| Trinitrotoluene | |
|---|---|
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| IUPAC name | 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene |
| Other names | 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, TNT, Trilite, Tolite, Trinol, Trotyl, Tritolo, Tritolol, Triton, Tritone, Trotol, 2,4,6-Trinitromethylbenzene |
| Identifiers | |
| Abbreviations | TNT |
| CAS number | [118-96-7] |
| PubChem | |
| SMILES | CC1=C(C=C(C=C1[N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-] =] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C7H5N3O6 |
| Molar mass | 227. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 131 g/mol |
| Appearance | yellow needles |
| Density | 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 654 g/cm³ |
| Melting point |
80. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 35 °C |
| Boiling point |
295 °C (decomposition) |
| Solubility in water | 130 mg/L of H2O (20 °C) |
| Solubility | ether acetone benzene pyridine |
| Explosive data | |
| Shock sensitivity | Insensitive |
| Friction sensitivity | Insensitive to 353 N |
| Explosive velocity | 6,900 m/s |
| RE factor | 1. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Pyridine is a Chemical compound with the formula C5[[Hydrogen H5]] N. Shock sensitivity is a comparative measure of the sensitivity to sudden movement of a Chemical compound, usually of an Explosive. Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding Explosive velocity is the Velocity at which the shockwave front travels through a detonated Explosive. Relative effectiveness factor or RE factor is a measurement of an Explosive 's power for Military Demolitions purposes 00 |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 |
 4
3
4
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| R-phrases | R2 R23/24/25 R33 R51/53 |
| S-phrases | S35 S45 S61 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | picric acid hexanitrobenzene |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. "TNP" redirects here For the airport with the IATA airport code TNP see Twentynine Palms Airport. Hexanitrobenzene, also known as HNB, is a high- Density Explosive compound with Chemical formula C 6 In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. This yellow-coloured solid is a reagent (reactant) in chemistry but is best known as a useful explosive material with convenient handling properties. A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied The explosive yield of TNT is considered the standard measure of strength of bombs and other explosives. A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied In chemistry, TNT is used to generate charge transfer salts. A charge-transfer complex (or CT complex, electron-donor-acceptor-complex) is a chemical association of two or more molecules or of different parts of one very large
Contents |
Preparation
TNT is synthesized in a three-step process. [1] First, toluene is nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to produce mono-nitrotoluene or MNT. Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of Paint thinners redolent of Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The MNT is then nitrated to dinitrotoluene or DNT. Dinitrotoluene ( DNT) or Dinitro is an Explosive with the formula C6H3(CH3(NO22 In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene or TNT. The acids used in the manufacture of TNT are recycled and reused.
Applications
TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for military and industrial applications. It is valued because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, which reduces the risk of accidental detonation. Detonation is a process of Supersonic Combustion in which a Shock wave is propagated forward due to energy release in a reaction zone behind it TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is relatively stable when compared to other high explosives.
Although blocks of TNT are available in various sizes (eg 250 g, 500 g, 1,000 g and even 20 kg[2]), it is more commonly encountered in synergistic explosive blends comprising a variable percentage of TNT plus other ingredients. Synergy (from the Greek el-Latn syn-ergo, el συνεργός meaning working together is the term used to describe a situation where the final outcome Examples of explosive blends containing TNT include:
- Amatol
- Ammonal
- Baratol
- Composition B
- Composition H6
- Ednatol
- Hexanite
- Minol
- Octol
- Pentolite
- Picratol
- Tetrytol
- Torpex
- Tritonal
Explosive character
It is a common misconception that TNT and dynamite are the same, or that dynamite contains TNT. Amatol is a highly Explosive material made from a mixture of TNT and Ammonium nitrate. Baratol is an Explosive made of a mixture of TNT and Barium nitrate, with a small quantity (about 1% of wax used as a binder Composition B is an Explosive consisting of castable mixtures of RDX and TNT as well as in some instances additional desensitizing agents Composition H6 is a castable military Explosive compound composed of the following percentages by weight 45% RDX 30% TNT Ednatol is a yellow High explosive, comprising about 58% ethylenedinitramine (aka Haleite or Explosive H and 42% TNT. Hexanite was a castable German military Explosive developed early in the Minol is a military Explosive developed early in World War II to augment supplies of Trinitrotoluene and RDX, which were then in short supply Octol is a melt-castable high explosive mixture consisting of HMX and TNT in different weight proportions Pentolite is a high explosive used for military and civilian purposes e Picratol is a High explosive mixture comprising 52% ' Explosive D ' and 48% TNT. Tetrytol is a High explosive, comprising a mixture of Tetryl and TNT. Torpex is a Secondary explosive 50% more powerful than TNT by weight Tritonal is a mixture of 80% TNT and 20% Aluminum powder, used in several types of ordnance such as air-dropped Bombs The aluminum improves the For examples see Common misconceptions. A misconception happens when a person believes in a Concept which is objectively Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of Nitroglycerin, initially using Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur US Spelling kieselguhr In fact, whereas TNT is a specific chemical compound, dynamite is an absorbent mixture soaked in nitroglycerin that is compressed into a cylindrical shape and wrapped in paper. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine
Upon detonation, TNT decomposes as follows:
- 2 C7H5N3O6 → 3 N2 + 5 H2O + 7 CO + 7 C
The reaction is exothermic but has a high activation energy. Detonation is a process of Supersonic Combustion in which a Shock wave is propagated forward due to energy release in a reaction zone behind it In Thermodynamics, the word exothermic "outside heating" describes a process or reaction that releases Energy usually in the form of Heat, but In Chemistry, activation energy, also called midnight energy, is a term introduced in 1889 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, that is defined Because of the production of carbon, TNT explosions have a sooty appearance. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6
TNT used to be the reference point for the Figure of Insensitivity (exactly 100 by definition), but the reference point is now the more sensitive (or less insensitive) RDX which is deemed to have a FofI of exactly 80. Figure of Insensitivity (or F of I) is an inverse scale of measure of the impact sensitivity of an explosive substance Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, also known as RDX, cyclonite, hexogen, and T4, is an Explosive Nitroamine widely used
History
TNT was first prepared in 1863 by German chemist Joseph Wilbrand[3] and originally used as a yellow dye. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Joseph Wilbrand was a German Chemist. He discovered Trinitrotoluene in 1863 but the compound's use as an Explosive was not developed until Its potential as an explosive was not appreciated for several years mainly because it was so difficult to detonate and because it was less powerful than alternatives. TNT can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910, it was exempted from the UK's Explosives Act 1875 and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage.
The German armed forces adopted it as a filling for artillery shells in 1902. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine A shell is a payload-carrying Projectile, which as opposed to shot, contains an explosive or other filling though modern usage includes large solid projectiles TNT-filled armour-piercing shells would explode after they had penetrated the armour of British capital ships, whereas the British lyddite-filled shells tended to explode upon striking armour, thus expending much of their energy outside the ship. The capital ships of a Navy are its "important" warships the ones with the heaviest Firepower and Armor. "TNP" redirects here For the airport with the IATA airport code TNP see Twentynine Palms Airport. The British started replacing lyddite with TNT in 1907. TNT is still widely used by the United States military and construction companies around the world. The majority of TNT currently used by the US military is manufactured by Radford Army Ammunition Plant near Radford, Virginia. Radford is an Independent city in Virginia, United States. The population was 15859 at the 2000 census.
Safety and toxicity
TNT is poisonous, and skin contact can cause skin irritation, causing the skin to turn a bright yellow-orange color. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant During the First World War, munition workers who handled the chemical found that their skin turned bright yellow, which resulted in their acquiring the nickname "canary girls" or simply "canaries. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All " People exposed to TNT over a prolonged period tend to experience anemia and abnormal liver functions. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Blood and liver effects, spleen enlargement and other harmful effects on the immune system have also been found in animals that ingested or breathed trinitrotoluene. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor There is evidence that TNT adversely affects male fertility, and TNT is listed as a possible human carcinogen. Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Consumption of TNT produces red urine through the presence of breakdown products and not blood as sometimes believed. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. [4]
Some military testing grounds are contaminated with TNT. Wastewater from munitions programs including contamination of surface and subsurface waters may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Such contamination, called "pink water", may be difficult and expensive to remedy. Pink water and Red water (waste are two distinct types of Wastewater associated with TNT. Generally remediation means providing a Remedy, so environmental remediation deals with the removal of Pollution or Contaminants from environmental
See also
References
- ^ Army TM 9-1300-214, p. Almost all the common explosives listed here were mixtures of TNT, RDX or PETN. 8-83
- ^ Industria de Material Belico do Brasil
- ^ J. Wilbrand (1863). "Notiz über Trinitrotoluol". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 128 (2): 178-179. Official title Annalen der Chemie, 1832–1839 Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 1840–1872 (ISSN 0075-4617 CODEN JLACBF doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (September 1996). The United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ( ATSDR) is an agency for the U Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
External links
- Video showing detonation of 50 tons of TNT in 1963 during Anglo-Australian "Operation Blowdown"
- Video showing the five 20 ton underground blasts of Project Dugout in 1965
- Video showing the shockwave and typical black smoke cloud from detonation of 160 kilograms of pure TNT
- Video showing detonation of 453 metric tons of TNT - note shockwave and black smoke residue
- Video of demolition training using half pound blocks of pure TNT
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