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Signing the Treaty on 4 June 1920.
Signing the Treaty on 4 June 1920. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar

The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side, and Hungary, seen as a successor of Austria-Hungary, on the other. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic [1][2][3][4] It established the borders of Hungary and regulated its international situation. Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory and about two-thirds of its inhabitants under the treaty. [5][6] The principal beneficiaries of territorial adjustment were Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The treaty was signed on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles, France. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Grand Trianon was built in Versailles by Louis XIV, and it was designed to be a place where he and his close family could escape from the hectic life of court at the Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Contents

Borders of Hungary

History of Hungary
Flag of Hungary
Ancient Hungary
Pannonia
The Pannonian basin before the Hungarians
The Middle Ages
Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages
Modern Hungary
Ottoman Hungary
Principality of Transylvania
Royal Hungary
1700 to 1919
1848 Revolution
Austria-Hungary
Hungarian Soviet Republic
Between the Two World Wars
World War II
Communist Hungary
People's Republic of Hungary
1956 Revolution
Other Topics
Military history of Hungary
History of the Székely people
History of the Jews in Hungary
Music history of Hungary
History of Transylvania
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The Hungarian government terminated the personal union with Austria on 31 October 1918, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian state. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, This article deals with the history of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century to c Ottoman Hungary refers to parts of the Ottoman Empire situated in what is today Hungary in the period from 1541 to 1699. Royal Hungary was the name of a territory of medieval Hungary (together with Kingdom of Croatia) where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary This article describes the History of Hungary between the end of Ottoman Hungary in 1699 and the end of Austria-Hungary 1919 The events leading to the revolution The Hungarian Diet (parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from This article is about the history of Hungary from March 1919 to November 1940 Hungary during World War II was a generally opportunistic and generally unwilling member of the Axis. The People's Republic of Hungary or Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság was the official state name of Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of The military history of Hungary includes battles fought in the Carpathian Basin nations occupying Hungary and the military history of the Hungarian people regardless Origins Myths At the end of the 13th century in a chronicle called Gesta Hungarorum, the notary of Hungarian King Béla explained his beliefs about the conquest History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins Little is known about Hungarian music prior to the 11th century when the first Kings of Hungary were Christianized and Gregorian chant was introduced Transylvania is a region of present-day Romania. The region now known as Transylvania was once part of Dacia, and became part of the Roman Empire. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The de facto temporary borders of independent Hungary were defined by the ceasefire lines in November-December 1918. Compared with the former Kingdom of Hungary, these temporary borders did not include:

After the Romanian Army advanced beyond this ceasefire line, the Entente powers asked Hungary (Vix note) to acknowledge the new Romanian territory gains by a new line set along the Tisza river. The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române The Triple Entente (" entente " — French for "agreement" was the name given to the loose alignment of the United Kingdom, the "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. Unable to reject these terms and unwilling to accept them, the leaders of the Hungarian Democratic Republic resigned and the communists seized power. Hungarian Democratic Republic was an independent republic proclaimed after the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 The Hungarian Soviet Republic was formed and a new Hungarian Red Army was rapidly set up. The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from This army was initially successful against the Czechoslovak Legions (see Slovak Soviet Republic) and made it possible for Hungary to reach nearly the former Galitian (Polish) border, thus separating the Czechoslovak and Romanian troops from each other. Czechoslovak Legions ( Československé legie in Czech and Slovak were Czech and Slovak volunteer armed forces fighting together with the Entente powers The Slovak Soviet Republic (in Slovak: Slovenská republika rád = literally "Slovak Republic of Councils" - the name originated before the Russian The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria official (Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator official

After a Hungarian-Czechoslovak ceasefire signed on July 1, 1919, the Hungarian Red Army left Slovakia by July 4, as the Entente powers promised Hungary to invite a Hungarian delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples However, instead of an invitation to the peace talks, the Romanian army attacked at the Tisza river on 20 July 1919 and the Hungarian Red Army rapidly collapsed. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Royal Romanian Army marched into Budapest on 4 August 1919. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, site of the signing.
The Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, site of the signing. The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important

The Hungarian state was restored by the Entente powers, helping Admiral Horthy into power in November 1919. The Triple Entente (" entente " — French for "agreement" was the name given to the loose alignment of the United Kingdom, the Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós vitez nɒɟbaɲɒi horti mikloʃ German Nikolaus von Horthy und Nagybánya On 1 December 1919 the Hungarian delegation was officially invited to the Versailles Peace Conference, however the new borders of Hungary were nearly finalized without the presence of the Hungarians. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The final borders of Hungary were defined by the Treaty of Trianon signed on 4 June 1920. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Beside the previously mentioned territories, they did not include:

By the Treaty of Trianon, the cities of Pécs, Mohács, Baja and Szigetvár, which were under Yugoslav administration after November 1918, were assigned to Hungary.

An arbitration committee in 1920 assigned small northern parts of the former Árva and Szepes counties of the Kingdom of Hungary with Polish majority population to Poland. Árva ( Slovak: Orava, Polish: Orawa, German: Arwa) is the name of a historic administrative county ( comitatus Szepes ( Slovak: Spiš; Latin: Scepusium, Polish: Spisz, German: Zips) is the Hungarian name of the The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Compared with the former Kingdom of Hungary, the population of post-Trianon Hungary was reduced from 20. 8 million to 7 million and its land area decreased by 72%.

After 1918, Hungary did not have access to the sea, which it had had directly through the Rijeka coastline and indirectly through the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ( Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hungarian: Horvát-Szlavón Királyság; German

With the help of Nazi Germany and Italy, Hungary expanded its borders towards neighbouring countries at the outset of World War II, under the Munich Agreement (1938), the two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia (occupation of northern Carpathian Ruthenia and eastern Slovakia) and following German aggression against Yugoslavia. Hungary during World War II was a generally opportunistic and generally unwilling member of the Axis. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Vienna Awards are two arbitral awards by which arbiters of Germany and Italy sought to enforce peacefully the claims of Hungary on territory it Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This territorial expansion was short-lived, since the post-war boundaries agreed on at the Treaty of Paris in 1947 were nearly identical to those of 1920 (with three villages – Jarovce, Rusovce, and Čunovo – transferred to Czechoslovakia). The Paris Peace Conference ( July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947 Jarovce (Kroatisch-Jahrndorf Hrvatski Jandrof Horvátjárfalu is a small borough of Bratislava, Slovakia. Rusovce (Karlburg Oroszvár Rosvar is a borough in southern Bratislava on the right bank of the Danube river close to the Hungarian border Čunovo (Čunovo Dunacsún Sarndorf sometimes incorrectly called Čuňovo) is a small part of Bratislava, Slovakia, in the southern area near the

Consequences of the treaty

Demographic consequences

Difference between the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary and independent Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon. Based on the controversial 1910 census.
Difference between the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary and independent Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Based on the controversial 1910 census.
The Vlach (Romanian) population in Hungary, according to the 1890 census.
The Vlach (Romanian) population in Hungary, according to the 1890 census. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
The Red Map. Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below a certain limit are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit.
The Red Map[7][8]. Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below a certain limit are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were the Magyars (usually called "Hungarians" in English), who were approximately 48% of the entire population (or 54% of the population of the territory referred to as "Hungary proper", i. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. e. , excluding Croatia-Slavonia). The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ( Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hungarian: Horvát-Szlavón Királyság; German The Kingdom of Hungary was not a nation-state as were many Western European nations. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy

Some demographers believe that the 1910 census overstated the percentage of the Magyar population, pointing to the discrepancy between an improbably high growth of the number of Magyars and the decrease of other nationalities in the kingdom in the late 19th century. [9] They also argue that there were different results in previous censuses of the Kingdom and subsequent censuses in the new states. Another problem with interpreting the census results is that the 1910 census did not record the respondents' ethnicity, but only language (whether it was "native language" or "most frequently spoken language") and the religion, thus the presented census numbers of ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary are actually the numbers of speakers of various languages, which may not correspond exactly to the ethnic composition. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population

Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states had a majority of non-Magyar population, they also included significant Magyar minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total, distributed as follows:

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Population of mentioned territories based on census data of 1910:

Minorities in post-Trianon Hungary

On the other hand, a considerable number of other nationalities remained within the frontiers of the new Hungary:

According to the 1920 census 10. Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ( Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hungarian: Horvát-Szlavón Királyság; German See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich 4 % of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Serbo-Croatian (2,2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1,1%). Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Magyar was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%.

The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Magyar nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased. Bilingualism was also disappearing. The main reasons of this process were spontaneous assimilation and the Magyarization policy of the state. Magyarization (also "Magyarisation" "Hungarisation" "Hungarization" "Hungarianization" "Hungarianisation" is a designator applied Minorities made up 8% of the total population in 1930 and 7% in 1941 (on the post-Trianon territory).

After WWII about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Roma people in the second half of the 20th century. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins

Political consequences

Bordermark on the Hungarian-Romanian border near Csenger.
Bordermark on the Hungarian-Romanian border near Csenger. Csenger is a Town in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county in the Northern Great Plain Region of eastern Hungary.
Trianon memorial, Kiskunhalas.
Trianon memorial, Kiskunhalas. Kiskunhalas is a town in Bács-Kiskun County Hungary. Geography Kiskunhalas is located south of Budapest.

Officially, the treaty was intended to be a confirmation of the concept of the right for self-determination of nations and of the concept of nation-states replacing old multinational empires. Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy

From the point of view of most non-Hungarians that lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary, after centuries of foreign rule, most of the peoples of former Austria-Hungary (often called a 'dungeon of nations' by them) would finally achieve a right for self-determination and independence, and be united with other members of their nation (except, the hungarians themselves). Over the previous fifty years, the Balkan nations had won their independence from the declining Ottoman Empire; now the victorious Allies saw their task as completing that same process further north following the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire.

On the other hand, Hungarians (and some non-Hungarian historians as well) claim that the real motive of the treaty was simply an attempt to dismantle a major power in Central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The Western powers' main priority was to prevent a resurgence of Germany and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, Austria and Hungary, should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies, each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic [10] Compared with the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, post-Trianon Hungary had 60% less population and its role in the region significantly weakened.

Many cities and regions that were ethnically diverse in the 19th century became for the most part monoglot (unilingual), or dominated by a single language and culture.

The Treaty and its consequences are debated in Central European politics to this day. The main controversy about the Treaty of Trianon concerns the borders of Hungary. While the majority of the areas that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary but were not part of the independent country after the Treaty were inhabited by non-Hungarian nationalities, there were also many areas inhabited mainly by Hungarians which were not located within the borders of Hungary after the Treaty, and there have periodically been concerns about the treatment of these ethnic Hungarian communities in the neighboring states. [11][12][13]. Areas with significant Hungarian populations include the Székely Land[14] in Eastern Transylvania and some areas along the new Romanian-Hungarian border, southern parts of Slovakia (see: Komárno, and mostly the south of Slovakia, like Csallóköz), southern parts of Carpatho-Ukraine, northern parts of Vojvodina (see: Ethnic groups of Vojvodina), etc. Székely Land (Székelyföld Terra Siculorum Ţinutul Secuiesc refers to the territories inhabited by the Székely, a Hungarian minority living in the centre of Komárno ( Komárom colloquially Révkomárom, Komorn Serbian: Коморан or Komoran) is a town in Slovakia at the Ethnic groups of Vojvodina Serbs See also Serbs of Vojvodina Serbs – Serbs constitute an absolute majority

The Western powers were aware of the problem posed by the presence of so many Hungarians (and Germans) living outside the core areas of the "new" nation-states of Hungary and Austria, although they assumed that the problem would solve itself over time as they expected that those ethnic Hungarians who were unhappy would gradually sell up and go to live in Hungary, which did not turn out to be the case. The Romanian delegation to Versailles feared in 1919 that the Allies were beginning to favour the partition of Transylvania along ethnic lines in order to reduce the potential exodus and Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu even summoned British-born Queen Marie to France to strengthen their case. Ion I C Brătianu or Ionel Brătianu ( August 20, 1864 &mdash November 24, 1927) was a Romanian politician leader of the Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Marie Alexandra Victoria later Queen of Romania; 29 October 1875 &ndash 10 July / 18 July 1938 The Romanians argued that they had suffered a higher casualty rate in the war than either Britain or France and that the Western powers had a moral debt to repay. Ethnically diverse Transylvania should therefore be assigned to Romania. In the end the Romanian view prevailed and the option of partition was rejected. Transylvania was treated as a single entity which, because it had a Romanian majority overall, was assigned in entirety to Romania. Furthermore the Allies rejected the idea of plebiscites in any of the disputed areas with the exception of the city of Sopron, which voted to remain in Hungary (the Allies were indifferent as to the exact line of the new border between Austria and Hungary). For the historical county in the Kingdom of Hungary named Sopron / Ödenburg Sopron (county.

The victorious Allies arrived in France with a black-and-white view of the situation in central Europe which made the outcome inevitable. At the heart of the dispute lay fundamentally different views of the nature of the Hungarian presence in the disputed territories. For the Hungarians the whole of the Carpathian Basin was seen as "home" (including its parts mainly inhabited by non-Hungarians who saw this area as their own "home" as well). The western powers and the American press in particular (as well as most non-Hungarians that lived in the Carpathian Basin) saw the Hungarians as colonial-style rulers who had oppressed the Slavs and Romanians since 1867. There was therefore no difference between the Turks giving up Serbia in the late nineteenth century and Hungarians giving up Transylvania or Ruthenia. [15] For President Wilson (and for most non-Hungarians from the Carpathian Basin) it was a process of decolonisation rather than a punitive dismemberment (as Hungarians saw it). Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. [15] The hungarians saw it so, because, the borders where not ethnically correct, and territories with hungarian majority where put outside the "mock borders". The British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George was in favour of Irish independence from Britain and saw the claims of the "subject peoples" of the former Habsburg Empire in the same light. David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only The French naturally sided with their "Latin brothers", the Romanians, although Clemenceau personally detested Bratianu. [15]

Opposite to the opinion of most non-Hungarians from the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians did not regard the outer parts of the former Kingdom of Hungary as colonial territories. For Hungarian public opinion the realisation that the Americans, British and French were all convinced that at least half of the Carpathian Basin rightfully belonged to the Slavs and Romanians was profoundly shocking. Hungarians also considered the accusations as hypocrite, which also contributed to a sense of injustice. Incredulity was followed by a lingering bitterness and, in Hungary, the loss is to this day known as the Trianon trauma[14]. The perceived humiliation of the treaty became a dominant theme in inter-war Hungarian politics, analogous with the German reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. All official flags in Hungary were lowered until 1938 when they were raised by one third after southern Slovakia was "recovered" following the Munich Conference. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders For Hungarian pupils in the 1930s each school-day began with a prayer calling for the reversal of the treaty.

Other consequences

Economically, 61% of arable land, 88% of timber, 62% of railroads, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of pig iron output, 55% of industrial plants and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the former Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Pig iron is the intermediate product of Smelting Iron ore with coke, usually with Limestone as a flux Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its territory under their sovereignty.

Military considerations diverted the Treaty from the Wilson principles, making economic cooperation within the Carpathian Basin more difficult. The Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin is a large basin in Central Europe. The borders bisected transport links - in the Kingdom of Hungary the road and railway network had a radial structure, with Budapest in the centre. Many roads and railways running along the new borders and interlinking radial transport lines lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours.

The military conditions were similar to those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles; the Hungarian army was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway would be built with more than one track.

Hungary also renounced all privileges in territories outside Europe that belonged to the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy.

Articles 54–60 of the Treaty required Hungary to recognize various rights of national minorities within its borders.

See also

References

  1. ^ Craig, G. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary. See also Timeline of Romanian history, Military history of Romania This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details This article discusses the history of the territory of Slovakia. Transylvania is a region of present-day Romania. The region now known as Transylvania was once part of Dacia, and became part of the Roman Empire. This is a history of Vojvodina. Vojvodina (Војводина is the Serbian name for the territory of Northern Serbia, consisting of the southern Croatia first appeared as a Duchy in the 7th century and then as a kingdom in the 10th century The history of Slovenia chronicles the period from the 5th Century BC to the present times A. (1966). Europe since 1914. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.  
  2. ^ Grenville, J. A. S. (1974). The Major International Treaties 1914-1973. A history and guides with texts. Methnen London.  
  3. ^ Lichtheim, G. (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century. Praeger, New York.  
  4. ^ Text of the Treaty
  5. ^ Macartney, C. A. (1937). Hungary and her successors - The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919-1937. Oxford University Press.  
  6. ^ East on the Danube: Hungary's Tragic Century. The New York Times (2003-08-09). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,
  7. ^ Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút (Hungarian). National Geographic Hungary (2004-02-18). Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
  8. ^ A kartográfia története (Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company. Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
  9. ^ Seton-Watson, Robert William (1933). "The Problem of Treaty Revision and the Hungarian Frontiers". International Affairs 12 (4): 481-503.  
  10. ^ Macmillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World. Random House.  
  11. ^ Assaults on Minorities in Vojvodina. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  12. ^ Official Letter from Tom Lantos to Robert Fico. Congress of the United States, Committee on Foreign affairs (2007-10-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  13. ^ U.S. lawmaker blames Slovak government for ethnically motivated attacks on Hungarians. International Herald Tribune (2006-09-05). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  14. ^ a b Kosovo’s Actions Hearten a Hungarian Enclave. The New York Times (2008-04-07). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  15. ^ a b c Gelardi, Julia. Born to Rule: Granddaughters of Victoria, Queens of Europe. ISBN 0755313925

For lingering effects of the Treaty on the geo-politics of Hungary and the successor states:

For minorities in post-Trianon Hungary:

For events preceding the Treaty and for minorities in the post-Trianon successor states:

External links


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