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Signing of the Treaty of Ghent.
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent.

The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The treaty largely restored relations between the two countries to status quo ante bellum. The term status quo ante bellum comes from Latin meaning literally as things were before the war. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach America, well after the Battle of New Orleans had ended. The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812.

Contents

Background

The British delegation was composed of the minor diplomats William Adams, James Lord Gambier, and Henry Goulburn. Admiral of the Fleet John James Gambier 1st Baron Gambier (born 13 October 1756 New Providence, Bahamas &ndash 19 April Henry Goulburn (1784 &ndash 1856 was an English Conservative Statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 Meetings were often delayed a week or more as the British diplomats lacked the power to make direct negotiations and waited for orders from London while the American delegation, composed of John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Sr., Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, and junior member Jonathan Russell, had full authority to negotiate. John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States James Asheton Bayard ( July 28, 1767 &ndash August 6, 1815) was an American Lawyer and Politician from Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29 1761 &ndash August 12 1849 was a Swiss-American Ethnologist, linguist, politician, Diplomat Jonathan Russell ( February 27, 1771 – February 17, 1832 was a United States Representative from Massachusetts and diplomat

The United States had been unsuccessful in its invasions of Lower and Upper Canada, while Britain had not made any significant gains, except for the burning of Washington D.C., with its retaliatory raids on American soil. The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario The Burning of Washington took place in 1814 during the Anglo-American War of 1812. War Hawks in Congress wanted to conquer Canada and Florida. War Hawk is a term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated [1]

The agreement

The treaty released all prisoners and restored all war lands and boats, that is, returned to America approximately 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km²) of territory near Lakes Superior and Michigan, in Maine, and on the Pacific coast. Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one located entirely within the United States. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions [2] The treaty made no major changes to the pre-war situation, but did make a few promises. Britain promised to return captured slaves, but instead a few years later paid the United States £250,000 for them. The British proposal to create an Indian buffer zone in Ohio and Michigan collapsed after the Indian coalition fell apart. The weak guarantees regarding American treatment of the Indians in article IX were ignored.

The aftermath

Fighting immediately stopped when news of the treaty finally reached the United States, after the American victory in the Battle of New Orleans and the British victory in the Battle of Fort Bowyer, but before the British assault on Mobile, Alabama. The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. The Battle of Fort Bowyer was the last engagement between British and American forces in the War of 1812.

The US Senate unanimously approved the treaty on February 16, 1815, and President James Madison exchanged ratification papers with a British diplomat in Washington on February 17; the treaty was proclaimed on February 18. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Eleven days later, on March 1, Napoleon escaped from Elba, starting the war in Europe again, and forcing the British to concentrate on the threat he posed. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Elba (Ilva is an island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino.

See also

References

  1. ^ American Military History, Army Historical Series, Ch. This list of treaties contains historic agreements pacts peaces and major contracts between states armies governments and tribal groups The diplomatic history of the United States oscillated among three positions isolation from diplomatic entanglements of other (typically European nations (but with Results of the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States involved no geographical changes with the exception of Carleton Island 6, p. 123, states "While the western "war hawks" urged war in the hope of conquering Canada, the people of Georgia, Tennessee, and the Mississippi Territory entertained similar designs against Florida, a Spanish possession". [1]
  2. ^ W. G. Dean et al. (1998). Concise Historical Atlas of Canada.  

Sources

External links

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