- For the 1851 treaty, see Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
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The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation, Yanktonai Sioux, Santee Sioux, and Arapaho signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming Fort Laramie National Historic Site, located in present-day Goshen County, Wyoming The Territory of Wyoming was an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1868 until its admission to the Union as the State of Wyoming The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The Powder River Country refers to an area of the Great Plains in northeastern Wyoming in the United States. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War or the Powder River War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the
The treaty included articles intended to "ensure the civilization" of the Lakota; financial incentives for them to farm land and become competitive - and stipulations that minors should be provided with an "English education" at a "mission building". To this end the US government included in the treaty that white teachers, blacksmiths, a farmer, a miller, a carpenter, an engineer and a government agent should take up residence within the reservation.
Repeated violations of the otherwise exclusive rights to the land by gold prospectors led to the Black Hills War. Gold prospecting is the act of going equipped to find Gold in rocks or in stream beds with a view to exploiting that discovery The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflicts between the Lakota ( Sioux) The treaty explicitly described, "the permanent home of the Indians, which is not mineral land. . . " Migrant workers seeking gold had crossed the reservation borders, in violation of the treaty. Indians had assaulted migrant workers, in violation of the treaty. War ensued. The U. S. government seized the Black Hills land in 1877.
More than a century later, the Sioux nation won a victory in court. On June 30, 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U. United States v Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 US 371 ( 1980) Background In 1868 the Treaty of Fort Laramie ending S. 371, the United States Supreme Court upheld an award of $17. 5 million for the market value of the land in 1877, along with 103 years worth of interest at 5 percent, for an additional $105 million.
References
- "Treaty with the Sioux — Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee — and Arapaho, 1868" (Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868). 15 Stats. 635, Apr. 29, 1868. Ratified Feb. 16, 1868; proclaimed Feb. 24, 1868. In Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor, Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties. Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 998-1007. Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center.
External links
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