Portuguese) Via Trolebus: Brazilian Trolleybus Informations and News
• (Portuguese) The Trolleybus of Santos (Brazil)
• Trolleybus & trams from Belgium & other countries
• [1]
• TRANSIRA Association (Romania)
• Estonian Trolley History
• (Estonian) Estonian Trolley and Tram Depot-Trolley parameters