A first edition of the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, printed in English, Spanish and Latin.

The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document, comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties usually countries or governments that formally ends an armed conflict "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. Concluded between various European states, it helped end the War of the Spanish Succession. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting

The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of Queen Anne of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, and the United Provinces on the other. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Philip V of Spain ( December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746) born Philippe de France, Fils de France and duc d'Anjou Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 For the early history of Savoy, before it was raised to a duchy see County of Savoy and March of Turin. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The negotiations

France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. This initial agreement was based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Following this, a congress opened at Utrecht on January 29, 1712, with the British representatives being John Robinson, Bishop of Bristol, and Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford^[1] Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but the Emperor refused to do so until he was assured that these preliminaries were not binding. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. As Philip was not yet recognized as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the Duke of Savoy sent one, and Portugal was also represented.

One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and matters did not make much progress until after July 10, 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap With Great Britain and France having agreed a truce, the pace of negotiation now quickened, and the main treaties were finally signed on April 11, 1713. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Principal provisions

By the treaties' provisions, Louis XIV's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou was recognised as King of Spain (as Philip V), thus confirming the succession as stipulated in the will of the late King Charles II. List of Counts of Anjou First creation 870&ndash1203 House of Ingelger Ingelger (870&ndash898 father This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word Charles II ( November 6 1661, Madrid – November 1 1700, Madrid was the last Habsburg King of Spain and the However, Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne, despite some doubts as to the lawfulness of such an act. In similar fashion various French princelings, including most notably the Duke of Berry (Louis XIV's youngest grandson) and the Duke of Orléans (Louis's nephew), renounced for themselves and their descendants any claim to the Spanish throne. The title of Duke of Berry ( duc de Berry) in the French Nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family. Duke of Orléans (Duc d'Orléans is one of the most important titles in the French peerage, dating back at least to the 14th century

Spain's European empire was also divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1394 to 1797 Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states This is a list of Margraves Dukes Archdukes and Emperors of Austria. The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) In addition, Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain and agreed to give to the British the Asiento, a valuable monopoly slave-trading contract. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands In the History of Slavery, asiento (or assiento, meaning " Assent " refers to the permission given by the Spanish government The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history

In North America, France ceded to Great Britain its claims to the Hudson's Bay Company territories in Rupert's Land, Newfoundland and Acadia. Rupert's Land, also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land" was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design The formerly partitioned island of Saint Kitts was also ceded in its entirety to Britain. Saint Kitts (also known more formally as Saint Christopher Island ( Saint-Christophe in French) is an Island in the West Indies France was required to recognize British suzerainty over the Iroquois and commerce with the Far Indians was to be open to traders of all nations. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including Île-Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island) as well as Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island), on which it erected the Fortress of Louisbourg. Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, Fortress of Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction

A series of commercial treaties were signed also.

After the signing of the Utrecht treaties, the French continued to be at war with Emperor Charles VI and with the Holy Roman Empire itself until 1714, when hostilities were ended with the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Treaty of Rastatt of March 7, 1714, was essentially part of the Treaty of Utrecht. The Treaty of Baden was the Treaty that ended hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Empire, who had been at war with one another since the Spain and Portugal remained formally at war with each other until the Treaty of Madrid in 1715, while the Empire and the now-Bourbon Spain did not conclude peace until 1720. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

Responses to the treaties

A map depicting Western Europe's borders after the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Treaty of Rastatt of March 7, 1714, was essentially part of the Treaty of Utrecht.

The treaty's territorial provisions did not go as far as the Whigs in Britain would have liked, considering that the French had made overtures for peace in 1706 and again in 1709. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to The Whigs considered themselves the heirs of the staunch anti-French policies of William III and the Duke of Marlborough. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Indeed, later in the century the Whig John Wilkes contemptuously described it as like "[the] Peace of God, for it passeth all understanding". John Wilkes ( 17 October 1725 – 26 December 1797) was an English radical, journalist and politician However, in the Parliament of 1710 the Tories had gained control of the House of Commons, and they wished for an end to Britain's participation in a European war; Queen Anne and her advisors had also come to the same position. This is a listing of sessions of the Parliament of Great Britain, tabulated with the elections to the House of Commons for each session and the list of members of the House In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of

The party in the administration of Robert Harley (created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer on 23 May 1711) and the Viscount Bolingbroke proved more flexible at the bargaining table and were characterised by the Whigs as "pro-French"; Oxford and Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new "Tory peers"^[2] to ensure ratification of the treaty in the House of Lords. Robert Harley 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer ( 5 December 1661 &ndash 21 May 1724) was an English statesman of the Stuart Henry St John 1st Viscount Bolingbroke ( 16 September 1678 &ndash 12 December 1751) was an English politician and philosopher The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords"

Although the fate of the Spanish Netherlands in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory. This led to the creation of a Dutch proverbial saying: "De vous, chez vous, sans vous", meaning "concerning you, in your house, but without you".

Balance of power

Main article: Balance of power in international relations

The European concept of the balance of power, first mentioned in 1701 by Charles Davenant in Essays on the Balance of Power, became a common topic of debate during the war and the conferences that led to signing of the treaties. In International relations, a balance of power exists when there is parity or stability between competing forces In International relations, a balance of power exists when there is parity or stability between competing forces Charles Davenant (1656-1714 English Economist, eldest son of Sir William Davenant, the poet was born in London. Boosted by the April 19, 1709 issue of Daniel Defoe's A Review of the Affairs of France, a periodical which supported the Harley ministry, the concept was a key factor in British negotiations, and was reflected in the final treaties. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally This theme would continue to be a significant factor in European politics until the time of the French Revolution (and was to resurface in the nineteenth century). The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an

Notes

See also

• Disputed status of Gibraltar
• List of treaties

External links

• "The Treaties of Utrecht (1713)" - Brief discussion and extracts of the various treaties on François Velde's Heraldica website, with particular focus on the renunciations and their later reconfirmations. Gibraltar is a British overseas territory on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula subject to a disputed Irredentist claim by Spain This list of treaties contains historic agreements pacts peaces and major contracts between states armies governments and tribal groups
• Article X of the treaty between Great Britain and Spain - Concerning the cession of Gibraltar (text in English, Spanish, and the original Latin).