Treaty of Nanking - Citizendia

Treaty of Nanking

Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
Traditional Chinese:	南京條約

The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing), signed 29 August 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between the British and Qing Empires of 1839-42. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty in China from 1839 The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China

1 Conclusion of the Treaty
2 Terms
3 Aftermath
4 Legacy
5 References
6 See also

Conclusion of the Treaty

In the wake of China's defeat in the Opium War, representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiated a peace treaty aboard the British warship HMS Cornwallis in Nanjing. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles On 29 August 1842, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives, Qiying, Ilibu and Niujian, signed the Treaty of Nanking. Sir Henry Eldred Curwen Pottinger 1st Baronet GCB PC of Richmond, (Chinese Translated Name 砵甸乍 also 璞鼎查 in Qing document Qiying ( Chinese: 耆英 Manchu Ciyeng born 21 March 1787, forced suicide 29 June 1858) was a Manchu statesman during The treaty consisted of thirteen articles and was ratified by Queen Victoria and the Daoguang Emperor ten months later. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Daoguang Emperor ( September 16, 1782 – February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty

Terms

Foreign trading

The fundamental purpose of the treaty was to change the framework of foreign trade which had been in force since 1760. The treaty abolished the monopoly of the Thirteen Factories on foreign trade (Article V) in Canton and instead five ports were opened for trade, Canton (Shameen Island - United Kingdom}/ France until 1949), Amoy (Xiamen until 1930), Foochow (Fuzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo) and Shanghai (until 1949), where Britons were to be allowed to trade with anyone they wished. Thirteen Factories ( Chinese: 十三行 Pinyin: Shísānháng is an area of Guangzhou, China where the first foreign trade was allowed Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ( Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ EFEO: Fou-Tcheou also seen as Foochow, Fuchow, Fuh-chau or Hokchew in earlier Western Ningbo ( literally "Tranquil Waves" is a Seaport with sub-provincial administrative status. Ningbo ( literally "Tranquil Waves" is a Seaport with sub-provincial administrative status. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Britain also gained the right to send consuls to the treaty ports, which were given the right to communicate directly with local Chinese officials (Article II). The treaty was the first in a series of treaties, often referred to as "Unequal Treaties", which China concluded with Western nations in the 20th century. Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late The treaty stipulated that trade in the treaty ports should be subject to fixed tariffs, which were to be agreed upon between the British and the Qing governments (Article X).

Reparations and Demobilization

The Qing government was obliged to pay the British government 6 million silver dollars for the opium that had been confiscated by Lin Zexu in 1839 (Article IV), 3 million dollars in compensation for debts that the Hong merchants in Canton owed British merchants (Article V), and a further 12 million dollars in compensation for the cost of the war (VI). Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Lin Zexu ( Styled: Yuanfu (元抚 ( August 30, 1785 &ndash November 22, 1850) was a Chinese scholar and official during War reparations refer to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war The total sum of 21 million dollars was to be paid in installments over three years and the Qing government would be charged an annual interest rate of 5 per cent for the money that was not paid in a timely manner (Article VII).

The Qing government undertook to release all British prisoners of war (Article VIII) and to give a general amnesty to all Chinese subjects who had cooperated with the British during the war (Article IX).

The British on their part, undertook to withdraw all of their troops from Nanjing and the Grand Canal after the emperor had given his assent to the treaty and the first installment of money had been received (Article XII). British troops would remain in Gulangyu and Zhoushan until the Qing government had paid reparations in full (Article XII). A tourist Island off the coast of Xiamen, Fujian province in southern China, about one km2 in area Administration The Prefecture-level city of Zhoushan administers 2 districts and 2 counties.

Cession of Hong Kong

The Qing government agreed to cede the island of Hong Kong to the British Queen "in perpetuity" in order to provide British traders with a harbor where they could unload their goods (Article III). Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong.

Aftermath

Since the Treaty of Nanking was only a brief peace treaty with very general stipulations, the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty be concluded in order to work out more detailed regulations for relations between the two empires. Consequently, on 3 October 1843, the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue was concluded at Bocca Tigris outside Canton. The Treaty of the Bogue ( was an agreement between China and the United Kingdom, which was concluded in October 1843 in order to supplement the previous Bocca Tigris or the Bogue ( Chinese: 虎門 Pinyin: humen / full moon lit

Nevertheless, the treaties of 1842-3 left several unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium trade with China, which was profitable for the British and devastating to the Chinese. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( Although the American treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Americans from selling opium, the trade continued as both the British and American merchants were only subject to the legal control of their consuls. The Treaty of Wanghia ( is a diplomatic agreement between the Qing Empire and the United States, signed on 3 July 1844 in the. The opium trade was later legalized in the Treaties of Tianjin, which China concluded after the Second Opium War. Several documents titled " Treaty of Tien-tsin " ( Traditional Chinese: 天津條約 Simplified Chinese: 天津条约 Pinyin: Tiānjīn Tiáoyuē The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war of the United Kingdom

Legacy

Although the Treaty of Nanking in itself did not depart very far from contemporary peace treaties in Europe, the treaty proved to be only the first in a series of treaties which China concluded with Western nations in the nineteenth century and would in due course be referred to as an "unequal treaty. A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties usually countries or governments that formally ends an armed conflict Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late " The treaty created a new framework for China's foreign relations and overseas trade, which would last for almost hundred years. Although China regained tariff autonomy in the 1920s, extraterritoriality was not formally abolished until 1943.

One of the most lasting legacies of the treaty was the crown colony of Hong Kong. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom In 1860, the colony was extended with the Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Convention of Peking further expanded the colony with the 99 year lease of the New territories. Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties which were concluded between Qing China and the New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island In 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded under the Convention of Peking (1860), was scheduled to transfer to the PRC on July 1, 1997. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. The Kowloon Peninsula, commonly referred to as Kowloon, is a Peninsula that forms the southern part of the main landmass in the territory of Hong Kong, The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties which were concluded between Qing China and the The transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, often referred to as the Handover "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar

References

Fairbank, John King. John King Fairbank ( 24 May, 1907 - 14 September 1991) was among the most prominent American scholars of East Asia Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953.
Têng Ssu-yü. Chang Hsi and the Treaty of Nanking, 1842. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944.

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